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Öğe Assessment of The Effect of Thymbra capitata Ethanolic Extract on Galleria mellonella Hemolymph Antioxidant Enzymes(ABADER (Adıyaman Bilimsel Arastırmalar Dernegi), 2022) Kaya, SerhatConehead thyme (Thymbra capitata) is widely distributed in the countries of the Mediterranean region and used due to its medical properties. The antibacterial, antifungal, and strong antioxidant properties of T. capitata are known. The model organism Galleria mellonella is mostly preferred for immunological studies and for the study of human pathogens. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the ethanolic extract of T. capitata on the antioxidant defense of the hemolymph in G. mellonella larva. Solutions prepared with Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) from the dry matter obtained from ethanolic extract at doses between 2 mg mL-1 and 20 mg mL-1 were injected into G. mellonella larvae. According to our findings, T. capitata extract had no effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. However, it was determined that all doses between 10 to 20 mg mL-1 significantly reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the control groups. According to the results of our study, high doses of T. capitata extract had negative effects on G. mellonella antioxidant defense. © 2022, ABADER (Adıyaman Bilimsel Arastırmalar Dernegi). All rights reserved.Öğe Çanakkale ili ve civarının herpetofaunası(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2005) Kaya, Serhat; Tok, Cemal Varolöz Çanakkale ili ve civarında yaşayan amfibi ve reptil türlerini belirlemeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada, elde edilen örnekler morfolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda; elde edilen türler üzerine yapılan ekolojik ve biyolojik gözlemler de belirtilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Herpetofauna, Çanakkale.Öğe Effects of Supplementation with Iron, Selenium and Magnesium on Galleria mellonella Cell-Mediated Immune Responses(2021) Kaya, Serhat; Gündüz, BülentImmune responses play a key role in the survival of all living things. Intake of inorganic materials is ofcritical importance in living organisms because of their participation in metabolism and some component ofcells. Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and selenium (Se) were selected for this study because of their participation incritical constituents of cells, such as nucleic acids and enzymes in living organisms, and their indirect and directeffects on immunity. Although the separate effects of these inorganic materials are known, there is no study ontheir combined effects. Galleria mellonella, which is used as a model organism, is frequently used in evaluatingof effects of human pathogens due to its various properties. Total hemocyte counts and encapsulationmelanization responses are the most commonly observed parameters when examining the immune responsesof this model organism. In our study, the effects of the selected inorganic materials added in the ratio of 0.1%,0.25%, 0.5% and 1% in the nutrient content of G. mellonella on the immune responses of this organism wereinvestigated. As a result of the study, it was found that only 0.25% of the doses increased the hemocyte countand that the other doses significantly decreased compared to the control group. However, it was determinedthat 0.5% and 1% feeding caused a significant decrease in both hemocyte count and encapsulationmelanization responses. According to our findings, the nutrients which have over a certain dose by inorganicsubstances have negative effects on immunity.Öğe Humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella after mono- and co-injection with Hypericum perforatum extract and Candida albicans(Wiley, 2024) Genc, Tulay Turgut; Kaya, Serhat; Gunay, Melih; Cakaloglu, CaglaGalleria mellonella is used as a model organism to study the innate immune response of insects. In this study, the humoral immune response was assessed by examining phenoloxidase activity, fungal burden, and the expression of phenoloxidase and antimicrobial peptide genes at different time point following separate and combined injections of Hypericum perforatum extract and a nonlethal dose of Candida albicans. The administration of a plant extract at low doses increased phenoloxidase activity, while higher doses had no effect. Similarly, co-injection of a low dose of the extract with the pathogen allowed half of the yeast cells to survive after 24 h. Co-injection of plant extract with the pathogen decreased the phenoloxidase activity at the end of 4 h compared to C. albicans mono-injection. The phenoloxidase gene expressions was reduced in all experimental conditions with respect to the control. When plant extracts and the pathogen were administered together, gallerimycin and hemolin gene expressions were considerably higher compared to mono-injections of plant extracts and the pathogen. The results of this study reveal that gene activation and regulatory mechanisms may change for each immune gene, and that recognition and signaling pathways may differ depending on the involved immunoregulator.