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Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Local Olive Varieties in Turkey by AFLP Markers
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Seker, M.; Gundogdu, M. A.; Ipek, M. S.
Olive (Olea europaea L.) has great genetic variation in Turkey as important crop due to its economic value. There are many cultivars, types and landraces having good potential as a source of genes for productivity, oil quality and fruit characters which are difficult to differentiate by using morphological characters in different ecological conditions of Turkey. Therefore, genotypic identification studies are important for olive breeding, olive industry and genome analysis. In this study, local olive genotypes which are grown in Adana, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bursa, Canakkale, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kilis, Izmir, Manisa, Mersin and Tekirdag provinces of Turkey were investigated. Most of the genotypes in this study were used for the first time for evaluation of their genetic structures. Genetic diversity of local genotypes was estimated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Sixty three olive genotypes were analyzed with five EcoRI-MseI primer combinations. Informative AFLP markers were generated and scored as binary data. Five primer pairs used in AFLP analysis detected 173 loci, of which 135 (78%) were polymorphic. Similarity coefficient matrix was computed to cluster the data and to draw precise relationships among the 63 studied olive genotypes. The generated dendrogram revealed three major groups.
Determination of Cluster Characteristics and Pomological Properties of Selected Clones of 'Elhamra' (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2013) Dardeniz, A.; Seker, M.; Gundogdu, M. A.; Turker, L.; Arda, G.; Kahraman, K. A.
'Elhamra' ('Honusu') is a popular cultivar which is grown in all vine production regions in Turkey and extensively in the East Mediterranean and South East Anatolia regions. The cultivar is late maturing and short-pruning. The flowers are functionally female, so the cultivar requires a pollinator. Three different 'Elhamra' clones were evaluated for their cluster and pomological characteristics in 2009 and 2010 harvesting seasons. The genotypes showed differing characteristics for ripening time and fruit parameters as follows: 'Clone 1' has large berries with deep red to violet-black colour, medium to moderate cluster size, tendency to parthenocarpy and is late maturing (through mid-October). 'Clone 2' has large berries with red to violet-black colour, large clusters and is late maturing (mid-October). 'Clone 3' has smaller to medium berries with pinkish green colour, having medium cluster size compared to the other clones, less tendency to parthenocarpy and is very late maturing (through end of October).
Determination of isozyme polymorphism in open-pollinated olive (Olea europaea L.) seedlings used as rootstock
(International Society Horticultural Science, 2008) Seker, M.; Dulger, S.; Kaynas, N.; Yucel, Z.
Some important olive cultivars like 'Domat' and 'Tavsan Yuregi' are commercially grafted on seedlings which are obtained from open-pollinated seeds of 'Uslu' olive cultivar, which usually produces morphologically uniform populations. In this study, seedling populations of 'Uslu' cultivar were evaluated for their isozyme genotypes. Starch gel electrophoresis for six isozyme systems including malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alcohol deshydrogenase (ADH), isocitrate deshydrogenase (IDH), phosphogluco mutase (PGM), phosphogluco isomerase (PGI) and peroxsidase (PRX) were investigated. Total loci and number of alleles were determined in 50 seedlings. Total 18 alleles were determined at 7 isoenzymatic loci. The seedlings were classified into 9 groups according to their isozyme profiles. ADH and MDH systems were monomorphic among the seedlings. However, PGI and IDH systems were polymorphic due to high level of heterozygosities. PGM and PRX systems exhibited only two isozyme genotypes among the seedlings. This study demonstrates that clonal rootstocks need to be used instead of seedlings for olive cultivars, which have to be grafted for propagation.
Determination of the effects of ecological differences on volatile compounds in 'Bayramic Beyazi' nectarine
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2020) Gundogdu, M. A.; Sakaldas, M.; Kaynas, K.; Seker, M.
