Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of paraoxon ethyl by differential pulse voltammetry using a disposable graphite pencil electrode

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dc.contributor.authorDilgin, Didem Giray
dc.contributor.authorYuecel, Ferhat
dc.contributor.authorDemir, Irem
dc.contributor.authorDilgin, Yusuf
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T12:02:40Z
dc.date.available2026-02-03T12:02:40Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis work exhibits a nonenzymatic, sensitive, and simple electrochemical determination of paraoxon ethyl (PO-Et) at a bare graphite pencil electrode (GPE), which has several advantages, such as disposability, commercial availability, cost-effectiveness, and no requirement for long-time polishing and preparation steps. Cyclic voltammetric results show that the electroactive aromatic nitro group (Ar-NO2) in the structure of PO-Et is irreversibly reduced to N-hydroxyl amine (Ar-NHOH) by accepting 4e-and 4H+ at-700 mV vs. Ag/AgCl(sat. KCl) in a pH 10.0 Britton Robinson buffer (BRB) solution containing 0.10 M KCl. After that, the produced Ar-NHOH is reversibly oxidized to a nitroso group (Ar-N=O) by giving 2e-and 2H+ at a formal potential of-225 mV. The differential pulse voltammetric method has been proposed for sensitive and selective determination of PO-Et by evaluation of both irreversible nitro group reduction (RedI) and reversible N-hidroxyl amine group oxidation (OxII)/nitroso group reduction (RedII) of PO-Et for the first time. Two linear calibration curves for each peak were obtained with a detection limit of 17.0, 8.0, and 9.0 nM for OxII, RedII, and RedI, respectively. The application of the proposed voltammetric method has been performed in the three different real samples, such as water, soil, and tomato juice, and recovery results close to 100 % demonstrate an acceptable accuracy of the method. In addition, the PO-Et levels in the spiked real samples were determined with a standard spectrophotometric method, and the results have found a good agreement between the proposed electrochemical and standard UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of TUERKIYE (TUBITAK) [124Z518]
dc.description.sponsorshipCanakkale Onsekiz Mart University the Scientific Research Coordination Unit [4427, FYL-2023-4427]
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of TUERKIYE (TUBITAK) for financial support (Project number: 124Z518) . This study has also been supported by Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University the Scientific Research Coordination Unit (Project ID:4427 and Project number: FYL-2023-4427).
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.microc.2025.114420
dc.identifier.issn0026-265X
dc.identifier.issn1095-9149
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105009595413
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.114420
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/34818
dc.identifier.volume215
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001528683100003
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofMicrochemical Journal
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260130
dc.subjectParaoxon ethyl
dc.subjectPesticide
dc.subjectGraphite pencil electrode
dc.subjectDifferential pulse voltammetry
dc.subjectElectrochemical detection
dc.titleNon-enzymatic electrochemical detection of paraoxon ethyl by differential pulse voltammetry using a disposable graphite pencil electrode
dc.typeArticle

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