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    A Glossary for ‘’Pseudo’’ Conditions in Ophthalmology
    (2020) Turgut, Burak; Kobat, Sabiha Güngör
    The term “pseudo’’ refers to ‘’lying, false, fake, simulation, imitation or spurious.’’ In ophthalmological literature, there are many diseases/conditions/signs/phenomena that are considered as “pseudo.” A literature search was conducted on the Medical Subject Headings website, and the keywords that were searched in the title and abstract were as follows: (pseudo-), (fake), (false), (mimicker), (simulator), (masquerade), AND (condition) AND(causes) AND (ophthalmology)OR (eye) OR (ocular) OR (ophthalmic) OR (cornea) OR (retina) OR (strabismus) OR (glaucoma). The search was re-stricted to English language. The major databases such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, OVID, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library were searched or investigated for information. The objective of this review is to summarize common ‘‘pseudo’’ conditions in ophthalmology and their respective common causes. We believe that the knowledge of these pseudo-conditions will provide significant benefits in the differential diagnosis of various ophthalmic disorders.
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    Akut Lenfoblastik Lösemiye Bağlı Gelişen Seröz Dekolman: Nadir Bir Olgu
    (2024) Arıcan, Esra; Alyörük, Furkan; Erdoğan, Hakika; Turgut, Burak
    Hematolojik hastalıklar genellikle asemptomatik olmakla birlikte ön segment ve retinada ayırt edici olmayan bulgular gözlenebilir. Hızlı tanı, tedavi gerektiren ve kalıcı görme kaybına sebep olabilecek rahatsızlıkların gözden geçirilmesi önemlidir. İlk şikayeti görmede azal- ma olan genç erkek hastanın, yapılan tam oftalmolojik muayenesi ile sistemik tedavi gerektiren ve hayatı tehdit eden bir hastalık olan T- hücreli akut lenfoblastik lösemi tanısı aldığı vakayı sunmayı amaçladık.
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    Animal models
    (Elsevier, 2024) Turgut, Burak
    Experimental animal models play an important role in the research of various retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. To date, it has been described some models for choroidal/retinal neovascularization, macular edema, retinal ischemia, and choroidal congestion. This chapter will present common and current experimental animal models for retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. Knowing the most favorite animal models for these diseases will gain many utilities to the researchers in their experimental research and thesis. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Astrocytic hamartoma in a case with tuberous sclerosis
    (Gazi Eye Foundation, 2019) Postaci, Sevinç Arzu; Turgut, Burak; Liman Uzun, Seda; Erdağ, Murat
    Tuberosclerosis is a multisystemic phakomatosis originating from embryonic ectoderm characterized by presence of hamartomatous tumours and central nervous system, skin, visceral organs and eye findings. The aim of this case report is detailed description of systemic and retinal findings of the disease with the help of investigations. The patient was a 4-year-old male under vigabatrin treatment and follow-up by neurology department of pediatrics for epileptic seizures. The patient was consulted to our outpatient clinic for control. Ophtalmologic examination showed visual acuities as 8/10 in both eyes. Chorioretinal depigmented areas were observed on the periphery of the fundus in both eyes . Fundus examination of the right eye showed an astrocytic hamartoma on the inferior temporal arch which was bulgy, hypopigmented, with the size of two optic discs and with no calcifications. Dilated venous vessels were observed on the proximal of this lesion. Also two astrocytic hamartomas with the size of half-disc were observed on the nasal of optic disc. OCT showed surface bulging on hamartomatous lesion, hyper-reflectance and disorganization on the inner retinal layers and shading on the outer retinal layers. In the management of tuberous sclerosis, genetic counseling and multidisciplinary follow up are necessary as the disease is multisystemic. © 2019 Gazi Eye Foundation. All rights reserved.