White nectarine fruits, which are registered with the name of 'Bayramic Beyazi', are the novel stone fruit genotype grown in Canakkale. The fruits have a favorable and rich flavor for customer acceptance. White nectarines with high quality are the original material for improvement of new stone fruit varieties. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of ecological differences on volatile compounds in 'Bayramic Beyazi' white nectarine, which is widely grown in Canakkale Province in Turkey. Fruits of 'Bayramic Beyazi' white nectarine were harvested from 4 different commercial orchards in Canakkale and Balikesir provinces. These orchards cultivated in Bayramic and Pinarbasi counties in Canakkale province (2 plantations), Havran and Edremit counties in Balikesir province in 2017 season. Volatile component contents of ripe fruits of 'Bayramic Beyazi' were extracted by using diethyl ether solvent for liquid-liquid extractions. The amounts and identifications of the volatile compounds of extracted samples determined with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. According to the obtained results, a total of 30 volatile compounds were detected in total white nectarine fruits aroma profiles in different regions. Those were 10 esters, 6 C6 compounds, 5 terpenes, 5 aldehydes and 4 lactones. Hexanal, 2-hexanal, gamma-decalactone, Z-3-hexyl acetate and ethyl acetate were found as important major volatiles in all 'Bayramic Beyazi' fruits. Although C6 compounds and lactones were determined higher ratio in Bayramic location; fruits in Ezine location were found to have higher esters, aldehydes and terpenes.
Effects of different rootstocks on aroma volatile constituents in the fruits of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Cresthaven')
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Seker, M.; Ekinci, N.; Gur, E.
The consumption of peaches is dependent on fruit quality. Aromatic compounds directly affect the sensorial quality and consumer acceptance of peaches. This study evaluated the fruit quality and aroma volatile constituents of the peach cultivar Cresthaven' grafted on to five different rootstocks in 2012 and 2013. The rootstocks used were Uzunoglu Seedling' (Prunus persica), GF677' (P. persicaxP. dulcis), Nemaguard' (P. persicaxP. davidiana), Cadaman' (P. persicaxP. davidiana) and St. Julien GF 655/2' (P. insititia). Fruits were sampled at the commercial maturity stage around mid-August. Fruit quality characteristics and aroma volatiles differed significantly in peaches grown on different rootstocks. The largest fruits and highest titratable acidity were obtained from Cadaman'. The major volatile constituents of Cresthaven' fruits were acetaldehyde, hexanal, benzaldehyde, ethanol, 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, linalool, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, (E)--ionone, -decalactone and limonene. The type and concentration of volatile compounds showed great variability in Cresthaven' peach grafted on to different rootstocks. A total of 91 volatile compounds were detected and the highest volatile content was found in GF677'.
Effects of Geographical Origin and Cultivar on Phytosterol and Tocopherol Components in Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars Cultivated in Turkey
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2011) Seker, M.
Phytosterols and tocopherols play significant roles in human health. Olive oil has been receiving special attention from consumers due to health beneficial effects. The aims of this research were to investigate the effects of geographical origin and cultivar on phytosterol and tocopherol components of twelve different cultivars of olive cultivated in Turkey. The data were collected from North Aegean, South Aegean, Marmara, East Mediterranean and Southeast Anatolia regions of Turkey in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 growing seasons. The separation, identification and quantification of free phytosterols and tocopherols were successfully achieved using the capillary column gas-chromatographic (GC) and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods, respectively. The analytical results showed significant differences among surveyed olive cultivars. According to the obtained results, the total phytosterol content ranged between 0.911-4.629 g/kg in olive cultivars. Beta-sitosterol was the major phytosterol with high contribution to total phytosterol content followed by delta-5-avenasterol in olive oil. Beta-sitosterol content changed between 0.85-3.83 g/kg, followed by delta-5-avenasterol ranging from 0.06 to 0.81 g/kg. Regarding tocopherols, the total tocopherol content ranged between 0.040-0.347 g/kg in olive oils. Although alpha-tocopherol was the most abundant tocopherol fraction in olive cultivars, there was also gamma-tocopherol in some cultivars. alpha-tocopherol content changed between 0.03-0.287 g/kg followed by gamma-tocopherol ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 g/kg. Geographical region differences significantly affected the phytosterol and tocopherol contents. The total phytosterol and tocopherol contents of North Aegean region samples were higher than the other regions. This study revealed that an important variability exists for phytosterol and tocopherol contents in olive cultivars and geographical origin affected the amounts and components of the both organic compounds.
