Immune activation by Ziziphus jujuba in Galleria mellonella: challenge-specific and temporal dynamics of humoral immune responses

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dc.authorid0000-0003-0336-3010
dc.contributor.authorGenc, Tulay Turgut
dc.contributor.authorKaya, Serhat
dc.contributor.authorGunay, Melih
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T12:02:31Z
dc.date.available2026-02-03T12:02:31Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe immunomodulatory effects of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. fruit extracts were investigated using Galleria mellonella as an insect immune model. The expression of antimicrobial peptides, hemolin, phenoloxidase genes (PO-I and PO-II), and enzyme activity was measured in response to Candida albicans, silica beads, and Z. jujuba fruit extract. Responses were found to be stimulus- and time-dependent. Gallerimycin and galiomycin, key antimicrobial peptides, exhibited distinct expression patterns, with gallerimycin showing a more pronounced response to pathogens and beads. The Z. jujuba extract stimulated an early but balanced immune activation, likely due to its bioactive compounds. Hemolin expression varied between larvae and haemocytes depending on the type and duration of the challenge, supporting its role in immune recognition and opsonisation. Phenoloxidase activity and gene expression were also enhanced, supporting their role in promoting melanisation processes. Docking analyses suggested that hemolin contributes to phenoloxidase activation by stabilising PO-I and interacting with the phenoloxidase-activating factor-1-like protein (PAP1). The findings suggest that Z. jujuba extract effectively modulates immune responses, promoting enhanced protection while maintaining immune balance. GC-MS analysis revealed multiple bioactive compounds potentially contributing to immune modulation. This study highlights the significant immunomodulatory effects of Z. jujuba fruit extract on the immune system of G. mellonella. The findings suggest its potential as a natural immunostimulant and warrant further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and bioactive components.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific Research Coordination Unit of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkiye [FHD-2022-3534]
dc.description.sponsorshipThe work is an outcome of research project number FHD-2022-3534 financed by the Scientific Research Coordination Unit of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkiye. The author would like to thank COMUDAM (Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Experimental Research Application and Research Centre) for providing the opportunity to use the Multiskan GO Microplate Spectrophotometer.
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/S000748532510076X
dc.identifier.issn0007-4853
dc.identifier.issn1475-2670
dc.identifier.pmid41492842
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105026827816
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1017/S000748532510076X
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/34787
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001654368200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherCambridge Univ Press
dc.relation.ispartofBulletin of Entomological Research
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260130
dc.subjectantimicrobial peptides
dc.subjectbioactive compounds
dc.subjectgene expression
dc.subjectimmunomodulation
dc.subjectphenoloxidase activity
dc.subjectprotein-protein docking
dc.titleImmune activation by Ziziphus jujuba in Galleria mellonella: challenge-specific and temporal dynamics of humoral immune responses
dc.typeArticle

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