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    Atipik Bir Parasantral Akut Orta Makulopati Olgusu
    (Istanbul Aydin University, 2023) Yaman, Aygen; Turgut, Burak; Foroughıfar, Shirin; Özcan, Cansu
    Parasantral akut orta makülopati (PAMM), karakteristik olarak iç nükleer tabakada (INL) hiper-reflektif bir bant olarak izlenen ve ilerleyen aşamalarda tipik olarak INL atrofisine dönüşen yakın zamanda tanımlanmış bir SD-OCT bulgusudur. PAMM ile ilişkili mekanizma hala araştırma konusudur, ancak esas olarak orta retina tabakalarının iskemik hipoksisine bağlı olduğu konusunda bir fikir birliği vardır. Bu olgu sunumunun amacı, bulanık görme şikayetiyle gelen OCT de foveal ve parafoveal alanda tutulumu olan atipik bir PAMM olgusunu sunmaktır. 48 yaşında erkek hasta sağ gözde 10 gün önce başlayan ağrısız bulanık görme şikayeti ile başvurdu. Anamnezinde daha önce buna benzer bir şikayeti iki gözü için de yaşamadığını belirtti. Bilinen sistemik ve oküler hastalığı yoktu. Herhangi bir travma, oküler cerrahi, sistemik veya oküler ilaç kullanımı öyküsü mevcut değildi. Yapılan oftalmolojik muayenede en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği sağ gözde 7/10 sol gözde ise 10/10 düzeyindeydi. Fundus muayenesinde sağ gözde fovea temporalinde retina pigment epitel değişikliği izlenmekteydi, sol göz fundus muayenesinde özellik yoktu. Çekilen OCT görüntüsünde sağ göz fovea ve parafoveal alanda iç nükleer katlarda hiperreflektif bant izlenmekteydi. Sol göz OCT görüntüsünde özellik yoktu. Görme alanında sağ gözde santral görme alanı defekti olduğu görüldü. PAMM, SD-OCT ve multimodal görüntüleme yöntemlerinin gelişmesi sayesinde günümüzde daha kolay teşhis edilebilmektedir. PAMM etiyolojisinde retinal kapiller pleksusta fokal parafoveal iskeminin rolü üzerinde durulmuştur ve PAMM tanısı alan hastalarda vazopressör maruziyeti ve retinayı etkileyebilecek mikrovasküler patolojilerin araştırılması önerilmektedir
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    Circulating Salusin-beta Levels in Various Open-Angle Glaucoma Types
    (2021) Turgut, Burak; Mercan, Kadir; Ilhan, Nevin; Demır, Nesrin; Catak, Onur
    Purpose: To evaluate the levels of salusin-beta (?-Sal) in the serum in patients with open-angle glaucoma.\rMaterials and Methods: This pilot work was designed as an institutional controlled comparative clinical study. The serum ?-Sal levels of age\rand sex-matched 20 healthy volunteers as controls (Group 1), 15 patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) (Group 2), 18 patients with\rpseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG) (Group 3) and 26 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (Group 4) were measured with the\renzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.\rResults: There was no statistically signifi cant difference concerning age and gender among the groups (p>0. 05). The mean serum ?-Sal levels\rin Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were 4977.02±3741.44 pg/mL; 1086.57±253.41 pg/mL; 1044.98±268.80 pg/mL and 868.32±181.78\rpg/mL, respectively. Although the mean ?-Sal levels in all glaucoma groups seem numerically lower than the control group, there was no\rstatistically signifi cant difference between the serum ?-Sal concentrations of the study groups (p>0.05).\rConclusion: These fi ndings suggest that serum salusin-? levels are not different among various open-angle glaucoma types. However,\rtheoretically, ?-Sal may contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma and may play a neuroprotective hormone in glaucoma. Further studies with\rlarge patient population are required to say whether ?-Sal plays a role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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    Comparative Analysis of Pupil Diameters in Light and Dark Conditions After Instillation of 0.15% Brimonidine Drops in Eyes With and Without Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome
    (2020) Cate, Sercan; Turgut, Burak; Bektaş, Çağlar
    Objectives: This study aimed to compare pupil diameters in light and dark conditions after instillation of 0.15% brimo-nidine drops in eyes with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES).Methods: Forty eyes of 40 patients in whom 0.15% brimonidine drops were instilled to their right eyes between March 2019 and June 2019 were analyzed in this study. Study groups included 20 subjects without PES (group 1) and 20 patients with PES (group 2). Pupil diameters before and 30 and 90 min after brimonidine application were recorded and analyzed.Results: In group 1, the mean pupil diameters before brimonidine drop instillation were 4.8±1.2 mm and 5.8±1.2 mm in light and dark conditions, respectively, while those in group 2 were 4.4±1.2 mm and 4.9±1.3 mm, respectively. At 30 min after brimonidine drop instillation, the pupil diameters in light and dark conditions were 4.3±1.1 mm and 5.3±1.0 mm in group 1 and 4.1±1.1 mm and 4.5±1 mm in group 2, respectively. In group 1, the mean pupil diameters at 90 min were 4.2±1.1 mm and 5.1±1.1 mm in light and dark, respectively, and in group 2, they were 4.0±1.1 mm and 4.4±1.2 mm, respectively. In the dark, the pupil diameters before drop instillation were significantly smaller in group 2 than in group 1 (p?0.05). A significant difference was found between the groups with respect to the measurements in the dark at 30 min (p?0.05). When the differences at 30 and 90 min and the initial pupil diameters in light condition were compared between the groups, the change in the pupil diameter at 30 min was statistically significant (p?0.05). At 90 min, differences in both light and dark measurements were statistically significant (p?0.05).Conclusion: Brimonidine causes significant miosis in eyes with PES compared with eyes without PES. Brimonidine may have positive effects on spherical aberrations, glares, and halos. However, inadequate pupillary dilation may make it more difficult to perform cataract surgery and may further increase the complication rate.