Investigation of genetic diversity in olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars and types using isozyme analysis
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Seker, M.; Dulger, S.; Kaynas, N.
Olive (Olea europaea L.) shoot tip extracts were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis for isozymes of Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), Alcohol deshydrogenase (ADH), Isocitrate deshydrogenase (IDH), Phosphogluco mutase (PGM), Phosphogluco isomerase (PGI) and Peroxidase (PRX). Total loci, number of alleles and genetical distances were determined in 43 olive genotypes (29 local and introduced cultivars, 5 'Gemlik' types, 3 'Ayvalik types, 1 'Memecik' type and 5 olive seedlings of 'Uslu' cultivar). High level isoenzymatic variation was detected in olive genotypes and total 23 alleles were determined at 7 loci which belong to the isozyme systems evaluated. The genotypes divided into 7 groups for MDH, 2 groups for ADH, 7 groups for IDH, 5 groups for PGM, 7 groups for PGI and 3 groups for PRX profiles. The genetic distance was the highest between 'Egriburun' and 'Manzanilia' while it was the lowest between 'Tavsan Yuregi' and 'Memecik' cultivars.
Investigation of Isozyme Polymorphism and Nuclear DNA Content Variation of Free-Pollinated Peach (Prunus persica L.) Seedlings
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2012) Seker, M.
Most of peach and nectarine cultivars are propagated traditionally on seedling rootstocks in Turkey. For this purpose, 'Uzunoglu' peach [Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] has been used extensively for long years. The fruits of 'Uzunoglu' peach are having no commercial value except good rootstock characteristics. The objectives of this study were to compare the isozyme polymorphism and nuclear DNA content variation in free-pollinated peach seedling populations. During the study, isozyme variation was surveyed for five enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.11.1.37), peroxidase (PRX, EC 1.11.1.7) and phosphogluco mutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1) in the seedlings. Moreover, genome size (C-value) was measured in peach seedling rootstocks. Cell nuclei were isolated from leaf tissues of the seedlings and then fluorescence intensities were measured on propidium iodide stained nuclei by using 'Tahiti' lime [Citrus latifolia Tan.] and mungbean [Vigna radiata 'Berken'] as internal reference standard by flow cytometry. According to the obtained results, isozyme variation was detected in 5 isozyme systems resulting 7 loci and 13 alleles. Isozyme polymorphism has only been observed in malate dehydrogenase profiles. Results obtained from flow cytometric analysis indicated that all analyzed seedlings were found to be diploid genomes with 0.574 pg/2C value in average. The study demonstrates the value of clonal rootstocks for eliminating of genetic variability within seedling rootstocks.
Investigation of isozyme polymorphism and nuclear DNA content variation of free-pollinated peach (Prunus persica L.) seedlings
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2012) Seker, M.
