Evaluation of triply periodic minimal surface geometries in 3D-printed PLA scaffolds for chondrogenic differentiation

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dc.authorid0000-0002-1101-5852
dc.authorid0000-0002-2010-9607
dc.authorid0000-0003-2645-1988
dc.contributor.authorKilic, Mahmut Alp
dc.contributor.authorAkyuerek, Mustafa
dc.contributor.authorAbidnejad, Roozbeh
dc.contributor.authorKarakoc, Alp
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T12:03:19Z
dc.date.available2026-02-03T12:03:19Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractTriply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds are gaining attention in tissue engineering due to their continuous and interconnected porous architecture. In this study, three TPMS geometries-Gyroid, Diamond, and I-WP-were fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) using fused deposition modeling (FDM), with all scaffolds designed to maintain the same overall porosity. Scaffold characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), compressive mechanical testing, and surface wettability analysis. Although porosity was constant, differences in Equivalent Circular Diameter (ECD) values were observed among the geometries, reflecting variations in pore morphology. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultured under chondrogenic differentiation conditions for 21 days. Cell viability, gene expression (Col2, Col10, Sox9), and protein levels were assessed using RT-PCR and Western blot. All scaffold geometries supported cell attachment and chondrogenic differentiation to varying degrees. The Diamond geometry showed the highest chondrogenic marker expression at the mRNA level, while the Gyroid geometry promoted more stable protein expression with reduced hypertrophic signaling. These findings demonstrate that scaffold geometry, even under identical material and porosity conditions, can influence stem cell behavior. The results offer valuable insights for optimizing TPMS-based scaffold designs in cartilage tissue engineering applications.
dc.description.sponsorshipanakkale Onsekiz Mart niversitesi
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific Research and Projects Unit of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University
dc.description.sponsorshipWe would like to thank the Scientific Research and Projects Unit of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University for their support.
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/btpr.70062
dc.identifier.issn8756-7938
dc.identifier.issn1520-6033
dc.identifier.issue6
dc.identifier.pmid40787904
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105012931237
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.70062
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/35016
dc.identifier.volume41
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001546751200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relation.ispartofBiotechnology Progress
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260130
dc.subjectcartilage
dc.subjectchondrogenic differentiation
dc.subjectporous scaffolds
dc.subjecttissue engineering
dc.subjecttriply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)
dc.titleEvaluation of triply periodic minimal surface geometries in 3D-printed PLA scaffolds for chondrogenic differentiation
dc.typeArticle

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