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    Evaluation of Serum Concentration of the Myokine Irisin (FNDC5) in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
    (Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, 2021) Turgut, Burak; Mercan, Kadir; İlhan, Nevin; Aydoğan, Selahattin Semih
    Objectives: This study evaluated the serum irisin level of patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and compared it with that of healthy individuals. Methods: The serum irisin level of 15 healthy controls (Group 1) and 15 dry ARMD patients (Group 2) and 15 wet ARMD patients (Group 3) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and compared. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age or gender (p>0.05). The mean serum irisin levels of Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 were 25.81±24.04 ng/mL, 22.93±19.05 ng/mL, and 12.38±8.16 ng/mL, respectively. Although the mean irisin level in the wet ARMD patients was lower than that of the control and dry ARMD groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the serum irisin level in ARMD patients is not different from that of healthy individuals. Studies of larger groups that examine the irisin level in the vitreous and neovascular membranes will further elucidate any role in the pathogenesis of ARMD.
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    Importance of Müller Cells
    (2020) Kobat, Sabiha Güngör; Turgut, Burak
    Müller cells (MCs) are the most common glial cell found in the human retina. MCs have an important role in architecturaland metabolic functions in the retina. Additionally, there has been consideration that MC dysfunction might contributeto the pathogenesis of some retinal diseases, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema,retinal vein occlusion, macular telangiectasia type 2, age-related macular degeneration, retinal degeneration, hepatic andmethanol-induced retinopathy, and glaucoma. This review is a summary of the functions of MCs and a discussion of theimportance of these glial cells.
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    Iodine-Induced Retinopathy: A Case Report
    (Turkish Ophthalmological Soc, 2020) Kobat, Sabiha Gungor; Gul, Fatih Cem; Turgut, Burak
    Potassium iodide is used as an iodine supplement in salt as part of a national program in Turkey. An overdose of iodine has a toxic effect on the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. The case presented here is a patient who developed retinopathy following consumption of an excessive dose of iodine.
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    Megaloblastic anemia-associated retinopathy: A rare case
    (Gazi Eye Foundation, 2024) Arican, Esra; Okur, Yusuf Emre; Iseri, Beril; Turgut, Burak; Ersan, Ismail
    Anemia is a common hematologic disorder that can manifest with retinal involvement. As the severity of anemia increases, the incidence of retinal findings such as flame shape hemorrhages, roth spots, and venous dilatation also increases. In this case, a 51-year-old male patient presented with decreased vision in the left eye. A dilated fundus examination revealed findings consistent with anemic retinopathy. Upon further evaluation, the patient was found to have pancytopenia and was diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia after ruling out other systemic diseases. The aim of this case is to keep in mind the possible causes of retinal hemorrhage and to preserve visual acuity through appropriate treatment. Copyright © 2024 The author(s).
