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    A comparative analysis of water quality assessment methods for heavy metal pollution in karasu stream, Turkey
    (2013) Sönmez, Adem Yavuz; Hisar, Olcay; Yanik, Telat
    Heavy metals are among the most persistent of pollutants in aquatic systems due to their resistance to decomposition in nature. Four assessment methods (two pollution indexes and two fuzzy mathematical models - single-factor deciding and weighted average models) were used to check the level and characteristics of heavy metal pollution in the Karas? stream water. Several heavy metals such as Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Iron (Fe) were tested with these methods. A data set (12 months, total 180 measurements) was collected from 5 sampling points (A-E) of the River. The used criteria were classes, I-IV represents from clear to polluted one. Water quality was assessed as class IV from all water samples collected from the each station with single-factor index method. It was identified to be class IV from the samples of A, B, C and D stations, and class III from the sample of E station with the comprehensive index model. By using the fuzzy mathematical methods, the water quality were determined as classes of IV, IV, IV, II and II from the water samples of A, B, C, D and E stations respectively. Introduction of membership degree and weight of each factor to fuzzy mathematical models made the methods more reasonable in the field of water quality assessment. Therefore, these fuzzy mathematical methods might be quite convenient in evaluation of water pollution and classification considering the results of the present study. © by PSP.
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    A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN KARASU STREAM, TURKEY
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2013) Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Hisar, Olcay; Yanik, Telat
    Heavy metals are among the most persistent of pollutants in aquatic systems due to their resistance to decomposition in nature. Four assessment methods (two pollution indexes and two fuzzy mathematical models - single-factor deciding and weighted average models) were used to check the level and characteristics of heavy metal pollution in the Karasu stream water. Several heavy metals such as Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Iron (Fe) were tested with these methods. A data set (12 months, total 180 measurements) was collected from 5 sampling points (A-E) of the River. The used criteria were classes, I-IV represents from clear to polluted one. Water quality was assessed as class IV from all water samples collected from the each station with single-factor index method. It was identified to be class IV from the samples of A, B, C and D stations, and class Ill from the sample of E station with the comprehensive index model. By using the fuzzy mathematical methods, the water quality were determined as classes of IV, IV, IV, II and II from the water samples of A, B, C, D and E stations respectively. Introduction of membership degree and weight of each factor to fuzzy mathematical models made the methods more reasonable in the field of water quality assessment. Therefore, these fuzzy mathematical methods might be quite convenient in evaluation of water pollution and classification considering the results of the present study.
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    An assessment of the effects of climate change on annual streamflow in rivers in Western Turkey
    (Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2018) Kale, Semih; Hisar, Olcay; Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Mutlu, Fatih; Filho, Walter Leal
    Global warming and its impacts are known to cause serious problems in sustainability of natural resources. In this study, change-point analysis and trend analysis were applied to climatic (temperature, precipitation, evaporation) and streamflow data for Tuzla, Gediz and Buyuk Menderes rivers. Box-Jenkins technique and ARIMA model were used for trend analysis. Results showed that there were decreases in streamflow of all rivers. The paper suggests that climate change effects on streamflow could be changeable and that many factors (anthropogenic effects, geographical location, agricultural activities) should be considered. Management strategies specified regionally are required to mitigate the potential climate change effects.
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    Body amino acid composition of axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne R., 1827) catched from dardanelles (Canakkale, Turkey)
    (CEUR-WS, 2015) Öztekin, Alkan; Kizilkaya, Bayram; Aslan, Alparslan; Selvi, Kahraman; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Hisar, Olcay; Ergün, Sebahattin
    Amino acid composition of the whole body tissue of Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) was determined. Fish was catched from Dardanelles (April 2013) via fishing line. The most abundant amino acid was Glutamic Acid (11.0 g/100 g crude protein) and Valine was the most abundant essential amino acid (6.2 g/100 g crude protein). The total essential amino acid content was 32.3 g/100 g crude protein and the total nonessential amino acid content was 42.5 g/100 g crude protein. Copyright © 2015 for this paper by authors.
