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Öğe Post-Feeding Behaviors of Newborn and Peak Lactation Dairy Cows(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2025) Tölü, Cemil; Durmuş, KaderThis study compared the behavioral characteristics of newborn and peak lactation dairy cows in the barn after feeding. The study used 10 newborn and 10 peak lactation Holstein cows. Behavior was directly observed for 10 consecutive days between 11:00-13:00 at five-minute intervals using the time sampling method. After the morning feeding, eating, lying down, locomotion, lying, and standing rumination, friendly interaction, and abnormal stereotypic behavior of newborn and peak dairy cattle were significantly different (P <= 0.05). Cows in the peak period (33.7%) showed more feeding behavior than cows in the neonatal period (12.4%) (P=0.0001). Lying behavior was 21.9% in the neonatal group and 15.7% in the peak group (P=0.0561). Locomotion behavior was 12.3% in the neonatal group and 17.1% in the peak group (P=0.0028). Lying rumination was 19.8% in the newborn group and 8.7% in the peak group (P=0.0022). Standing rumination was significantly different in the neonate (8.2%) and peak (1.2%) groups (P=0.0008). In conclusion, it was observed that the transition and peak periods in dairy cattle caused differences in the behavioral characteristics of the animals. It can be said that the difference in feeding visits and activities due to the continuity of feeding behavior and the difference in the ratio of roughage in the daily rations is the most important source of behavioral differences between the groups, in which different physiological and metabolic reactions occur.Öğe Effects of Forage-to-Concentrate Ratio on Abnormal Stereotypic Behavior in Lambs and Goat Kids(MDPI, 2025) Tölü, CemilA crucial component of small ruminant production, particularly where intensive systems are becoming more prevalent, is determining the forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio in their daily diets. The effects of the F:C ratio in lambs and goat kids' daily diets on growth, stereotypical behavior, and blood biochemical parameters were investigated. Eighteen Tahirova sheep lambs and 18 Turkish Saanen goat kids were used, divided into three groups using the following F:C ratios: 20:80, 60:40, and 80:20. Growth rates, weight gains, and feed conversion ratios were determined. Urea nitrogen, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, creatine kinase, and cortisol hormones were measured in blood samples. In lambs, growth remained consistent across F:C groups. In goat kids, however, the 20:80 group showed superior growth and weight gain. Based on the F:C ratios, behavioral differences were found in forage feeding, rumination, water consumption, and standing activities. Similarly, the 20:80 group displayed higher rates of bar biting, crib biting, and wool biting in lambs, as well as bar biting, crib biting, bucket biting, and chain chewing in goat kids. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the 80:20 group than in the 20:80 group for both species. Insufficient forage can cause abnormal stereotypical behaviors, which negatively impact animal welfare.Öğe Effect of Melatonin Treatment on Reproductive Hormones and Sexual Behaviors in Sheep(Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty, 2025) Öztürk, Nesrin; Tölü, CemilIn seasonal oestrus animals such as sheep, out-off-season lambing practices and synchronization of oestrus are important in terms of herd management and farm economics. The present study aimed to determine the effects of melatonin implants administered before the breeding season on melatonin, estrogen, progesterone hormone concentrations, and sexual behavior in Tahirova sheep. The study was conducted on 60 Tahirova dairy ewes, aged 1-4 years, and 6 head rams, aged 1-2 years. On June 26, melatonin implants were administered to half of the ewes (18 mg dose/ewe) and rams (54 mg dose/ram). Fifteen days after the implantation of melatonin, all the ewes (530 g/ewe) and rams (660 g/ram) were given supplemental feeding (flushing) with grain feed for a period of 60 days. On August 1, the ewes exhibiting signs of estrus following the introduction of a ram were relocated to individual paddocks, where mating was conducted using the hand-mating method. The frequency of sniffing, touching the ram's scrotum, turning the ram, head-turning, and tail wagging was recorded during the hand-mating procedure. Additionally, the sexual behaviors exhibited by the ram were documented. