Assessment of Soil Contamination by Potentially Toxic Elements Around Fertilizer Factory: An Ecological and Health Risks in Bandırma, NW Turkiye

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dc.authoridParlak, Mehmet / 0000-0002-4813-1152
dc.contributor.authorParlak, Mehmet
dc.contributor.authorDengiz, Orhan
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-29T02:57:44Z
dc.date.available2025-05-29T02:57:44Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractSoil pollution is a major global concern, with a worrisome escalation in its prevalence being observed on a daily basis. This phenomenon is influenced by a range of factors, including geogenic and anthropogenic processes. The release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from fertilizer factories, which are anthropogenic sources, has the potential to cause soil pollution in the surrounding area. The present study investigates the physicochemical properties, PTEs concentrations, contamination characteristics, potential sources, and human health risks of soil samples collected from the vicinity of the Band & imath;rma fertiliser factory. The soil samples exhibited a range of textures, including sandy clay loam, sandy loam, clay loam, loam, and loamy sand. The mean pH, electrical conductivity (EC), lime, and organic matter contents of the soil samples were found to be 6.89, 0.31 dSm-1, 4.82%, and 5.08%, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of the PTEs (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn heavy metals) analysed in the soil samples were determined to be between 0.02 and 0.99 mg kg-1, 0.55 and 24.74 mg kg-1, and 0.31 and 34 mg kg-1, respectively. 66 mg kg-1, 4.48 to 423.91 mg kg-1, 2638.61 to 61801.18 mg kg-1, 86.30 to 772.89 mg kg-1, 1.45 to 118.43 mg kg-1, 3.76 to 53.31 mg kg-1, 10.30 to 159.33 mg kg-1, respectively. The enrichment factor indicated that over half of the soils exhibited contamination with Cd and Cu, attributable to industrial activities and the use of agrochemicals. In a similar way, the geo-accumulation index demonstrated that 90.63% of the soils were contaminated with Cu, with all samples also exhibiting contamination with Mn and Zn, and 59.37% with Ni. The ecological risk factor further delineated 9.37% of the soils as exhibiting a considerable degree of risk with regard to Cd, while 3.12% were deemed to present a notable risk with respect to Cu. Of the nine PTEs present in the soil, eight (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were of natural origin, while Cu was of mixed origin. The THI (total hazard index) values were found to be less than 1 for both children and adults. This finding indicates that there is an absence of non-carcinogenic health risks for both children and adult residents. In addition, the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values indicated that, with the exception of Cr, there were no carcinogenic risks for children or adults.
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/15275922.2025.2490476
dc.identifier.issn1527-5922
dc.identifier.issn1527-5930
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105002982326
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2025.2490476
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/30158
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001468356500001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ4
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherTaylor & Francis Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Forensics
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250529
dc.subjectTrace metals
dc.subjectcontamination indices
dc.subjectsource identification
dc.subjectrisk assessment
dc.titleAssessment of Soil Contamination by Potentially Toxic Elements Around Fertilizer Factory: An Ecological and Health Risks in Bandırma, NW Turkiye
dc.typeArticle

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