Psychometric properties of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) across nine countries/regions

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dc.authoridSanatkar, Samineh/0000-0001-9962-163X
dc.authoridErtl, Melissa/0000-0002-1022-1777
dc.authoridzanon, cristian/0000-0003-3822-5275
dc.authoridSahin, Ertugrul/0000-0003-3341-8887
dc.contributor.authorZanon, Cristian
dc.contributor.authorZhao, Nan
dc.contributor.authorTopkaya, Nursel
dc.contributor.authorSahin, Ertugrul
dc.contributor.authorVogel, David L.
dc.contributor.authorErtl, Melissa M.
dc.contributor.authorSanatkar, Samineh
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-29T02:57:43Z
dc.date.available2025-05-29T02:57:43Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractExaminations of the internal structure of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) have yielded inconsistent conclusions within and across cultural contexts. This study examined the dimensionality and reliability of the DASS-21 across three theoretically plausible factor structures (i.e., unidimensional, oblique three-factor, and bifactor) as well as measurement equivalence/invariance of the DASS-21 using two different approaches (i.e., multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and the alignment approach) with a large, diverse sample of 2,920 young adult college student participants from nine countries/regions (i.e., Australia, Brazil, Germany, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Taiwan, T & uuml;rkiye, United Arab Emirates, and the United States). Results showed an excellent fit of the bifactor model in all countries/regions except the UAE and the US in which the model did not converge. Regarding parameter equivalence, we found configural, threshold, and loading invariance for the oblique three-factor model (across the nine studied countries/regions) and for the bifactor model (across seven countries/regions). Results indicate that DASS-21 scores measure a general psychological distress factor with more validity and reliability than depression, anxiety, or stress constructs independently. Findings supported the bifactor structure of DASS-21 and demonstrated that cross-cultural comparisons using this scale should be conducted using proper procedures, such as the alignment approach.
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/15305058.2025.2489359
dc.identifier.endpage193
dc.identifier.issn1530-5058
dc.identifier.issn1532-7574
dc.identifier.issue2
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105003497009
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.startpage178
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2025.2489359
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/30157
dc.identifier.volume25
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001461984700001
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/A
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherRoutledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Testing
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250529
dc.subjectBifactor
dc.subjectcross-cultural validation
dc.subjectDass-21
dc.subjectgeneral distress
dc.subjectmeasurement invariance
dc.titlePsychometric properties of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) across nine countries/regions
dc.typeArticle

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