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to ascertain whether an interaction occurred within the first minute. The intervals, sexual interaction rate of the ewe, total frequency of sexual interaction, time per sexual interaction, and total sexual interaction time were observed. Blood samples were collected regularly on the initial day, the 21st day, the 42nd day, the 63rd day, the 94th day, and the 129th day for subsequent hormone analysis. Hormonal analyses were conducted using the ELISA method on blood serum samples. The melatonin hormone concentration was observed to be higher in the treatment (MT) group than in the control (C) group on the 63rd day (P=0.0476). The sexual interaction rate of the MT group was found to increase significantly in comparison to the C group (P=0.0045). Additionally, the gestation rate was shorter in the MT group than in the C group (P≤0.05). It can thus be concluded that the melatonin implant, when applied before the breeding season, significantly increases melatonin hormone concentrations on the 63rd day and significantly shortens the periods of gestation in Tahirova dairy sheep. © Bu çalışma Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi.Öğe Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. on Broiler Growth Performance, Slaughter and Carcass Characteristics, Blood biochemistry, and Hematological Parameters: A Systematic Review(Sciendo, 2025) Esen, Selim; Prete, Andrea; Centoducati, Gerardo; Lackner, Maximilian; Palangi, Valiollah; Tölü, CemilIn this systematic review, 79 research articles focusing on the impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) supplementation in broilers were meticulously examined, assessing growth performance, slaughter and carcass traits, and blood parameters. Out of these, 12 studies met the predefined criteria. Licorice supplementation, particularly in the absence of specific dietary constraints, signifi-cantly improved feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency in broilers. The addition of licorice influ-enced slaughter and carcass traits, increasing the dressing percentage, although results varied based on dosage and form of supplementation. Effects on abdominal fat and spleen weights were inconsistent, while liver, heart, and gizzard weights gen-erally increased. Licorice supplementation affected blood biochemistry, showing varied impacts on markers like glucose, cho-lesterol, and triglycerides. Notably, licorice exhibited potential antioxidant properties by reducing malondialdehyde levels, in-dicating decreased oxidative stress. The review highlighted diverse outcomes across growth performance, slaughter traits, car-cass parameters, and blood biochemistry due to licorice supplementation. Variability in dosage, form, and administration methods underscored the need for standardized protocols. Future research should concentrate on uncovering underlying mechanisms, expanding geographical diversity, and exploring interactions with other feed additives, especially in antibiotic-free diets. Despite its promise, further investigation is necessary to optimize licorice's role in poultry production. © 2025 Selim Esen et al., published by Sciendo.Öğe Relations Between the Great War and Wheat Prices: An Analysis from the Ottoman Empire Perspective(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., 2021) Tufan, Ekrem; Savaş, Türker; Atabay, MithatIntroduction: It is commonly observed that the ratio of food prices during the war times had become significantly more important than usual periods within the countries including Turkey, known as the Ottoman Empire that previously defeated in Balkans just before the Great World War. The scope of the study is to analyze increased or decreased wheat prices together with price fluctuations during the war period. Aim: This study investigates the food pricing progress during The Great World War and its relationship with wheat prices. Method: A model for the behavior of time series is applied to compare the important days of the war data against the timeline of wheat prices for British, German, and French. The statistical test named Holt-Winters uses exponential smoothing technique to encode the various values from the past and predicts “typical” values for the present and the future. Findings: As a result, it can be said that wheat prices had anomaly patterns during the specific dates in war for French, British, and German sides. Great Britain’s wheat prices increased significantly on April 1915 when landings began on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Wheat prices in Great Britain and Germany dropped significantly just before on July 1916 when the first Battle of the Somme began. However, it increased in Great Britain whilst decreased considerably in Germany in March 1918 when the Soviet Government signed a separate peace agreement with the Central Powers. A significant increase for France was observed only at the end of this war.