Effect of Print Orientation and Thermal Aging on the Flexural Strength of Zirconia-Reinforced Three-Dimensional-Printed Restorative Resin Materials

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dc.authorid0000-0002-4080-7744
dc.authorid0000-0002-3116-2016
dc.authorid0000-0002-3320-9244
dc.authorid0000-0003-3121-360X
dc.contributor.authorOzden, Yunus Emre
dc.contributor.authorKaya, Bengu Dogu
dc.contributor.authorAtali, Pinar Yilmaz
dc.contributor.authorOzer, Fusun
dc.contributor.authorKayahan, Zeynep Ozkurt
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-03T11:59:51Z
dc.date.available2026-02-03T11:59:51Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study evaluated the effects of print orientation and thermal aging on the flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) of novel permanent three-dimensional (3D)-printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resins reinforced with nano-zirconia and nano-silica. Bar-shaped specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated using a digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer (Asiga Max UV, Asiga Inc., Australia) in two orientations (0 degrees and 90 degrees). Specimens underwent three-point bending tests at 24 h and after artificial thermal aging (10,000 and 30,000 cycles) to simulate one and three years of intraoral conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze fracture patterns. Print orientation did not significantly affect FS or FM (p > 0.05). However, artificial aging significantly reduced FS and FM after 10,000 cycles (p < 0.001), with further deterioration after 30,000 cycles. The micro hybrid resin composite exhibited higher FS than the 3D-printed materials throughout aging. SEM analysis revealed distinct fracture patterns, with 3D-printed resins displaying radial fractures and the micro hybrid composite exhibiting horizontal fractures. These findings indicate that aging plays a more critical role in the long-term mechanical performance of 3D-printed restorative resins than print orientation. This study provides original data on the effects of print orientation and prolonged thermal aging on the mechanical behavior of permanent three-dimensional (3D)-printed dental resins. Furthermore, the comparative evaluation of aging protocols simulating one and three years of intraoral service represents a novel contribution to the existing literature. Further studies are required to optimize the mechanical durability of 3D-printed dental restorations.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules30112337
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.issue11
dc.identifier.pmid40509223
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105007779842
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30112337
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/34439
dc.identifier.volume30
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001506558600001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofMolecules
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WOS_20260130
dc.subject3D printing
dc.subjectflexural strength
dc.subjectprint orientation
dc.subjectthermal aging
dc.subjectrestorative materials
dc.titleEffect of Print Orientation and Thermal Aging on the Flexural Strength of Zirconia-Reinforced Three-Dimensional-Printed Restorative Resin Materials
dc.typeArticle

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