Most of peach and nectarine cultivars are propagated traditionally on seedling rootstocks in Turkey. For this purpose, 'Uzunoglu' peach [Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] has been used extensively for long years. The fruits of 'Uzunoglu' peach are having no commercial value except good rootstock characteristics. The objectives of this study were to compare the isozyme polymorphism and nuclear DNA content variation in free-pollinated peach seedling populations. During the study, isozyme variation was surveyed for five enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.11.1.37), peroxidase (PRX, EC 1.11.1.7) and phosphogluco mutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1) in the seedlings. Moreover, genome size (Cvalue) was measured in peach seedling rootstocks. Cell nuclei were isolated from leaf tissues of the seedlings and then fluorescence intensities were measured on propidium iodide stained nuclei by using 'Tahiti' lime [Citrus latifolia Tan.] and mungbean [Vigna radiata 'Berken'] as internal reference standard by flow cytometry. According to the obtained results, isozyme variation was detected in 5 isozyme systems resulting 7 loci and 13 alleles. Isozyme polymorphism has only been observed in malate dehydrogenase profiles. Results obtained from flow cytometric analysis indicated that all analyzed seedlings were found to be diploid genomes with 0.574 pg/2C value in average. The study demonstrates the value of clonal rootstocks for eliminating of genetic variability within seedling rootstocks. © ISHS 2012.
Investigation of Isozyme Polymorphism in Open-Pollinated Sweet Cherry and 'Mahaleb' Seedlings
(International Society Horticultural Science, 2008) Seker, M.
Traditionally, sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars are propagated on seedling rootstocks in Turkey. For this purpose, wild cherries (P. avium) and 'Mahaleb' (P. mahaleb L.) have been used extensively. The use of clonal (vegetatively propagated) rootstocks for sweet cherries is low in Turkey due to the high cost of nursery plants. Seeds for rootstock propagation usually are collected by nurserymen from trees of unknown origin. The objectives of this study were to compare the seedlings of two Prunus species for morphological characteristics and to detect any isozyme polymorphisms in seedling populations. During the study, variations in germination rate, leaf area and seedling size were evaluated. Isozyme variation was surveyed for five enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 1.1.1.42), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.11.1.37), peroxidase (PRX, EC 1.11.1.7) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1) in the populations. Wild cherry (P. avium) seedlings exhibited greater variation than P. mahaleb. Cherry seedlings had leaf areas ranging from 25.4 to 60.3 cm(2) lsozyme polymorphism was observed in seedling populations of both species at 7 enzyme loci with 35 alleles in total (19 alleles in cherries and 16 alleles in 'Mahaleb'). Isozyme variability was higher in sweet cherries than 'Mahaleb' due to high level of heterozygosity. The study demonstrates the value of clonal rootstocks for eliminating the genetic variability within seedling rootstocks.
Investigation of Volatile Constituents in Some Promising Local Peach and Nectarine Genotypes Using the HS-SPME Technique by the GC-MS
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2013) Seker, M.; Gur, E.; Ekinci, N.; Gundogdu, M. A.
Fruit aroma is one of the most important consumer acceptability traits of peaches and nectarines. White nectarines are grown in the northwestern region of Turkey. They have small fruits that are white-cream colored and have high market value because of their unique aroma and attractive appearance. Ten peach and nectarine genotypes including local flat peach, three white nectarines and six standard cultivars were investigated for their volatile constituents using the SPME (Solid Phase Micro Exraction) technique by the GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry). White nectarines, the most aromatic genotypes, were observed to accumulate high levels of esters when compared to the other genotypes.
New Promising White Nectarine Genotypes from the Highlands of Northwestern Turkey
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2012) Seker, M.; Gur, E.
In the Canakkale region located in the northwestern Turkey, peaches and nectarines represents 11% of the total Turkish peach production. The region has an important role as producer of high quality fruits and native nectarine genotypes at the highlands. Kazdagi Mountain located in Canakkale, formerly known as Ida, is the biggest mass of Biga Peninsula where the white nectarine population is concentrated at its plateaus and highlands. Plant characteristics of white nectarines were similar to the trees of common peach or nectarine cultivars. They have small fruits with white-cream color and have high market value because of its unique flavor and attractive appearance. Among white nectarine population, 15 genotypes were selected for their higher yield and attractive fruit characteristics during selection studies. Selected genotypes are certified by the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The main objectives of the present study are: i) to present some agronomical, phenological, plant and fruit characteristics of the native white nectarine population, ii) to compare the selected genotypes with common peaches and nectarine cultivars, iii) to present preliminary results of hybridizations between white nectarines and different Prunus species and cultivars.
