Effects of Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio on Abnormal Stereotypic Behavior in Lambs and Goat Kids

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dc.authoridTölü, Cemil / 0000-0002-6135-4502
dc.contributor.authorTölü, Cemil
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-29T02:57:24Z
dc.date.available2025-05-29T02:57:24Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractA crucial component of small ruminant production, particularly where intensive systems are becoming more prevalent, is determining the forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio in their daily diets. The effects of the F:C ratio in lambs and goat kids' daily diets on growth, stereotypical behavior, and blood biochemical parameters were investigated. Eighteen Tahirova sheep lambs and 18 Turkish Saanen goat kids were used, divided into three groups using the following F:C ratios: 20:80, 60:40, and 80:20. Growth rates, weight gains, and feed conversion ratios were determined. Urea nitrogen, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, creatine kinase, and cortisol hormones were measured in blood samples. In lambs, growth remained consistent across F:C groups. In goat kids, however, the 20:80 group showed superior growth and weight gain. Based on the F:C ratios, behavioral differences were found in forage feeding, rumination, water consumption, and standing activities. Similarly, the 20:80 group displayed higher rates of bar biting, crib biting, and wool biting in lambs, as well as bar biting, crib biting, bucket biting, and chain chewing in goat kids. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the 80:20 group than in the 20:80 group for both species. Insufficient forage can cause abnormal stereotypical behaviors, which negatively impact animal welfare.
dc.description.sponsorshipCanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, The Scientific Research Coordination Unit (BAP) [FBA-2019-2866]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, The Scientific Research Coordination Unit (BAP), project number FBA-2019-2866. The funding source had no role in the design, practice, or analysis of this study.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ani15070963
dc.identifier.issn2076-2615
dc.identifier.issue7
dc.identifier.pmid40218356
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105002437046
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070963
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/30052
dc.identifier.volume15
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001463691800001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.institutionauthorTolu, Cemil
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.ispartofAnimals
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250529
dc.subjectTahirova
dc.subjectTurkish Saanen
dc.subjectabnormal stereotypic behavior
dc.subjectrepetitive grooming
dc.subjectcortisol
dc.titleEffects of Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio on Abnormal Stereotypic Behavior in Lambs and Goat Kids
dc.typeArticle

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