Symphytum Species: A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Phytopharmacology

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dc.authoridOzleyen, Adem/0000-0003-0195-3383
dc.authoridSARAC, Ioan/0000-0002-1141-2102
dc.authoridSalehi, Bahare/0000-0002-6900-9797
dc.authoridAzzini, Elena/0000-0002-1971-1668
dc.authoridSharifi-Rad, Javad/0000-0002-7301-8151
dc.authoridKasapoglu, Kadriye Nur/0000-0001-6070-4948
dc.authoridBUTNARIU, Monica/0000-0002-2032-5000
dc.contributor.authorSalehi, Bahare
dc.contributor.authorSharopov, Farukh
dc.contributor.authorTumer, Tugba Boyunegmez
dc.contributor.authorOzleyen, Adem
dc.contributor.authorRodriguez-Perez, Celia
dc.contributor.authorEzzat, Shahira M.
dc.contributor.authorAzzini, Elena
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-27T20:35:09Z
dc.date.available2025-01-27T20:35:09Z
dc.date.issued2019
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractSymphytum species belongs to the Boraginaceae family and have been used for centuries for bone breakages, sprains and rheumatism, liver problems, gastritis, ulcers, skin problems, joint pain and contusions, wounds, gout, hematomas and thrombophlebitis. Considering the innumerable potentialities of the Symphytum species and their widespread use in the world, it is extremely important to provide data compiling the available literature to identify the areas of intense research and the main gaps in order to design future studies. The present review aims at summarizing the main data on the therapeutic indications of the Symphytum species based on the current evidence, also emphasizing data on both the efficacy and adverse effects. The present review was carried out by consulting PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct and Google Scholar (as a search engine) databases to retrieve the most updated articles on this topic. All articles were carefully analyzed by the authors to assess their strengths and weaknesses, and to select the most useful ones for the purpose of review, prioritizing articles published from 1956 to 2018. The pharmacological effects of the Symphytum species are attributed to several chemical compounds, among them allantoin, phenolic compounds, glycopeptides, polysaccharides and some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Not less important to highlight are the risks associated with its use. In fact, there is increasing consumption of over-the-counter drugs, which when associated with conventional drugs can cause serious and even fatal adverse events. Although clinical trials sustain the folk topical application of Symphytum species in musculoskeletal and blunt injuries, with minor adverse effects, its antimicrobial potency was still poorly investigated. Further studies are needed to assess the antimicrobial spectrum of Symphytum species and to characterize the active molecules both in vitro and in vivo.
dc.description.sponsorshipPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) [UID/BIM/04293/2013]; NORTE2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012]
dc.description.sponsorshipN.M. would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and NORTE2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000012).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules24122272
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.issue12
dc.identifier.pmid31216776
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85068431278
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122272
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/23581
dc.identifier.volume24
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000473816900078
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofMolecules
dc.relation.publicationcategoryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20250125
dc.subjectSymphytum species
dc.subjectphytochemistry
dc.subjectbiological activity
dc.subjectclinical trials
dc.titleSymphytum Species: A Comprehensive Review on Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Phytopharmacology
dc.typeReview Article

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