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    Changes in liver and kidney antioxidant enzyme activities in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) exposed cadmium
    (Chemical Publishing Co., 2009) Hisar, Olcay; Yildirim, Sükrü; Sönmez, Adem Yavuz; Aras, Hatice Nur; Gultepe, Nejdet
    In vivo effects of cadmium on antioxidant enzymes such as super- oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GSR) investigated in liver and kidney tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three test groups of fish were subjected to cadmium in concentrations of 0 (control), 1 and 5 ppm. The duration of exposure was 1,3,5 and 7 d. The antioxidant enzyme activities, measured liver and kidney homogenates, were stimulated by both concentration (1 and 5 ppm) of cadmium chloride. Moreover, the dose-response patterns of the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver and kidney tissue were very similar. All antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly stimulated on the first day of experiment (Day 1) in the tissues at the both dose of Cd (p < 0.05) while CAT activity was stimulated after 3 days in the tissues at a dose of 1 ppm Cd (p < 0.05). The stimulation effect of Cd on SOD, GPx and GSR activities in the tissues diminished after 7 d cadmium administration. However, this effect of Cd on CAT activity diminished after 5 d. These findings indicate that the tissue antioxidant enzymes function to protect against cadmium toxicity.
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    Climate Change Impacts On Streamflow of Karamenderes River (Çanakkale, Turkey)
    (Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2016) Kale, Semih; Ejder, Tuba; Hisar, Olcay; Mutlu, Fatih
    The main objective of this study was to estimate the potential impacts of climate change due to the global warming on streamflow of Karamenderes River (Çanakkale, Turkey). A 36-years dataset belongs to the streamflow of Karamenderes River and a 43-years dataset belongs to the climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, and evaporation) obtained from Çanakkale, Bozcaada, Gökçeada meteorological stations in Çanakkale. Time series analysis was applied to the streamflow and climatic parameters. Pettitt change point analysis was performed to detect the change time and trend analysis was applied for estimating the trends. Kendall’s tau and Spearman’s rho correlation tests were applied to find out the relationship between streamflow and the climatic parameters. Pettitt change point analysis results indicated that the change year for streamflow was 1982. Trend analysis results showed that there were decreasing trends in the streamflow and precipitation, and increasing trends in temperature and evaporation. Correlation tests results pointed out that these changes were statistically insignificant. Increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall due to the climate change caused a decrease in the streamflow of the river. In conclusion, the climate change impacts on streamflow could be variable. Also, anthropogenic effects and agricultural activities may affect the responses of the rivers to the global warming and climate change impacts. It is suggested that dam building on the rivers might be beneficial to provide more water for irrigation or other purposes in sustainable way.
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    Effect of Climate Change on Annual Streamflow of Bakırçay River
    (2016) Mutlu, Fatih; Hisar, Olcay; Ejder, Tuba; Kale, Semih
    Küresel ısınma ve bundan kaynaklanan iklim değişikliği doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilirliği açısından önemli sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin batısında yer alan Ege Denizi kıyısındaki 9 meteoroloji gözlem istasyonuna ait 43 yıllık sıcaklık, yağış, buharlaşma gibi meteorolojik parametreler ile aynı bölgede yer alan ve Ege Denizine dökülen Bakırçay nehrine ait 17 yıllık veri seti kullanılmıştır. İklim parametreleri ile nehir akış hızına ait değişim noktalarının belirlenmesi için Pettitt değişim noktası analizi, eğilimlerin belirlendiği trend analizleri için Box-Jenkins yöntemi ve ARIMA modeli, bu parametreler arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için ise Kendall's Tau ve Spearman's rho korelasyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Pettitt testi sonucu sıcaklık, buharlaşma ve yağış miktarları için değişim yılları sırasıyla 1997, 1993 ve 1993 iken Bakırçay nehrinin akış hızı için ise 2008 olarak belirlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen trend analizleri sonucunda sıcaklık ve buharlaşma miktarında artış; yağış miktarı ve nehir akış hızında ise azalış olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak bu parametrelerin yıllara göre değişimi ile iklim parametreleri ve nehir akış hızı arasındaki korelasyonların istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak iklim değişikliğinin nehir akış hızları üzerine olan etkilerinin değişken olabileceği, küresel ısınmanın nehir sistemleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesinde antropojenik etkiler, coğrafi konum, tarımsal faaliyetler, yerleşim yerleri ve nüfus yoğunluğu gibi birçok faktörün de dikkate alınması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca iklim değişikliğinin nehirlerin hidrolojik süreçleri üzerine olan etkilerinin değerlendirilmesinde bölgeye ve amaca uygun değerlendirme modellerinin kullanılması ve özelleştirilmiş yönetim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir
