Natural Molecule-Derived Nanogels from Hematoxylin and l-lysine for Biomedical Use with Antimicrobial Properties

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dc.authoridŞahiner, Mehtap / 0000-0001-8666-7954
dc.authoridŞahiner, Nurettin / 0000-0003-0120-530X
dc.contributor.authorŞahiner, Mehtap
dc.contributor.authorTian, Zhi
dc.contributor.authorAllen-Gipson, Diane
dc.contributor.authorSunol, Aydın K.
dc.contributor.authorŞahiner, Nurettin
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-29T02:57:23Z
dc.date.available2025-05-29T02:57:23Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.descriptionThis article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
dc.description.abstractHematoxylin (HT) is a natural staining dye used in histopathology, often combined with Eosin for H&E staining. A poly(hematoxylin-co-l-lysine) (p(HT-co-l)) nanonetwork was synthesized through a one-step Mannich condensation reaction using formaldehyde as a linking agent. The resulting p(HT-co-l) nanogels had an average size of about 200 nm and exhibited a smooth surface and desirable functional groups such as -OH, -NH2, and -COOH, as recognized by FT-IR analysis. The isoelectric point (IEP) of the p(HT-co-l) nanogel was determined as pH 7.9, close to physiological environments, despite HT being acidic IEP at pH 1.7 and l-lysine being basic IPE at pH 8.7. The time-dependent swelling studies of p(HT-co-l) nanogels were carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS) in different salt solutions, e.g., MgCl2, KNO3, KCl, PBS, and DI water environments revealed that nanogels have high swelling ability depending on the medium, e.g., >10-fold in a saline solution compared to distilled water within 1.5 h. Hydrolytic degradation studies in PBS demonstrated a linear release profile up to 125 h at 37.5 degrees C. The p(HT-co-l) nanogels also demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antifungal activities against E. coli (ATCC 8739), S. aureus (ATCC 6538), and C. albicans (ATCC 10231). Furthermore, biocompatibility tests indicated that p(HT-co-l) nanogels are more biocompatible than HT alone, as tested with human Nuli-1 bronchial epithelial cells.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Postdoctoral Research Program [BIdot;DEB-2219, 1059B192201458]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) B & Idot;DEB-2219 Postdoctoral Research Program, 1059B192201458.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ijms26010138
dc.identifier.issn1661-6596
dc.identifier.issn1422-0067
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.pmid39795996
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85215351228
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010138
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/30038
dc.identifier.volume26
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001395029800001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250529
dc.subjectnatural molecules
dc.subjectnanoparticles
dc.subjectphenolic compounds
dc.subjectamino acid nanogels
dc.subjectbiocompatible
dc.subjectbiodegradable
dc.subjectl-lysine and hematoxylin
dc.subjectnanogels
dc.subjectmicrogels
dc.titleNatural Molecule-Derived Nanogels from Hematoxylin and l-lysine for Biomedical Use with Antimicrobial Properties
dc.typeArticle

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