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    Optik Koherans Tomografi İle Senil Plak Değerlendirilmesi
    (Istanbul Aydin University, 2022) Turgut, Burak; Erdogan, Hakika; Okur, Emre; Erşan, İsmail
    İleri yaşlarda görülen kalsifiye skleral dejenerasyonlarla karakterize senil skleral plak Skleromalazi ile karıştırılabilir. Çalışmada bir olguda optik koherens tomografik görüntülerle skleral plak değerlendirildi
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    Orak Hücre Retinopatisinde Retinal Vasküler Bulgular
    (2023) Turgut, Burak
    Orak hücre hastalığı (OHH), eritrositlerin oksijen taşıma yeteneğini azaltan hemoglobin (Hb) nokta mutasyonuna bağlı olarak gelişen yaygın bir kalıtsal kan hastalığıdır. Hipoksi durumunda mutasyonlu anormal Hb nedeniyle eritrositlerin “oraklaşması” ve sonradan gelişen hipoksi, asidoz, enflamasyon, vazo-okluzif krizler ve hemoliz epizodları, beyin, böbrekler, akciğerler, kemikler, kalp ve göz dahil birçok organda ilerleyici hasara neden olur. OHH’da sistemik ve oküler bulgular değişkenlik gösterir. OHH’nın Orak-Hemoglobin C hastalığı ve Orak beta-Talasemi formları hafif sistemik hastalığa; ancak şiddetli oküler hastalığa neden olur. OHH arka segmentte optik nöropati, retinopati, makülopati ve koroidopatiye neden olabilir. Retinal vasküler bulgular olarak retinal damarlarda kıvrımlanma, “gümüş tel” görünümlü arteriyoller, damarsı çizgilenmeler, arteriyel ve venöz tıkanıklıklar, arteriovenöz anastomozlar ve retinal neovaskülarizasyonlar görülür. Fundus floresan anjiyografi (FFA), optik koherens tomografi (OKT) ve OKT anjiyografi tanıda kullanılmakta olup, FFA’de neovaskülarizasyonlar ve foveal avasküler zon (FAZ) genişleme ve düzensizliği, OKT’de makular temporal retinal incelme, OKTA da ise FAZ genişlemesi ve makular kapiller ağ dansitelerinde azalma başlıca bulgulardır. Bu makalede Orak Hücre Retinopatisi’nde karşılaşılan retinal vasküler bulguların derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır..
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    Other Mediators At Age-Related Macular Degeneration
    (Gaziantep İslam Bilim ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, 2022) Turgut, Burak; Erdogan, Hakika; İlhan, Nevin; Erşan, İsmail
    Objective Insome patients, even if anti-VEGF therapy is repeatedly administered at certain intervals, no response is obtained. Therefore, a search for new treatment methods has arisen. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of mediators such as Erythropoietin, Interleukin 17, and Angiotensin2,which are all involved in proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. Metods EPO, IL-17, and Angiotensin 2 levels were evaluated by examining the blood samples of patients who did not have any systemic disease or chronic eye disease except Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Results The patients were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1,2, and 3 were determined as the control group, dry type group, and neovascular type group respectively. For the purpose of this study, erythropoietin, interleukin 17, angiotensin2 were examined in the blood samples of patients. As a result of the analyses, a statistically significant difference was detected between the groups in terms of EPO, IL-17, and Angiotensin 2. Conclusion If the relationship between many factors related to age-related macular degeneration can be clearly defined, the perspective on treatment may change, especially in treatment-resistant patients.
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    Pearl Necklace Sign: An interesting vitreous fi nding of possible fungal endophthalmitis
    (2019) Şansal, Kenan Eren; Turgut, Burak
    Endophthalmitis is severe ocular infl ammation due to bacterial or fungal infection involving the intraocular cavities and other adjacent intraocular tissues. Endophthalmitis may be endogenous or exogenous. The exogenous type may occur following an intraocular surgery or penetratingocular injury. Although Bacillus and Aspergillus species are major etiologic agents of post-traumatic endophthalmitis, fungi can also causeexogenous endophthalmitis. The small vitreous abscesses like a chain or rosary achieve the appearance of ‘’the pearl necklace’’. Pearl necklacepattern is a characteristic but not a pathognomonic sign of posttraumatic endophthalmitis caused by fungus.
