Fluorescent Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Embedded Hyaluronic Acid Microgel Composites for Bioimaging and Cancer-Cell Targetability as Viable Theragnostic

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dc.authoridSağbaş Suner, Selin / 0000-0002-3524-0675
dc.authoridŞahiner, Mehtap / 0000-0001-8666-7954
dc.authoridDemirci, Şahin / 0000-0001-7083-1481
dc.authoridŞahiner, Nurettin / 0000-0003-0120-530X
dc.contributor.authorSağbaş Suner, Selin
dc.contributor.authorŞahiner, Mehtap
dc.contributor.authorDemirci, Şahin
dc.contributor.authorUmut, Evrim
dc.contributor.authorŞahiner, Nurettin
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-27T20:26:53Z
dc.date.available2025-01-27T20:26:53Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.descriptionThis article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
dc.description.abstractFluorescent graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) doped with various heteroatoms, such as B, P, and S, named (B)g-C3N4, (P)g-C3N4, and (S)g-C3N4, were synthesized with variable band-gap values as diagnostic materials. Furthermore, they were embedded within hyaluronic acid (HA) microgels as g-C3N4@HA microgel composites. The g-C3N4@HA microgels had a 0.5-20 mu m size range that is suitable for intravenous administration. Bare g-C3N4 showed excellent fluorescence ability with 360 nm excitation wavelength and 410-460 emission wavelengths for possible cell imaging application of g-C3N4@HA microgel composites as diagnostic agents. The g-C3N4@HA-based microgels were non-hemolytic, and no clotting effects on blood cells or cell toxicity on fibroblasts were observed at 1000 mu g/mL concentration. In addition, approximately 70% cell viability for SKMEL-30 melanoma cells was seen with Sg-C3N4 and its HA microgel composites. The prepared g-C3N4@HA and Sg-C3N4@HA microgels were used in cell imaging because of their excellent penetration capability for healthy fibroblasts. Furthermore, g-C3N4-based materials did not interact with malignant cells, but their HA microgel composites had significant penetration capability linked to the binding function of HA with the cancerous cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that g-C3N4 and g-C3N4@HA microgel composites did not interfere with the viability of healthy fibroblast cells and provided fluorescence imaging without any staining while significantly decreasing the viability of cancerous cells. Overall, heteroatom-doped g-C3N4@HA microgel composites, especially Sg-C3N4@HA microgels, can be safely used as multifunctional theragnostic agents for both diagnostic as well as target and treatment purposes in cancer therapy because of their fluorescent nature.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ph17020160
dc.identifier.issn1424-8247
dc.identifier.issue2
dc.identifier.pmid38399375
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85186113743
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ph17020160
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/22479
dc.identifier.volume17
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001173099600001
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/A
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofPharmaceuticals
dc.relation.publicationcategoryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20250125
dc.subjecthyaluronic acid (HA)
dc.subjectgraphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
dc.subjectfluorescent-HA
dc.subjectfluorescence bioimaging
dc.subjectcancer-cell target
dc.titleFluorescent Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Embedded Hyaluronic Acid Microgel Composites for Bioimaging and Cancer-Cell Targetability as Viable Theragnostic
dc.typeArticle

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