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    Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Herbal Oils Containing 1,8-cineole, Carvacrol or Pulegone on Growth Performance, Survival, Fatty Acid Composition, and Liver and Kidney Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerlings
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2015) Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Bilen, Soner; Albayrak, Mevlut; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Biswas, Gouranga; Hisar, Olcay; Yanik, Talat
    A feeding trial was performed to assess any beneficial effect of three herbal oils; mint, thyme and sage oils containing 74 g kg-1 pulegone, 77 g kg-1 carvacrol and 76 g kg-11,8-cineole, respectively on growth performance, survival, fatty acid composition, and liver and kidney histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Herbal oils were added at 0.5 %, 1.0% and 1.5 % concentrations to a fish meal-based control diet, and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of rainbow trout fingerlings for 60 days with growth parameters recorded weekly. Results showed that FCR was affected negatively in all mint oil diet fed groups where it was higher than that of control and other groups (P<0.05). The lowest FCR values were recorded in the thyme and sage oil containing diets fed groups (P<0.05) with no significant differences between these two groups. SGR was also found lower in mint oil groups than in control. The highest SGR was recorded in thyme and sage oil fed groups (P<0.05). Survival was similar in fish fed with diets containing thyme, sage oil and control diet (P>0.05). However, survival was the lowest in fish fed with mint oil supplemented diets(P<0.05). Whole body fatty acid profiles except total saturated fatty acids are closely influenced by dietary herbal oil administrations. Total polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acid was lowest in 1 % thyme oil and all sage oil diet fed groups (P<0.05). Total polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid was similar between control and sage oil supplemented groups, but in other groups it was significantly decreased (P<0.05). EPA/DHA ratio was observed significantly low in 1.5 % thyme oil and all groups of sage oil fed fish. There were no histological differences observed in liver or kidney of fish fedwith control and 0.5 % and 1 % thyme and sage oil supplemented diets. The present results showed positive effects of thyme and sage herbal essential oil supplemented diets on growth performance and fatty acid utilization and these oils may be useful feed supplements in production of rainbow trout.
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    Effects of different probiotic bacteria on growth, body composition, immune response and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under sublethal water temperature
    (Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2015) Yazıcı, Irfan Selcuk; Hisar, Olcay; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yigit, Murat
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and their mix additives on growth performance, body composition, immune response and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under sublethal water temperature. Feeding trial was carried out for 60 days. The first group was fed with commercial feed plus fish oil. The second and third groups were given commercial feed plus Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis at a rate of 107 CFU g-1 fish oil, respectively. The fourth group was also fed with commercial feed plus 50% of both probiotic bacteria. After 60 days, there were no differences among the survival rates and body proximate composition of experimental groups. Results also showed that all additives (L. plantarum, B. subtilis and their mix) to diets had no significant effect on growth parameters of rainbow trout, although the fish fed the diet with L. plantarum had statistically better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other groups (p<0.05). However, the additives could improve the immunity and alter hematological parameters of the rainbow trout. In conclusion, it might be suggested that L. plantarum can be used as a beneficial dietary probiotic in rainbow trout reared under sublethal water temperature.
