Passwords in the Ottoman military in the nineteenth century: a political and social analysis

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dc.authoridÖzekmekçi, Mustafa Mesut / 0000-0001-7613-9939
dc.contributor.authorÖzekmekçi, Mustafa Mesut
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-29T02:57:47Z
dc.date.available2025-05-29T02:57:47Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstract'Parola' is a Turkish word of Italian origin. Throughout history, it has been used by various civilizations as a security measure that distinguishes friend from foe, primarily by military units and secret society. The use of passwords in the Ottoman army differed according to periods. In the Ottoman classical period (1300-1600), there are hints about the use of passwords in the army. In the eighteenth century, password usage in the Ottoman army was abandoned or not given enough importance. By the first half of the nineteenth century, the modern Ottoman army, like its European counterparts, began employing passwords as a security measure and password usage even became a reality of social life for a short period. The use of passwords entered the Ottoman Military Penal Code in the second half of the nineteenth century. This study focuses for the first time on password usage in the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
dc.identifier.doi10.1080/00263206.2025.2468340
dc.identifier.issn0026-3206
dc.identifier.issn1743-7881
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2025.2468340
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/30179
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001433696700001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.institutionauthorÖzekmekçi, Mustafa Mesut
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherRoutledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofMiddle Eastern Studies
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20250529
dc.subjectPassword/Watchword Military Communication
dc.subjectIstanbul Curfew
dc.subjectSultan Mahmud II
dc.subjectSultan Abdulhamid II
dc.subjectRusso-Turkish War of 1877-1878
dc.titlePasswords in the Ottoman military in the nineteenth century: a political and social analysis
dc.typeArticle

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