Different chromatographic techniques and recent advancements for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications

Chromatography remains a cornerstone analytical technique in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, with recent innovations significantly expanding its capabilities. Advances such as fast chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and hyphenated techniques, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), have broadened the scope of its applications. These developments enhance resolution, sensitivity, and efficiency, enabling more robust analysis of complex biological and pharmaceutical samples. These methods address complex analytical challenges, improving precision, speed, and efficiency in separating and analyzing biomolecules. Emerging technologies, including miniaturized liquid chromatography, shear flow chromatography, column arrays, and microfluidic chip-based systems, present exciting opportunities for the future. These developments enhance the capability of chromatography to analyze trace compounds, optimize drug formulations, and ensure the quality control of pharmaceuticals. Chromatography is also increasingly integrated with cutting-edge techniques like metabolomics and proteomics, furthering its impact on biomarker discovery and personalized medicine. This paper reviews recent advancements in chromatographic methods and their practical applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. It highlights the critical role of chromatography in drug discovery, purification of therapeutic compounds, and metabolite profiling.