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    Effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters, carbonic anhydrase, and Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme activities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gurkan, Mert; Hisar, Olcay
    In this study, the effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters and the activities of respiratory enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na+, K+-ATPase were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues (gill, liver and kidney). Batches of 12 fish were exposed to 4.5mg L-1 (control) and 14mg L-1 CO2. No mortalities occurred during the 14days of the experimental period. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) levels, and innate immune parameters such as nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), lysozyme, and myeloperoxidase activities, and the melano-macrophage frequency were negatively affected by elevated CO2 levels. Patterns of change in CA activity differed among the gill, liver, and kidney. Compared with the activities of CA in the control group, the CA enzyme was significantly stimulated at day 7 in the gill tissue, whereas it was stimulated at day 14 of the experiment in the liver tissue of fish exposed to 14mg L-1 CO2 (P < 0.05). In contrast to the pattern of CA enzyme activities, the Na+, K+-ATPase enzymes were stimulated significantly in the liver after day 7 but inhibited in the kidney and gill (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a subchronic exposure to hypercapnia of rainbow trout tissues may lead to adaptive changes in the respiratory enzymes and negatively affects hemato-immunological parameters.
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    Effects of low temperature and starvation on plasma cortisol, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
    (Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2015) Arslan, Gökhan; Sahin, Tolga; Hisar, Olcay; Hisar, Sukriye Aras
    In this study, the hormonal responses such as Plasma Cortisol, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin of juvenile carp induced by low temperature and starvation as stressors have been investigated. Four treatments were conducted under the following condition: the first group was fed and kept at a temperature of 18ºC (18F); the second group was fed and kept at 6ºC (6F); the third group was not fed and kept at 18ºC (18FD) and the fourth group was not fed and kept at 6ºC (6FD). Hormonal responses of fish were measured in every 15th day of 45 days trial. According to the results, it was determined that cortisol level of fish in the group 18FD significantly increased while T3, T4 and TSH levels of fish increased in the group 6FD (P < 0.05). No significant differences were obtained between the treatments in terms of Prolactin. To conclude up, the temperature and total food deprivation and their interactions had a significant effect on the plasma hormone levels of common carp juveniles.
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    Effectsof Dietary Supplementation of Herbal OilsContaining1,8-cineole, Carvacrol or Pulegone on Growth Performance, Survival, Fatty Acid Composition, andLiver and Kidney Histology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerlings
    (2015) Sönmez, Adem Yavuz; Bilen, Soner; Albayrak, Mevlüt; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Bıswas, Gouranga; Hisar, Olcay; Yanık, Talat
    Sırasıyla 74 g kg-1 pulegon, 77 g kg-1 karvakrol ve 76 g kg-1 1,8-kinol içeren nane, kekik ve adaçayı gibi üç farklı bitkisel yağın alabalıkların (Oncorhynchus mykiss) büyüme performansı, yaşama, yağ asidi kompozisyonu ile karaciğer ve böbrek histolojisi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacı ile bu besleme çalışması yürütülmüştür. Bitkisel yağlar balık yemi içerisine % 0,5, % 1 ve % 1,5 oranında eklenmiş, ve her diyet büyüme parametreleri haftalık olarak kontrol edilen 60 günlük çalışmada üç tekerrürlü olarak alabalık yavrularına verilmiştir. FCR tüm nane gruplarında olumsuz etkilenirken diğer tüm gruplardan yüksek tespit edilmiştir (P<0,05). En düşük FCR oranları kekik ve adaçayı içeren gruplarda belirlenmiştir (P<0,05) ve bu gruplar arasında farklılık tespit edilememiştir. SGR nane grubunda kontrol grubunda olduğundan daha düşük çıkmıştır. En yüksek SGR değerleri kekik be adaçayı içeren gruplarla beslenen alabalıklarda gözlenmiştir (P<0,05). Yaşama gücü, kekik, adaçayı ve kontrol grubunda benzer olmuştur (P>0,05). Bununla birlikte nane yağı ile beslenen gruplarda düşük tespit edilmiştir (P<0,05). Toplam doymuş yağ asidi hariç tüm yağ asitleri içeriği bitkisel yağ eklentisi ile değişiklik göstermiştir. Toplam çoklu doymamış n-6 yağ asitleri % 1 kekik ve tüm adaçayı içeren gruplarda en düşük değeri göstermiştir (P<0,05). Toplam çoklu doymamış n-3 yağ asitleri kontrol ve adaçayı yağı ekleniş gruplarda benzerken, diğer gruplarda önemli derecede düşmüştür (P<0,05). EPA/DHA oranı % 1,5 kekik yağı ve tüm adaçayı yağı içeren gruplarda kayda değer düşüktür. Kontrol, % 0,5 ve % 1 kekik ve adaçayı yağı içeren gruplarda karaciğer ya da böbrek histolojilerinde bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir. Bu çalışma sonuçları kekik ve adaçayı ile desteklenmiş yemlerin büyüme performansı ve yağ asidi kullanımı üzerindeki olumlu etki gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur ve bu yağlar alabalık üretiminde yem katkısı olarak kullanışlı olabileceği belirlenmiştir
