Technological Optimization, Health Risk Reduction, and Economic Analysis of Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-contaminated Soil

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dc.authoridKaraca, Öznur / 0000-0002-8191-1599
dc.contributor.authorTaneja, Sonam
dc.contributor.authorKaraca, Öznur
dc.contributor.authorHaritash, Anil Kumar
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-29T02:58:03Z
dc.date.available2025-05-29T02:58:03Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technique was employed for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil to study the cross-effect of voltage gradient and electrolyte concentration on removal efficiency. Response Surface Methodology over Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to design the experiments. In addition, the effect of electrode material on EKR was investigated using two different electrodes, graphite, and stainless steel. The distribution and migration behavior of Cd in soil was explored through chemical speciation and sequential extraction procedure. The findings revealed that the voltage gradient and EDTA concentration were positively correlated with the removal efficiency at the optimized conditions of 2.5 V/cm and 0.15 M EDTA to achieve 27.8% removal in 10 h. The voltage gradient had a more profound effect on the removal efficiency as compared to EDTA concentration. The EKR treatment effectively reduced the bioavailability of Cd by removing water-soluble and exchangeable fractions and rendering the transformation of Cd to reducible and residual fractions. The Human Health Risk Assessment study was performed which revealed that EKR was successful in reducing the non-carcinogenic adverse effects by 29% and total carcinogenic risks from one in a thousand to one in a hundred thousand in adults, while children still exposed to high potential non-carcinogenic effects. The economic evaluation of all experiments concluded that the stainless steel electrode was more suited for Cd removal as compared to the graphite electrode with better removal (30%) and low specific cost (5.8 US$/g Cd). The study shows that EKR is successful in reducing the overall toxicity of Cd in soil and humans at a relatively low cost and less treatment time.
dc.description.sponsorshipDelhi Technological University
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors are thankful to Delhi Technological University for providing the necessary facilities and support to carry out this research.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11270-025-08052-5
dc.identifier.issn0049-6979
dc.identifier.issn1573-2932
dc.identifier.issue7
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105003837108
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-08052-5
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/30260
dc.identifier.volume236
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001479500500005
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Int Publ Ag
dc.relation.ispartofWater Air and Soil Pollution
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250529
dc.subjectCadmium
dc.subjectElectrokinetic remediation
dc.subjectRSM
dc.subjectHealth Risk Assessment
dc.subjectSequential extraction
dc.titleTechnological Optimization, Health Risk Reduction, and Economic Analysis of Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-contaminated Soil
dc.typeArticle

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