Presence of Clostridioides difficile on spinach, carrots, cheese and milk in Turkey

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dc.contributor.authorYalcin, Gizem Taylan
dc.contributor.authorDemir, Melike Nur Tosun
dc.contributor.authorKorkmazer, Gizem
dc.contributor.authorAlper Akçalı
dc.contributor.authorZorba, Nukhet Nilufer Demirel
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-27T20:14:12Z
dc.date.available2025-01-27T20:14:12Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIntroduction: The presence of Clostridioides difficile in water, soil, fertilizers, and animal feces suggests the potential existence of C. difficile in foods that come into contact with these sources or become contaminated through indirect means. Material & method: A total of 431 samples, consisting of spinach and carrots and raw milk and cheese obtained from cows, goats, buffalo, and sheep, were examined for the presence of C. difficile. Isolates were identified by real-time PCR, ribotyped, and their toxin profiles were determined. Antibiotic susceptibility to vancomycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole was evaluated using the E-test. Results: C. difficile was detected in 3.27 % (4/122) of spinach, 1.85 % (2/108) of carrots, and 2.19 % (2/91) of milk samples. No C. difficile was detected in the cheeses (n = 110). All isolates were obtained from different fields/farms. Only one isolate (from spinach) carried the tcdA and tcdB toxin genes. Six different PCR ribotypes were detected, with two (001, 060) being identified. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. Conclusion: The prevalence of C. difficile in spinach, carrot, and milk samples from selected regions was low, and nontoxigenic strains were prevalent. Despite the low prevalence, the detection of C. difficile in these foods highlights the potential risk of foodborne transmission of this pathogen and underscores the need for monitoring and control strategies to ensure food safety.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) TOVAG, TURKEY [120O998]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) TOVAG, TURKEY, with project number 120O998.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102933
dc.identifier.issn1075-9964
dc.identifier.issn1095-8274
dc.identifier.pmid39643236
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85211468998
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102933
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/20994
dc.identifier.volume91
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001384435800001
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/A
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Sci Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofAnaerobe
dc.relation.publicationcategoryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20250125
dc.subjectC. difficile
dc.subjectOne Health
dc.subjectVegetable
dc.subjectRaw milk
dc.subjectCheese
dc.titlePresence of Clostridioides difficile on spinach, carrots, cheese and milk in Turkey
dc.typeArticle

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