Öğe Immunosuppressive effect of Plantago major on the innate immunity of Galleria mellonella(Peerj Inc, 2023) Kaya, SerhatGreater plantain (Plantago major), a medicinal plant species, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases in many countries of the world. Different studies have shown that the bioactive components contained in the plant have a dual effect. It was also reported that in vivo and in vitro studies showed different results. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of P. major extract on the hemocyte-mediated and humoral immune responses of the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella, which is widely used in immune studies. In the evaluation of these effects, total hemocyte count, encapsulation, melanization, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and total protein parameters were evaluated. The results of the study showed that the total hemocyte count did not change, that the encapsulation responses decreased, that the melanization responses and phenoloxidase activity increased and that the superoxide dismutase activity decreased. As a result, it was determined that high doses of P. major had negative effects on cell-mediated immunity and antioxidant defence and positive effects on melanization. High doses and continuous use of P. major may have negative effects on living things.Öğe Immunosuppressive influence of parasitoid wasp Pimpla turionellae calyx fluid on host Galleria mellonella cell-mediated immune response and hemocyte viability(Cambridge University Press, 2022) Kaya, Serhat; Uçkan, Fevzi; Er, AylinEndoparasitoid species devoid of symbiotic viruses inject secretions derived from their reproductive glands into their hosts during parasitism in order to avoid various immune responses of their hosts. Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an endoparasitoid that lacks polydnaviruses, and its venom has previously been shown to paralyze the host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and suppress its immune reactions to ensure the egg survival. The present study demonstrates that another female-injected factor calyx fluid extracted from the P. turionellae ovary is also responsible for the suppression of G. mellonella immunity. The total hemocyte counts of G. mellonella decrease after treatment with calyx fluid in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reductions in cell viability are also observed at all calyx fluid doses both in vivo and in vitro. The analyses of the beads injected into the insects as encapsulation targets revealed that the number of encapsulated beads reduced significantly compared to controls post-calyx fluid injection. The injection of the highest calyx fluid dose (1 female equivalent calyx) is sufficient to completely inhibit the strong encapsulation and melanization reactions of the last instar larvae 24 h post-injection. These results demonstrate that P. turionellae calyx fluid is required to regulate host immunity for successful parasitization.Öğe Influence of Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) leaf extract on immunity in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(Springer, 2024) Ozturk, Rahile; Kaya, SerhatSweet sagewort (Artemisia annua) is a species that has been used for many years to treat high fever due to its artemycin content. Artemycin is the active ingredient in antimalarial drugs. Additionally, the plant's leaves are consumed as tea or aqueous extract. Invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella is preferred in immune studies due to its ease of administration, natural immunity shared with mammals, including humans, and rapid determination of results. In this research, we systematically assessed the impact of A. annua extract on the immune system of animals by employing the G. mellonella model organism. We meticulously examined key facets of innate immune responses, including total hemocyte count, encapsulation-melanization, and phenoloxidase activity. Furthermore, we delved into the effects on antioxidant enzyme activity, specifically superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidase. The hemocyte count showed a statistically significant decrease across all given doses of the A. annua extract when compared to the control groups. The A. annua extract had no effect on the catalase activity, malondialdehyde amount, phenoloxidase activity, or melanization response of G. mellonella larvae, according to the findings of our study. Nonetheless, it enhanced SOD activity. In comparison to the control groups, it decreased the strong encapsulation response, which is a cell-mediated immune response, at all doses. While the A. annua extract had little effect on enzymatic processes in animals, it reduced cell-mediated immune responses by altering cell behaviours and count with cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.Öğe Influence of Helichrysum arenarium on hemocyte-mediated immune responses and phenoloxidase enzyme activity of model organism Galleria mellonella (L.)