Öğe Multiple Linear Regression versus Automatic Linear Modelling(Arquivo Brasileiro Medicina Veterinaria Zootecnia, 2024) Genç, S.; Mendeş, MehmetIn this study, performances of Multiple Linear Regression and Automatic Linear Modelling are compared for different sample sizes and number of predictors. A comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation study was carried out for this purpose. Random numbers generated from multivariate normal distribution by using RNMVN function of IMSL library of Microsoft FORTRAN Developer Studio composed the material of this study. Results of the simulation study showed that the sample size and the number of predictors are the main factors that lead to produce different results. Although both methods gave very similar results especially when studied with large sample sizes (n >= 100), the Automatic linear modelling is preferred for analyzing data sets due to its simplicity in analyzing data and interpreting the results, ability to present results visually and providing more detailed information especially studying large complex data sets. It will be beneficial to use the Automatic linear modelling especially in analyzing massive and complex data sets for the purposes of investigating the relationships between one continuous dependent and 10 or more predictors and determine the factors that affect the response or target variable. At the same time, it will also be possible to evaluate the effect of each predictor with a more detailed response.Öğe The domestic livestock resources of Turkey: inventory of pigeon groups and breeds with notes on breeder organizations(Cambridge Univ Press, 2013) Yılmaz, O.; Savaş, Türker; Ertuğrul, M.; Wilson, R. T.The pigeon is one species among the numerous domestic animal types that contribute to the economy of Turkey as food and work, and provide diversion and pleasure for the nation's people. Pigeons are kept at the household level, usually in small numbers, by many hundreds of thousands of Turkish families, yet they have been subject to little study. This paper collates much of the information available (almost all in the Turkish language) to provide a brief history of the bird in Turkey. An inventory of the nine groups and 72 breeds that have been identified is presented. Some of these breeds are international in status, some are widespread in Turkey and some have only local distribution; many breeds have synonyms which are used in their areas of distribution. There is little government or academic support for pigeon breeders. The private Pigeon Breeders Association of Turkey and the Turkish Pigeon Federation are umbrella organisations for a number of breed clubs. In an initial attempt to standardise the national pigeon genetic resources, two of the more widespread breeds have been registered with the Animal Breeds Registration Committee of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.Öğe Characterization of aroma-active compounds, sensory properties, and proteolysis in Ezine cheese(Elsevier Science Inc, 2009) Karagül Yüceer, Yonca; Tuncel, Barış; Güneşer, Onur; Engin, Burcu; İşleten, Müge; Yaşar, Kurban; Mendeş, MehmetEzine cheese is a white pickled cheese ripened in tin-plate containers for at least 8 mo. A mixture of milk from goat, sheep, and cow is used to make Ezine cheese. Ezine cheese has geographical indication status. The purposes of this study were to determine and compare the changes in basic composition, aroma, and sensory characteristics, and proteolytic activity of Ezine cheese stored in tinplate containers and plastic vacuum packages during storage. Aroma-active compounds were determined by thermal desorption gas chromatography olfactometry. To evaluate the proteolytic activity, casein and nitrogen fractions were determined. The results indicated that compounds identified at high intensities were dimethyl sulfide, ethyl butyrate, hexanal, ethyl pentanoate, (Z)-4-heptenal, 1-octen-3-one, acetic acid, butyric acid, and p-cresol. Characteristic descriptive terms were cooked, whey, creamy, animal-like, sour, and salty. The level of proteolysis increased in Ezine cheese during storage. Ezine cheese can be ripened in small-size packaging after 3 mo of storage. Approximately 6 mo is sufficient to produce the characteristic properties of Ezine cheese.