Gd(III) and Fe(III) ion crosslinked hyaluronic acid microgels composites embedding hetero atom doped carbon quantum dots render photodynamic therapy with improved bioimaging capability

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dc.contributor.authorSuner, Selin Sagbas
dc.contributor.authorSahiner, Mehtap
dc.contributor.authorUmut, Evrim
dc.contributor.authorSahiner, Nurettin
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T12:02:41Z
dc.date.available2026-02-03T12:02:41Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIn this study, we report the development of multifunctional CQ-dot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgels that can be readily simultaneously used in fluorescence/MR dual-mode imaging and photodynamic therapy as theragnostic agents. Nitrogen (N-) and sulfur (S-) heteroatom-doped carbon quantum dots (CQ-dot) were prepared in one step microwave treatment within 3 min as a fluorescence and photoinduced antipathogenic nanomaterial. The N/Sdoped CQ-dots were spherical shaped and < 50 nm via TEM images and showed high fluorescence intensity with 420 nm emission wavelength at maximum lambda(ex):350 nm. The N/S-doped CQ-dots were embedded into ionically crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) microgels, employing trivalent metal ions Gd(III) or Fe(III) ions. The prepared CQ-dot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgels <5 mm size range are injectable for possible intravenous administration and possess high fluorescent properties. The isoelectric point (IEP) of CQ-dot@HA-Gd and CQ-dot@HA-Fe (III) microgels was determined as pH 1.45. The CQ-dot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgels exhibit excellent hemocompatibility without causing noticeable hemolysis and blood clotting at concentrations up to 500 mg/mL. Furthermore, the toxicity of CQ-dot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgels on L929 fibroblast cells was found as 100 mg/mL concentration and provide brilliant cell imaging under DAPI filter without any fluorescence dye. Also, the CQdot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgel suspension afforded great MRI contrast enhancement ability. Photoinduced anticancer activity was observed for CQ-dot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgels even at 50 mg/mL against SK-MEL 30 melanoma cells under UV-A light treatment for 30 min. In addition, high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was obtained for the pathogenic bacteria cells by light-sensitive CQ-dot@HA-Gd/Fe(III) microgels upon 30 min UV-A light treatment that triggered the destruction of the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538).
dc.description.sponsorshipMinistry of Health of The Republic of Turkiye [TUSEB-33379]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work is supported by the Ministry of Health of The Republic of Turkiye (TUSEB-33379) .
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113342
dc.identifier.issn1011-1344
dc.identifier.issn1873-2682
dc.identifier.pmid41421058
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105025128318
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113342
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/34826
dc.identifier.volume274
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001649560200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Science Sa
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260130
dc.subjectHyaluronic acid (HA) microgels
dc.subjectCarbon quantum dot (CQ-dot)
dc.subjectBioimaging
dc.subjectMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast
dc.subjectagents
dc.subjectPhotodynamic
dc.subjectAnticancer/cancer targeting
dc.subjectAntibacterial
dc.titleGd(III) and Fe(III) ion crosslinked hyaluronic acid microgels composites embedding hetero atom doped carbon quantum dots render photodynamic therapy with improved bioimaging capability
dc.typeArticle

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