(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kaya, Serhat; Akkuş, Gülsüm; Türkdoğan, Seranay; Gündüz, BülentHelichrysum arenarium (L.) (Asterales:Asteraceae) Moench is a therapeutic plant which contains etheric oil, flavones and flavon glycosides, sterins, bitter substances and tannins having various coumarins. This plant is thought to have important characteristics such as diuretic effect, dropping stones and sand from the kidney, regulating digestive disorders, strengthening the immune system, and having antibiotic and antioxidant effects. Additionally, this plant is traditionally used in liver and biliary tract diseases and also shows anti-inflammatory and detoxifying properties. Model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) is an invertebrate species that is frequently used to study the effects of human pathogens and various pesticides, hormones, etc. on immune system. In our study, we examined the effect of various doses of H. arenarium on the hemocyte count and behavior of G. mellonella larvae. According to the findings obtained at the end of our study, H. arenarium caused an increase in hemocyte count with the injection of 0.25% and 0.5% doses compared to the untreated and DMSO groups. At the same time, the 0.25% and 0.5% doses showed a strong encapsulation-melanization response and an increase in phenoloxidase enzyme activity over 24 h compared to the other injected groups. Based on these results, H. arenarium extract has an anti-mitotic activity at high doses (above 0.5%). This effect may be due to the fact that the plant extract supports mitosis at a certain dose, while being toxic when exceeding it.Öğe Influence of Indole-3-Acetic Acid on Cellular Immune Responses of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in a host-parasitoid system(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kaya, Serhat; Uçkan, Fevzi; Er, AylinThe dietary effects of the well-known auxin member plant growth regulator, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), on hemocyte counts and behavior of the model insect Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were examined. In vivo and in vitro experiments involved five treatments applied to larvae with doses of 50, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm IAA and the controls. Total hemocyte counts increased at all applied IAA doses in G. mellonella whereas no effect was observed in P. turionellae. According to acridine orange-ethidium bromide double staining, none of the IAA doses affected the ratio of apoptotic and mitotic cells in vivo however a decrease in the number of late apoptotic cells at 1000 and 5000 ppm was observed at in vitro experiments in G. mellonella. An increase in the percentage of early apoptotic hemocytes at 1000 ppm and late apoptotic hemocytes at 500 ppm were determined in P. turionellae larvae. IAA also increased the ratio of mitotic hemocytes in the circulation of P. turionellae larvae at 50, 1000, and 10000 ppm. Changes in the encapsulation rate of Sephadex A-25 beads were not significant however the increase at 5000 ppm at 4th hour in non-melanized hemocytes was recorded as compared to the control. A strong decrease in melanization at 50 ppm and an increase at 50 and 1000 ppm in non-melanized bead count at 24 h were also observed. It can be concluded that IAA is inappropriate to use in combination with microbial control agents in IPM programs due to elevated hemocyte counts of the pest.Öğe Konağa verilen indol-3-asetik asitin ve kaliks sıvısının konak galleria mellonella L. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) ve parazitoid pimpla turionellae L. (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) hemositlerine etkisi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015-09-04) Kaya, Serhat; Uçkan, Fevziİndol-3-asetik asit sentetik besin aracılığıyla ve kaliks sıvısı enjeksiyon yoluyla Galleria mellonella larvalarına verilerek hemosit sayısı, canlılığı, mitotik indeksi ve enkapsülasyon-melanizasyon tepkilerini nasıl etkiledikleri in vivo ve in vitro deneylerle incelendi. IAA ile yetiştirilmiş G. mellonella pupalarından elde edilen Pimpla turionellae larvalarında ise IAA'nın hemosit sayısında, hücre canlılığında ve mitotik indeksde neden olduğu değişimler in vivo ve in vitro deneylerle belirlendi. IAA G. mellonella larvalarında kontrole göre hemosit sayısını tüm dozlarda arttırırken enkapsülasyonda herhangi bir değişikliğe yol açmadı. Melanizasyonda ise kontrole göre 4. saatte melanize olmamışlarda 5000 ppm'de artma; güçlü melanizasyonda 50 ppm'de azalma, 24. saatte melanize olmamış boncuk sayısında 50 ve 1000 ppm'de artma olduğu tespit edildi. Apoptotik indeksde in vitro'da geç apoptotik hücre sayısının 1000 ve 5000 ppm'de azaldığı görüldü. IAA'nın bütün dozları P. turionellae larvalarında hemosit sayısını istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olsa da arttırdı. Ayrıca erken apoptotik hücre sayısı 1000 ppm dozunda artarken geç apoptotik hücre sayısının 50, 500 ve 10 000 ppm dozlarında arttığı görüldü. IAA'nın mitotik indeksde 50, 1000 ve 10 000 ppm dozlarında artışa yol açtığı belirlendi. Kaliks sıvısı G. mellonella larvalarında hemosit sayısı ve enkapsülasyon tepkilerini kontrole göre tüm dozlarda düşürdü, enkapsüle olmamış boncuk sayısını arttırdı ve melanizasyonu azalttı. Ayrıca kaliks sıvısı canlı hücre sayısını azaltırken, erken apoptotik, geç apoptotik ve nekrotik hücre sayısını da arttırdı. Kaliks sıvısının yüksek dozları ise mitotik indekste azalmaya yol açarken mikroçekirdek oluşumunda artmaya neden oldu.