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    Fuzzy Logic Evaluation of Water Quality Classification for Heavy Metal Pollution in Karasu Stream, Turkey
    (Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-Fepr, 2013) Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Hasiloglu, Samet; Hisar, Olcay; Aras Mehan, Hatice Nur; Kaya, Hasan
    Traditional water quality evaluation methods use discrete form that involve upper and lower limits, and the concentrations values are equally important when the values are near to or far away from the limits. Moreover, each quality parameter might belong to one of the four classes; therefore differences of the classes of the parameters may be vagueness. In this study, an index model is purposed for quality evaluation of water quality classification using fuzzy logic. For that purpose, a data set (12 months, total 180 measurements) about several heavy metals such as Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Iron (Fe) was collected from 5 monitoring stations in Karasu River. After that, fuzzy logic assessment method was used to quality evaluation for heavy metal pollution in Karasu stream. In conclusion, it was supposed that fuzzy logic evaluation method may also be used as an alternative tool for decision-making in environmental management.
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    Growth performance and antioxidant enzyme activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles fed diets supplemented with sage, mint and thyme oils
    (Springer, 2015) Sonmez, Adem Yavuz; Bilen, Soner; Alak, Gonca; Hisar, Olcay; Yanik, Talat; Biswas, Gouranga
    This study evaluated effects of dietary supplementation of sage (Salvia officinalis), mint (Mentha spicata) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils on growth performance, lipid peroxidation level (melondialdehyde, MDA) and liver antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione-S-transferase, GST and glutathione peroxidase, GPx) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. For this purpose, triplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed daily ad libitum with diets containing sage, mint and thyme oils at 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg kg(-1) for 60 days. While weight gain percentage of fish fed the diets containing sage and thyme oils was significantly higher than the control group, that of fish fed mint oil was the lowest. Similarly, specific growth rate was found to be the highest in all groups of the sage and thyme oil feeding and the lowest in the mint groups. Moreover, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the mint oil administered groups. Survival rate was also significantly reduced in the fish fed the diet containing mint oil. It was observed that SOD, G6PD and GPx activities were significantly increased in liver tissues of all the treated fish groups compared to that of control diet-fed group. However, CAT, GST and GR activities were significantly decreased in experimental diet-fed fish groups at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, a significant reduction was found in MDA levels in the fish fed the diets with sage and thyme oils compared to control and mint diets on the 30th and 60th days of experiment. Overall, dietary inclusion of sage and thyme oils is effective in enhancing rainbow trout growth, reduction in MDA and least changing antioxidant enzyme activities at a low level of 500 mg kg(-1) diet, and they can be used as important feed supplements for rainbow trout production.
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    In vitro antimicrobial activities of extracts from ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) skin mucus
    (Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2016) Katra, Neslican; Hisar, Olcay; Karatas, Suheyla; Turgay, Emre; Sarvan, Can
    The increasing bacterial resistance against antimicrobial agents has induced the search for alternative antimicrobial resources. In this regard, antimicrobial peptides in the fish mucus seem to be usable as therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial effects of the mucus extracts obtained from the skin of various fish species. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of organic and aqueous mucus extracts obtained from the skin mucus of L. bergylta on fish isolates Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella tarda, Listonella anguillarum, Aeromonas sobria, Shewanella baltica, Enterobacter sp., Citrobacter sp. and Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum as control strains were analysed. As a result of this study, aqueous mucus extract, aqueous phase and DCM phase that were obtained from the skin mucus of L. bergylta were found not to have any bactericidal effect on the microorganisms tested in this study.
