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Öğe Cane Quality Determination of 5 BB and 140 Ru Grape Rootstocks(Int Soc Horticultural Science-Ishs, 2008) Dardeniz, A.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Muftuoglu, N. M.; Turkmen, C.; Beser, K.This study was conducted to investigate best cane quality level in 140 Ru and 5 BB grape rootstocks through morphological changes when the canes were sectioned into 4-bud segments from base to tip. Canes were later forced to grow in plastic pots to determine the relationship between cane quality and root-shoot growth characteristics. The results suggested that rootstocks differ along their canes length for best quality to use in propagation. Cuttings should be prepared in 5 BB between 5 to 16(th) internodes, and in 140 Ru between 5-12(th) nodes, because of better quality and well balanced root-shoot growth.Öğe DETERMINATION OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES IN 'CABERNET SAUVIGNON' (VITIS VINIFERA L. CV.): HIGHLIGHTING THE MANIFESTATION OF STAMENS AND PISTIL PRIMORDIA WITH NEW INTERMEDIATE STAGES LINKING THE PHENOLOGICAL STAGES(Estacao Vitivinicola Nacional, 2019) Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.Despite relatively intensive work on the development of inflorescence primordia during grapevine growth in season one, some informational gaps are present in the flower and floral organ development in the season two. In addition, concurrents events of phenology and formation of flowers and floral parts has not been dealt with. With the aid of digital imaging, this research had three objectives; a) describe the developmental events that take place during and after bud break in the buds and in the individual flowers in terms of differentiation, b) match these events with phenological stages, and c) determine size-related growth of the floral organs. After careful dissecting and examination of the samples under microscopy, taken ever 5-10 days between March 20 and May 10 in 2016, the results indicated that highly esteemed works regarding the reproductive anatomy of grapevines needed some additional stages to fully describe events in the stamen and pistil primordia after the appearance of petal primordia. Five intermediate stages were added to the stages of formation of flowers. Differentiation of inflorescence and individual flowers occurred in the second season as the buds swelled in the spring. Stamens and pistil could be seen about 3 weeks later and completed their initial growth in another 3 weeks. Flower primordia was visible on April 1 and showed a more than 9-fold increase over the course of 5 to 6 weeks. flowers increased their width and their length more than 9- and 15-fold, respectively, between stage 8.1 (April 1) and 10.3 (May 10). At first, they were wider than they were longer, but at later stages they grew longitudinally. Reproductive organ primordia were visualized around the time of 2-4 leaves separated on the shoots. Signs of generative parts become apparent in late April. Anthers were the smallest in the flower. Filaments, on the other hand, elongated almost 7-fold in a period of 20 days. Gynoecium growth was the most impressive and total pistil length increased from 52.8 to 162 mu m, ovary width from 40.4 to 99.8 mu m, and stigma diameter from 9.96 to 44.9 mu m in twenty days. By the time the pistil took its final shape, 6-8 leaves grew on the shoot during which inflorescence could also be seen.Öğe Determination of the effects of growth regulators on pollen viability and germination level of tulip(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2019) Akcal, A.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.The present study was focused on determining the effects of brassinosteroid, naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid on in vitro pollen germination and pollen viability of tulip. Knowledge on different sources of pollen is an important issue for ornamental plant growers or breeders especially in crossing procedures for tulip. Flower bud formation and inflorescence is affected by bulb size, environment, irrigation, nutrition and many other factors. In some ornamental plants pollen quality as well as cultivar affect viability and germination characteristics. Tulipa greigii `Pinocchio' was used as a pollen source which was tested for its ability to germinate in vitro on a medium (1% agar and 20% sucrose) containing three different group of hormones, gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and epibrassinolide (EBR). After 24 h of incubation, pollen were evaluated and germination ratios were determined. The results indicate that pollen germination was significantly affected by growth regulators while pollen viability and germination rates were altered according to the concentrations and the type of the growth regulators. The highest average value of the pollen germination rate (42.95%) was determined in the concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 EBR treatment in Tulipa greigii `Pinocchio', while the highest value (92.47%) for the pollen viability was obtained from epibrassinolide (EBR) in comparison to the other hormones.