Öğe Apical sodium-glucose co-transport can be regulated by blood-borne glucose in the ruminal epithelium of sheep (Ovis aries, Merino breed)(Cambridge Univ Press, 2004) Ataşoğlu, Cengiz; Gäbel, G.; Aschenbach, J. R.The intestinal Na-dependent d-glucose co-transporter (SGLT)-1 in sheep is under dietary regulation by luminal substrates. The aim of the present study was to find out whether the SGLT-1 in the forestomach of sheep is also regulated by sugars. Furthermore, the location of a possible glucosensor (luminal v. intracellular v. basolateral) was to be elucidated. Ruminal epithelia of sheep (Ovis aries, Merino breed) were pre-incubated in Ussing chambers with various substrates on the mucosal (i.e. luminal) or serosal (i.e. blood) side. This pre-incubation period was followed by a second pre-incubation period without the tested substrates (washout period). Thereafter, apical d-glucose uptake by ruminal epithelial cells was determined with 200 mumol d-[C-14]glucose/l in the absence or co-presence of the SGLT-1 inhibitor, phlorizin. Pre-incubation with d-glucose on the mucosal side had no significant effect on apical d-glucose uptake (P>0.05). In contrast, pre-incubation with d-glucose, d-mannose, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose or sucrose on the serosal side significantly increased d-glucose uptake compared with mannitol-treated controls (P<0.05). Serosal pre-incubation with cellobiose or d-xylose had no effect. The stimulation of d-glucose uptake by serosal d-glucose pre-incubation was concentration dependent, with maximal stimulation at about 10 mmol/l. We conclude that the ruminal SGLT-1 can be up-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner by blood-borne d-glucose via an extracellular sugar-sensing mechanism.Öğe Study on Milkability Traits in Brown Swiss Cows Reared Eastern Region of Turkey(Medwell Online, 2008) Aydın, Recep; Yanar, Mete; Güler, Olcay; Yüksel, Sadrettin; Uğur, Feyzi; Turgut, LeylaThe study was carried out to determine the effect of environmental factors on milkability traits and to estimate genetic parameters and relationships among milk yields, milk flow rate (MFR) and milking time (MT) of Brown Swiss cows reared in Eastern Region of Turkey. The data used in this study consisted of 2051 observations of milking time and milking flow rate on 315 lactations of 163 cows. The averages for MFR, MT and total test day milk yield (TTDMY) were 0.972 kg min(-1), 5.46 min and 11.35 kg, respectively. Stage of lactation and parity had significant (p<0.01) effect on the MFR, MT and TTDMY. Multiparous cows had higher MT and TTDMY (p<0.01) than primiparous cows. Calving season only significantly (p<0.01) affected on TTDMY. The heritability estimates for MFR, MT and TTDMY were 0.37, 0.37 and 0.21, respectively. The positive genetic correlations of MFR with actual milk yield, 305 days milk yield, TTDMY were 0.423, 0.585 and 0.735, respectively, while negative genetic correlations between MT and milk yield traits were calculated. The higher heritability values for MFR and MT suggested that selection of a good milkability seems to be promising and genetic improvement in MFR and MT might be achieved through selection for milk production.Öğe Effects of whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation on productive performance, serum parameters, and reproductive characteristics of dairy ewes(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2024) Akbağ, Hande Işıl; Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, Türker; Konyalı, Aynur; Coşkun, Baver; Yurtman, İsmail YamanThis study aimed to determine the effects of whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation on the feed intake, serum parameters, and reproductive performance of dairy ewes. A total of 48 ewes (at the end of their lactation period; 57 +/- 1.3 kg body weight, BW; 2.69 +/- 0.19 body condition score, BCS) were divided into three treatment groups (16 animals per group): the control group (C), which was fed with alfalfa hay and corn silage; the whole-corn group (WC), which was fed with alfalfa hay, corn silage, and whole corn; and the steam-flaked corn group (FC), which was fed with alfalfa hay, corn silage, and steam-flaked corn. The study was conducted for 15 d before ram introduction and for 30 d during the mating in the breeding season. The WC group had higher dry matter (DM), metabolizable energy (ME), and starch intake values than the FC group (P<0.0001). The BW and BCS values were increased in the groups supplemented with whole corn and steam-flaked corn (P <= 0.05). The lambing rate was higher in ewes from the WC and FC groups (P <= 0.05). Whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation did not affect the non-return ratio or litter size (P>0.05). The serum glucose concentration was similar among the groups, whereas the serum urea concentration increased with either whole or steam-flaked corn supplementation (P <= 0.05). In conclusion, whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation increased the BW, BCS, and lambing rate values in dairy ewes.