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    Psödopapilödem Nedeni Olarak Optik Disk Druseni
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2019-08-15) Güngör Kobat, Sabiha; Gül, Fatih Cem; Turgut, Burak
    Optik disk druseni, optik diskte hiyalin yapısında patolojik kalsifiye materyalin birikmesi ile oluşan konjenital bir optik disk anomalisidir. Optik disk druseni, gerçek papilödem ile karışabilecek şekilde optik sinir başında değişikliğe sebep olması nedeniyle önemli bir klinik durumdur. Bu yazıda psödopapilödem görüntüsüne neden olan optik disk drusenli iki olguyu sunmayı amaçladık.
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    PSÖDOPAPİLÖDEM NEDENİ OLARAK OPTİK DİSK DRUSENİ: OLGU SUNUMU
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2019) Kobat, Sabiha Güngör; Gül, Fatih Cem; Turgut, Burak
    Optik disk druseni, optik diskte hiyalin yapısında patolojik kalsifiye materyalin birikmesi ile oluşan konjenital bir optik disk anomalisidir. Optik disk druseni, gerçek papilödem ile karışabilecek şekilde optik sinir başında değişikliğe sebep olması nedeniyle önemli bir klinik durumdur. Bu yazıda psödopapilödem görüntüsüne neden olan optik disk drusenli iki olguyu sunmayı amaçladık. 
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    Santral Retinal Ven Tıkanıklığına Bağlı Makula Ödeminde Tedaviye Yanıtsızlık, Tedaviye Direnç, İlaç Değişimleri ve Kombine Tedaviler
    (2019) Turgut, Burak; Karanfil, Feyza Çalış; Çatak, Onur
    Retinal ven tıkanıklıkları (RVT), diyabetik retinopatiyi takiben ikinci en sık görülen retinal vasküler hastalıktır. Santral retinalven tıkanıklığı (SRVT)’nda görme kaybı retinal iskemi, makular iskemi, makula ödemi veya neovasküler komplikasyonlarabağlı olarak ortaya çıkabilmektedir. SRVT’nda makula ödemi, inflamasyon ve yükselen VEGF düzeylerine bağlı olarak vaskülergeçirgenliğin artması ve kan-retina bariyerinin bozulmasına bağlı olarak gelişebilmektedir. SRVT olgularında tedaviye direnç ve/veya yanıtsızlık olguların yaklaşık 1/3’ünde gelişmektedir. Rölatif afferent pupil defekti, vitreomaküler traksiyon, azalmış makulerve periferal retinal perfüzyon varlığı, yüksek kan üre ve kreatinin değerleri, diğer sitokin ve faktörlere etkisizlik, tedaviye geçbaşlanması, VEGF reseptör regülasyon artışı, ileri yaş, santral makula kalınlığının yüksek olması daha önce tedavi uygulanmışolması tedaviye direnç ve/veya yanıtsızlık için risk faktörleridir. Tedaviye dirençli/yanıtsız olgularda bir Anti-VEGF’in diğeriyledeğiştirilmesi veya ve/veya steroidlerle kombine tedaviler ile görme keskinliği, santral makula kalınlığı ve enjeksiyon sayısıüzerine olumlu sonuçlar elde edilebilmektedir.
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    The abnormal vitreomacular adhesion corresponding serous macula detachment area as a possible ocular risk factor in central serous chorioretinopathy
    (Gazi Eye Foundation, 2020) Turgut, Burak; Gungor Kobat, Sabiha; Catak, Onur
    Purpose: To investigate the frequency of abnormal vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Materials and Methods: In this observational retrospective case-study, the OCT scans of 30 patients with acute CSCR (Group 1) and 15 patients with chronic CSCR (Group 2) cases which were diagnosed based on clinical, ophthalmological and OCT findings and which was followed in our hospital and 30 control subjects without retinopathy (Group 3) were retrospectively reviewed. The frequencies of VMA in the groups were evaluated. Results: 31 eyes of 30 patients had acute CSCR and 20 eyes of 15 patients had chronic CSCR. The control group included 30 normal eyes of 30 healthy control subjects. It was found that the frequency of VMA was 38,7% (12 eyes), 50% (10 eyes), 20% (6 eyes) in Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. The difference among the frequency of VMAs in groups was statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that there is difference between the frequencies of VMA in the patients with CSCR and control group. © 2020 Gazi Eye Foundation. All rights reserved.