Sex-Specific Associations Between 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Physical Fitness in Prepubertal Children: Evidence from Standardized Agility, Strength, and Endurance Assessments

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dc.authorid0000-0003-2400-8683
dc.authorid0000-0002-5255-4860
dc.authorid0000-0001-7422-9543
dc.authorid0000-0002-6852-8990
dc.authorid0000-0002-5488-3158
dc.contributor.authorAkgul, Fatih
dc.contributor.authorKurtoglu, Ahmet
dc.contributor.authorCiftci, Rukiye
dc.contributor.authorEken, Ozgur
dc.contributor.authorCar, Bekir
dc.contributor.authorSanal, Alperen
dc.contributor.authorAldhahi, Monira I.
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T12:00:01Z
dc.date.available2026-02-03T12:00:01Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractBackground: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) serves as a non-invasive proxy for prenatal androgen exposure. While its relationship with adult athletic ability is well documented, evidence for its association with childhood physical fitness remains inconsistent, and links between 2D:4D and objective fitness measures in prepubertal children are unclear. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 338 prepubertal children (181 girls, 157 boys; aged 5-12 years) underwent precise measurement of right- and left-hand 2D:4D ratios (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.94). Physical fitness was evaluated using standardized tests: the Illinois agility run, bent-arm hang, and standing long jump. Results: Among boys, higher 2D:4D ratios were modestly associated with prolonged bent-arm hang performance (beta = 0.19, q = 0.04) and shorter Illinois agility times (beta = -0.19, q = 0.04). No significant associations were observed in girls. All effect sizes were small, suggesting subtle, sex-dependent influences rather than robust predictors of performance. Conclusions: These findings indicate that prenatal hormonal environment may exert a limited, sex-specific influence on early physical fitness characteristics. Although biologically informative, the observed associations are insufficient for direct application in talent identification in sports. Longitudinal research incorporating direct hormonal measurements and broader populations is recommended to clarify developmental mechanisms and causal pathways.
dc.description.sponsorshipPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University [PNURSP2024R286] Funding Source: Medline
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/children12101391
dc.identifier.issn2227-9067
dc.identifier.issue10
dc.identifier.pmid41153572
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105020296960
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/children12101391
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/34481
dc.identifier.volume12
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001604409000001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofChildren-Basel
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260130
dc.subject2D:4D digit ratio
dc.subjectprenatal androgen exposure
dc.subjectprepubertal fitness
dc.subjectphysical performance
dc.subjectagility
dc.subjectmuscular endurance
dc.subjectstanding long jump
dc.subjectsex differences
dc.titleSex-Specific Associations Between 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Physical Fitness in Prepubertal Children: Evidence from Standardized Agility, Strength, and Endurance Assessments
dc.typeArticle

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