Öğe Olive Leaf Extract-Induced Changes in Phenoloxidase Activity of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Hemolmyph(2021) Kaya, Serhat; Türkdoğan, SeranaySince the fruits and leaves of the Olive (Olea europea) tree, which grows naturally in Mediterraneancountries, are thought to be beneficial for many diseases, it is widely used in folk medicine in these countries.Olive leaf extract has been used in the treatment of many diseases such as malaria, high fever, heart diseasesand cancer. The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is frequently used ininvertebrate immunity studies due to its similarity to the mammalian natural immune system. Melanizationoccurs when quinone precursors are converted to melanin and inactive profenoloxidase to phenoloxidaseenzyme. In this study, the phenoloxidase activity of G. mellonella hemolymph larvae injected with olive leafextract in different doses was determined by ELISA microplate reader at 492 nm absorbance. The findingsobtained from this study showed that olive leaf extract increased phenoloxidase activity at a dose of 0.001 mg$mL^{-1}$ . Lower doses of 0.001 mg $mL^{-1}$ did not cause changes in phenoloxidase activity compared to the untreatedand Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) groups. The highest olive leaf extract dose of our study is 0.01 mg $mL^{-1}$ and thelarvae did not survive for 24 hours over those doses. The results of our study show that olive leaf supportshumoral immune responses when used in low doses.Öğe The influence of olive leaf extract on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the Hemolymph of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(2023) Kaya, Serhat; Türkdoğan, Seranay; Açar, Tuğba SökütThe present study has aimed to examine the effects of olive leaf extract on the antioxidant enzyme activity of the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) hemolymph. For this purpose, after the olive leaves collected from Çanakkale province were dried at room temperature, the ethanolic extract was obtained with a soxhlet. After the ethanol was removed from the obtained extract in the rotary evaporator, the obtained dry matter was prepared in the phosphate buffer salt, 72 mg mL-1 as the highest dose and the lowest 0.010 mg mL-1 and injected into the larvae reared for the experiment. Hemolymph was collected at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24-hours post-injection. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation levels were determined spectrophotometrically in the collected hemolymph. According to the results obtained, olive leaf extract decreased CAT and SOD activity in G. mellonella hemolymph at certain doses and increased the amount of MDA. For all enzymes, group, dose, and group-dose interactions were statistically significant. In addition, as a result of the examination made in terms of time, it was seen that the measurement of enzyme activities at the 24th hour was significant. The results of our study show that the antioxidant capacity of the olive leaf cannot be transferred to other living things and even reduces the antioxidant capacity of other organisms.Öğe The Potential Error on the Quercus pyrenaica Honeydew Honey Identifications(Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Battal, Fatih; Kaya, Serhat; Koseoglu, Merve[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Zeytin (Olea europaea) Yaprağı Ekstraktının Model Organizma Galleria mellonella Hemosit Aracılı Bağışıklık Tepkileri U?zerine Etkileri(2020) Kaya, Serhat; Manav, Neslihan DemirZeytin ağacı (Olea europaea) ülkemizin de içerisinde yer aldığı Akdeniz bölgesinde yaygın olarakyetiştirilen bir türdür. Bu ağacın meyvesi ve yağından yararlanıldığı kadar, yapraklarından da halkhekimliğinde yararlanılmaktadır. Antioksidan, anti-enflamatuar ve antibiotik etkilerinin yanında kalphastalıklarından korunma, karaciğer yağlanması, diabet gibi bazı yaygın hastalıklara karşı da etkili olduğubilinmektedir. Zeytin yaprağının en önemli bileşeni oleuropeindir. Çalışmamızda; insan patojenleri içinsıklıkla kullanılan model organizma Galleria mellonella (Büyük Balmumu Güvesi) kullanıldı. Zeytin yaprağıekstraktı ile muamele edilen G. mellonella larvalarında toplam hemosit sayısı, enkapsülasyon vemelanizasyon bağışıklık tepkileri incelendi. Toplam hemosit sayısının tespiti ve enkapsülasyonmelanizasyon tepkilerinin belirlenmesi için faz-kontrast mikroskobu kullanıldı. Bulgularımıza göre 1000ppm dozunda zeytin yaprağı ekstraktı bağışıklığı desteklemektedir.