Öğe Genetic diversity and population structure of Anatolian Hair goats, an ancient breed(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2024) Demiray, Aylin; Gündüz, Zuhal; Ata, Nezih; Yılmaz, Onur; Cemal, İbrahim; Konyalı, Aynur; Semen, ZeynepThis study aimed to investigate the genetic characterization and diversity of Hair goats from 10 regions using 20 microsatellite markers. A total of 522 alleles were observed. The INRA0023 locus exhibited the greatest number of alleles (48), while the DRBP1 locus had the highest effective allele number (16.27), and the BM1818 and DRBP1 loci had the highest polymorphic information content value (0.94). The expected heterozygosity value ranged from 0.85 (ILSTS011) to 0.94 (BM1818, SRCRSP15, and DRBP1). The Hair goat populations in Konya and Hatay displayed the lowest and highest allele numbers, with values of 10.40 and 16.25, respectively. The fixation index (FIS) values are significant in defining population structures and determining the extent of heterozygosity losses. The FIS values exhibited a range of 0.031 in Mu.gla to 0.226 in Burdur. A total of 107 unique alleles were identified in Hair goat populations. However, it is noteworthy that, out of all the alleles, only 25 had a frequency exceeding 5 %. The results indicate that the microsatellite markers utilized demonstrate sufficient levels of polymorphism, making them appropriate for efficiently investigating the genetic variability of Hair goat populations.Öğe Use of a deletion approach to assess the amino acid requirements for optimum fermentation by mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen(Cambridge Univ Press, 2003) Ataşoğlu, Cengiz; Guliye, A.Y.; Wallace, R.J.Amino acids stimulate the growth rate and growth yield of ruminal micro-organisms, but the basis of this stimulation, in terms of amino acids which most limit growth, has never been fully established. Here, for the first time, a deletion approach was investigated using in vitro incubations of mixed ruminal micro-organisms supplied with a mixture of xylose, starch and cellobiose as energy sources and ammonia plus a complete amino acids mixture or mixtures with a single amino acid omitted as nitrogen sources, enabling the evaluation of the impact on ruminal fermentation of the deletion of a single amino acid from a complete amino acids mixture. Significant effects (P<0.05) on total gas production were observed after 10 h of incubation when glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, tryptophan or tyrosine were deleted from the amino acids mixture. The only significant effect of an amino acid deletion on volatile fatty acid production at 10 h was with serine (P<0.05), although the effect of omitting others, including arginine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine, approached significance (P<0.01). The removal of leucine caused a 0.09 decrease in growth yield (P<0.05); no other deletion affected the yield significantly (P>0.05). Net gas production for each treatment was calculated by subtracting gas production in the absence of carbohydrates from gas production in their presence, thus eliminating gas production from amino acids from the values. At all times up to 10 h, the most significant effects on net gas production were found when serine, leucine, or the aromatic amino acids were omitted from the amino acids mixture. Thus, the deletion approach confirmed that no single amino acid limits ruminal fermentation more than any other, although a few, principally phenylalanine, leucine and serine, have a particularly significant role in the ruminal fermentation rate of soluble, rapidly degraded materials and/or microbial growth efficiency.Öğe Behaviour of sheep freely grazed on Gokceada Island (Turkey) rangeland reclaimed by different methods(Cambridge Univ Press, 2017) Tölü, Cemil; Alatürk, Fırat; Özaslan Parlak, Altıngül; Gökkuş, AhmetExtensive sheep and goat farming is common in the rangelands of Gokceada Island, NW Turkey. The aim of the current study was to investigate the behaviour of indigenous Gokceada sheep over these rangelands and factors influencing their behavioural characteristics. Grubbing (with chisel ploughing to a depth of 20 cm), burning (the entire top part of plants) and cutting (10-15 cm stalk on the surface of the soil) were carried out on selected rangeland to reduce prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach) from the vegetative covering, then forage crop seeds were sown to improve plant cover. Forty head of Gokceada-bred sheep were placed in eight fenced plots (half seeded, half