Nondestructive Olive Quality Detection Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy in Reflectance Mode
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2009) Kavdir, I.; Buyukcan, M. B.; Kocabiyik, H.; Lu, R.; Seker, M.
Quality features including firmness, oil content, and color (chroma, hue) of two olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties ('Ayvalik' and 'Gemlik') were predicted using FT-NIR spectroscopy. Reflectance measurements of intact olives were performed using a bifurcated fiber optic probe. Measurements of firmness, oil content, and color values were done following the spectral measurements using standard methods. Calibration methods were developed using the partial least squares method. Good correlations were obtained in calibration and validation for Magness-Taylor (MT) maximum force, which was used as a measure of firmness, for both 'Ayvalik' and 'Gemlik' varieties; the coefficient of determination (R-2) for 'Gemlik' olives was 0.74 (SEC = 1.27) in calibration and 0.67 (SEP = 1.37) in validation. Better oil content prediction of olive fruits was obtained for the pooled data of 'Ayvalik' and 'Gemlik' varieties with the R-2 value of 0.64 (SEP = 0.05) in validation. Higher correlations were obtained for color predictions with R-2 = 0.88 and SEP = 12.9 for chroma and R-2 = 0.86 and SEP = 0.10 for hue for 'Gemlik'. Similar color prediction results were obtained for the 'Ayvalik' variety.
Plant and fruit characteristics of arbutus unedo l. and arbutus andrachnae l. from the highlands of Northwestern Turkey
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2013) Ekinci, N.; Ekinci, H.; Sakaldas, A.; Seker, M.; Gundogdu, M.A.
The genus Arbutus (fam.: Ericaceae) is represented by two species, A. unedo L. and A. andrachnae L., in the flora of northwestern Turkey. The Çanakkale region located in northwestern Turkey is one of the main locations for Arbutus species. The main objective of the present study is to present some phenological, plant and fruit characteristics of the Arbutus population. During the study, flowering time, average canopy size, tree height, trunk diameter and fruit yield were determined. Besides plant characteristics some chemical properties including pH, soluble solid content (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and minerals were determined in fully mature Arbutus unedo L. and Arbutus andrachnae L. fruits collected from different sites of Çanakkale-Turkey. Preliminary results of A. unedo fruit storage are presented. Based on the plant characteristics and chemical composition, cultivation of this underutilized crop is recommended.
Sweet Cherry Orchard Soil Mineral Composition and GIS Mapping in the Canakkale Production Region, Turkey
(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Seker, M.; Yuecel, Z.; Ertop, S.; Oezcan, H.
Canakkale is one of the main sweet cherry production regions in Turkey. Sweet cherries produced in Umurbey, Lapseki and Cardak are used mostly for export due to very high fruit quality. In recent years, new orchards have been established in Bayrami and Ezine counties in Canakkale province. In this study, leaf analyses and some soil tests were performed to evaluate nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn) of '0900 Ziraat' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) grafted on three rootstocks: 'Mazzard' (P. avium), 'Mahaleb' (P. mahaleb L.) and 'Gisela 6' (P. cerasus L. x P. canescens L.). Leaf and soil samples were collected in 21 orchards throughout the main production areas. Moreover, a Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to identify locations and their attributes, particularly soil characteristics and referenced as maps. Chemical analyses revealed differences in macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations in leaves among the orchards sampled. Rootstock type and soil characteristics influenced the leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Fe and Zn. The highest influence of rootstock and soil type was observed with respect to N, P, K, Mg, Zn and Fe. Considering that sweet cherry production areas in Canakkale have variations in soils, rootstock type and orchard management, further studies are needed to assist cherry growers in management of their orchards to ensure that trees and fruits are balanced nutritionally.

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