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    In vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activities of aqueous skin mucus from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on human pathogens
    (Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2014) Hisar, Olcay; Hisar, Sukriye Aras; Uyanık, Mehmet Hamidullah; Sahin, Tolga; Cakir, Fikret; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    Extracts and preparations made from the animal origin were used extensively in folk and modern medicine for treating many human diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of aqueous skin mucus from rainbow trout. Evaluation of inhibition effect of the aqueous skin mucus against Staphylococcus aureus-ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli-ATCC 9837, Citrobacter freundii-ATCC 8090, Enterobacter aerogenes-ATCC 13048, Neisseria lactamica-ATCC 23970, Proteus vulgaris-ATCC 49990, Proteus mirabilis-ATCC 29906, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-ATCC 9027, Pseudomonas fluorescens-ATCC 13525, Bacillus cereus-ATCC 10987, Klebsiella pneumonia-ATCC 13883, Klebsiella oxyttoca-ATCC 43863, Streptococcus pneumoniae-ATCC 49619, Candida albicans-ATCC 90028 and Candida parapsilosis-ATCC 22019 was tested. The antimicrobial and antifungal effects of mucus on the bacteria were assessed by a disc diffusion assay. The activity was measured in terms of zone of inhibition in mm. The mucus did not show antibacterial and antifungal activities against any of the tested strains of bacteria and fungi yeast.
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    Karasu Irmağında ağır metal kirliliğinin tespiti ve su kalitesinie göre sınıflandırılması
    (2012) Sönmez, Adem Yavuz; Hisar, Olcay; Yanık, Telat
    Karasu Irmağından seçilen 5 istasyondan 12 ay boyunca alınan su örnekleri Bakır (Cu), Çinko (Zn), Mangan (Mn), Kurşun (Pb), Nikel (Ni), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Demir (Fe) bakımından incelenmiştir. Elde edilen ağır metal verilerine göre istasyonlar arasmda tüm ağır metallerin değişimlerinde önemli derecede farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.01). Aylara göre ağır metallerin değişimleri incelendiğinde örnekleme noktalarından elde edilen verilerin istatistiki olarak önemli ölçüde değişmediği tespit edilmiştir (p>0.05). Ancak, aylar x istasyonlar interaksiyonu istatistikî bakımdan çok önemli (p<0.01) bulunmuştur. Irmağın önemli ölçüde kirliliğe maruz kaldığı tespit edilmiştir.
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    Karasu Nehri (Türkiye) ağır metal kirliliği için su kalite sınıflandırılmasının bulanık mantık ile değerlendirilmesi
    (2013) Sönmez, Adem Yavuz; Hasıloglu, Samet; Hisar, Olcay; Mehan, Hatice Nur Aras; Kaya, Hasan
    Geleneksel su kalite değerlendirme metotlarında; alt ve üst limitleri içeren ayırım tabloları kullanılmaktadır. Gözlenen konsantrasyon değerleri, ayırım tablolarında aynı bölge içerisinde yer alıyorsa; değerler limitlere yakın yada uzak olsun aynı eşit öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca her bir kalite parametresi, tabloda yer alan dört sınıftan birisi içerisinde yer almalıdır. Bu nedenle, her bir parametrenin farklı sınıflarda olduğu durumlarda da belirsizlik meydana gelir. Bu çalışmada, su kalite sınıflandırılmasının bulanık mantık ile değerlendirilmesinin yapıldığı bir indeks model kullanılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda; Karasu Nehrinde 5 istasyonda, 12 ay boyunca, toplam 180 adet ölçümü yapılarak; Bakır (Cu), Çinko (Zn), Manganez (Mn), Kurşun (Pb), Nikel (Ni), Kadmiyum (Cd) ve Demir (Fe) gibi bazı ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının veri kümesi oluşturulmuştur. Ardından Karasu Nehrindeki ağır metal kirliliği için bulanık mantık değerlendirme metodu kullanılmıştır. Sonuçta; çevre yönetiminde karar oluşturmak için bulanık mantık değerlendirme metodunun alternatif bir araç olabileceği düşünülmüştür.