unseeded) on reclaimed and natural rangeland for 2 years. Sheep behaviour was observed for a period of 1 year. Each plot was arranged with a stocking rate of 267 sheep/ha and contained five sheep that grazed freely within each plot. Sheep behaviour was observed diurnally through direct observation by time sampling (10 min) and continuous sampling methods. During the period of 1 year, the observed sheep spent an average of 053 of their time grazing in daylight, 030 of their time in rangelands on other activities and 017 in the paddocks. Significant differences were observed in the time of grazing, resting, locomotion and rumination by season. The highest grazing ratio was noticed in spring while the lowest was in summer. Sheep exhibited walking behaviour 106 times/day. The sheep mostly (066) grazed on prickly burnet throughout the year although, when available, they tended to prefer herbaceous plants. The behaviour of sheep in the two natural (unreclaimed) plots was significantly different from those placed in other plots, mainly due to the mass of prickly burnet shrub found in the natural plots.Öğe Changes in milk fatty acid composition of goats during lactation in a semi-intensive production system(Archiv Fur Tierzucht, 2009) Ataşoğlu, Cengiz; Uysal Pala, Çiğdem; Karagül Yüceer, YoncaThis study aimed at investigating changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration of milk fat during lactation from goats managed in a semi-intensive production system, which consisted of grazing on a woody and herbaceous pasture with the supplementation of mixed concentrate and vetch hay. A total of 21 lactating goats were used. Milk samples were collected at different periods (25 April, 29 June, 25 August and 4 October) during lactation and analysed for their chemical composition and FA profile. The most abundant FA in the milk fat of goats was palmitic (06:0) acid, followed by oleic (C18:1 n-9), stearic (C18:0), capric (C10:0) and myristic (04:0) acids. These acids accounted for about 88% of the total milk FA of goats in all sampling periods. The two medium chain FA; capric (P=0.0001) and lauric (C12:0; P=0.0014) acid were affected by the sampling period, whereas myristic (P=0.4469) and palmitic (P=0.4418) acids did not change. Stearic (P=0.0128), oleic (P=0.0001), linoleic (C18:2; P=0.0088) and linolenic (C18:3; P=0.0001) acids also exhibited significant variations between the sampling periods. However, the CLA (C18:2 c9, t11 and C18:2 00, c12) contents of milk fat did not change during the entire study regardless of the sampling period (P=0.2448). Milk fatty acid composition of goats, which meet a major part of their nutrient requirements through grazing or browsing in a natural pasture, shows a seasonal variation with milk fat in summer representing a better fatty acid profile for product quality.Öğe Sensory properties of drinkable yogurt made from milk of different goat breeds(Wiley, 2006) Uysal Pala, Çiğdem; Karagül Yüceer, Yonca; Pala, A.; Savaş, TürkerDrinkable yogurts made from different goat breed milk and made with normal and probiotic cultures were evaluated for their sensory characteristics. Milk of Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Turkish Hair goats obtained during the beginning, middle and end of lactations were used to produce drinkable yogurt. Using descriptive sensory analysis technique, common terms were developed as goaty, creamy, fermented, cooked, throat burn, sweet, salty, sour and astringent. Breeds, lactation periods and using regular and probiotic types of starter cultures affected the sensory characteristics of drinkable yogurts. Drinkable yogurts made by cow milk had weaker intensities of flavor attributes including goaty, creamy, throat burn and salty than that made by goat milks of the three breeds. Drinkable yogurts made from Turkish Saanen breed had more goaty flavor than those made from Turkish Hair and Maltese goat breeds. The products made by milk provided at the end of lactation period had the highest intensities of goaty flavor. In addition, the intensities of goaty, creamy and cooked flavors in the products made by regular yogurt cultures were higher than those of drinkable yogurts with probiotic cultures.Öğe Multivariate Multiple Regression Analysis Based on Principal Component Scores to Study Relationships between Some Pre- and Post-slaughter Traits of Broilers(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2011) Mendeş, MehmetThe main purpose of this study is to show that how can we use multivariate multiple linear regression analysis (MMLR) based on principal component scores to investigate relations between two data sets (i.e. pre- and post-slaughter traits of Ross 308 broiler chickens). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to predictor variables to avoid multicolinearity problem. According to results of the PCA, out of 7 principal components only the first three components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) with eigenvalue greater than 1 were selected (explained 89.45 % of the variation) for MMLR analysis. Then, the first three principal component scores were used as predictor variables in MMLR. The results of MMLR analysis showed that shank width, breast circumference and body weight had a similar linear effect on predicting the post-slaughter traits (P=0.746). As a result, since the animals had high value of shank width, breast circumference and body weight, it might be probable that their post-slaughter traits namely heart weight, liver weight, gizzard weight and hot carcass weight were also expected to be high.Öğe Age at first calving of Nellore cattle in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil using linear, threshold, censored and penalty models(Elsevier, 2013) Mendes Malhado, Carlos Henrique; Mendes Malhado, Ana Claudia; Martins Filho, Raimundo; Souza Carneiro, Paulo Luiz; Pala, Akın; Carrillo, Jose AdrianData are typically discarded when there are inconsistencies in a database, or when information is discrepant or out of range for the biological characteristics of the species being analyzed. However, such loss of information could have considerable implications for genetic evaluation of cattle. Here, we use different models to estimate genetic parameters for age at first calving in order to prevent data elimination. We used five approaches based on trait distribution to define the limits of censure/disposal: linear model, censorship, penalty and missing methods, and threshold model (binary and polychotomous). Data splitting and Pearson correlation were used to evaluate fitting and comparison of models. The lowest heritabilities were estimated for the missing method and the binary model. Exclusion of outliers from the data considerably affects the estimation of genetic parameters and the ranking of sires. Moreover, models that suffered from data elimination generated the worst classifications in terms of the comparison of models. Researchers should be extremely careful when deciding to discard data. For example, an age at first calving up to 72 months could be considered an outlier for other countries or even other areas in Brazil. Although this value is very high, it could be realistic under arid or semi-arid conditions. In these situations, the penalty or censure models are the most appropriate methods of analyses. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Consumer attıtudes and factors affecting buying decision for functional foods(Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2007) İşleten Hoşoğlu, Müge; Karagül Yüceer, Yonca; Yılmaz, Emin; Mendeş, MehmetGünümüzde tüketiciler gıdalardan sağlık üzerine olumlu katkı sağlayan ve hastalıkları önleyici etkiler beklemektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak, sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkisi olan fonksiyonel gıdalara talep gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, tüketicilerin bu tür gıdalara olan taleplerinin, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim seviyesi, sağlık durumları, gıdaların fiyat ve etiket bilgileri gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak değişimin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışma 9 adet sorudan oluşan bir anket çalışması olup, yaşları 20-60 arasında olan 249 kişi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Ankete katılanların fonksiyonel gıdalara olan taleplerinin dikkate alınan faktörlere göre değişimlerinin ortaya konulabilmesi amacıyla çoklu uyum analizi tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan çoklu uyum analizleri sonucunda, genç tüketicilerin beslenme alışkanlıklarının sağlık üzerine etkisiyle ilgilenmedikleri görülmüştür. Diğer taraftan, beslenmenin sağlık üzerine etkisi olduğu düşüncesinin yaşla birlikte artma eğiliminde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Genç ve orta yaşlı tüketicilerin gıdaların etiketleri üzerindeki besin ve enerji değerlerini inceledikleri ve bu durumun özellikle bayanlarda çok daha belirgin olduğu görülmüştür. Tüketicilerin eğitim seviyesi arttıkça beslenme alışkanlıklarında sağlık ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır.Öğe Yaş, süt verimi, süt bileşenleri ve mera kompozisyonundaki değişimlerin Türk saanen keçilerinde süt konjuge linoleik asit miktarına etkilerinin incelenmesi(2007) Ataşoğlu, Cengiz; Ülkü, Hande Işıl; Uysal Pala, Çiğdem; Karagül Yüceer, Yonca
