Consensus (Ijma') in al-Tabari's Tafsir: Conceptual Framework, Authoritative Function, and Interpretive Applications

Numerous sources within the tafsir tradition refer to the concept of ijma' (consensus), particularly in classical exegetical works, where it holds notable significance. In this context, questions such as what ijma' signifies within tafsir and whether a unanimous agreement among Muslim scholars on the meaning of a specific verse is practically possible become central to understandingits exegetical function. One of the key classical scholars addressing this issue is al-Tabari (d. 310/923). An analysis of his work Jami'al-bayan reveals that he consistently treats ijma' as one of the principal sources of tafsir. al-Tabari refers to ijma' in interpreting numerous verses, often usingitto assess and validate the views of early scholars (salaf). He employs ijma' in a multifaceted way: at times, explicitly stating scholarly consensus to delimit a verse's interpretation; at other times, pointing to implicit consensus by treating complementary views not as conflicting but as equally valid. This perspective leads him to affirm the validity of all interpretive meanings indicated by the verse. However, al-Tabari does not always use ijma' in an absolute sense. He frequently regards isolated opposing opinions as insufficient to undermine a majority consensus, thereby maintaining the authority and binding nature of ijma' in his exegetical method. This study adopts an inductive approach to examine the place and function of ijma' within the tafsir tradition through al-Tabari's perspective. Focusing primarily on al-Tabari's methodology, the research also engages in comparative readings to contextualize his approach within the broader exegetical tradition.