Öğe Effect of 22(S), 23(S)-Homobrassinolide on Adventitious Root Formation in Grape Rootstocks(South African Soc Enology & Viticulture-Sasev, 2012) Kaplan, U.; Gokbayrak, Z.In recent times, brassinosteroids have been identified as a group of hormones that regulate plant growth and development. They affect plant development from seed germination to senescence. The aim of this research was to study the effects of brassinosteroids on the rooting of three American grapevine rootstocks (1103 Paulsen, 110 Richter and 99 Richter) used frequently to produce grafted grapevines. Rootstock cuttings were dipped for 10 minutes into five different concentrations of 22(S), 23(S)-homobrassinolide and planted into a peat-perlite mixture. Data such as fresh and dry root weight, root number and development level were collected and assessed. Some shoot growth features were also determined. The results showed that the grapevine rootstocks with the most significant response in improved root and shoot growth were 1103 Paulsen, followed by 110 Richter. Root development level was influenced by both the rootstock and the concentrations of the substance. The lowest concentration, 0.05 ppm, induced more root numbers in 1103 Paulsen, while 0.15 ppm resulted in the highest number of roots in 99 Richter. A statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant difference between root development and shoot growth.Öğe Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro pollen germination of grapevine cultivars(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2016) Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.In the present report the effects of naphthalene acetic acid (N ibberellic acid (GA3), and epibrassinolide (EBr) on in vitro pollen germination of three Vitis vinifera L. cultivars were described. The basic media contained 1% agar and 20% sucrose. Pollen germination of cultivar :Amasya Beyazi' was not affected by, tile treatments and the germination rate varied between 6.16% (1.0 mg L-1 i NAA) and 3598% (5Q mg L-1 GA(3) Concentrationof 25 mg 1-4 GA(3) had the highest effect on increasing of The stimulating effect of GA(3) and EBr was noticeable incultivar the pollen germination of cultivar Kozak Beyazi' compared to the NAA, epibrassinolide and the control. The results showed that the response of the pollen grains were cultivar specific and substance specific. In general, NAA was the growth regulator that least enhanced the germination of grapevine pollen.Öğe Effects of 225, 23S-homobrassinolide and gibberellic acid on formation of double fruits in 'Bing' sweet cherry(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2016) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.Plant growth regulators play a vital role in flower bud formation and development of floral parts. To this effect, 22S, 23S-homobrassinolide (HBr) and GA(3) were tested on 'Bing' sweet cherry to determine their influence on the occurrence of doubling during the development of buds, flowers and fruits. The substances were applied for a 2-year period with a handgun sprayer at the transition stage from sepal to petal differentiation. GA(3) was applied at 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1, and HBr at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1. The results showed that the percentage of doubling (buds, flowers and fruits) was increased with all applications of HBr. GA(3) decreased double ovaries during full bloom and the percentage of double fruits in the following year. In all experiments (except for 25 mg L-1 GA(3)) the frequency of double pistils in the flowers at full bloom was lower than that observed in the buds the previous autumn. The frequency of double fruits in the first year of treatment was lower than in the second year of treatment.Öğe Effects of Cultural Practices on Total Phenolics and Vitamin C Content of Organic Table Grapes(South African Soc Enology & Viticulture-Sasev, 2015) Isci, B.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Keskin, N.The total phenolic and vitamin C contents of organic table grapes were determined by spectrophotometry and HPLC, respectively, after several quality-increasing treatments were applied at veraison for two growing seasons. Cane girdling and cluster-berry thinning resulted in different responses in the cultivars. 'Red Globe' generally was found to produce the lowest quantity of total phenolics in the berries, while 'Trakya Ilkeren' was the cultivar that accumulated the highest phenolics. Vitamin C accumulation in the berries was also affected by the treatments. The effect of the treatments was inconclusive in 'Buca Razakisi'. The application of both girdling and thinning caused more accumulation of vitamin C in the 'Alphonse L.' and Trakya Ilkeren' berries.Öğe Flower Aberrations in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2011) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Dardeniz, A.The most important problem limiting marketable quality in kiwifruit is the flat or fan shaped fruits. Although selective hand thinning and sorting can be used to remove these fruit, the cost increase may be considerable. This study describes the morphological changes on a microscopic level during flower formation at the reproductive primordia of 'Hayward'. Flower primordia with abnormal deviations were classified into four groups depending upon relative shape (flat or fan-shaped) and the number (double or triple) of the pistil. Normal and flat shaped fruits are similar to each other. Both fruits have a pericarp, mesocarp, seed bed, and core tissue. However, flat fruit has more loculi and wider core tissue. Fasciated fruits form when terminal flower fuses with one or more lateral flower. Double and triple fruit form when two flowers (one terminal and one lateral flower) or three flowers (one terminal and two lateral flowers), respectively, fuse together during ovary differentiation.Öğe Gibberellic Acid Inhibits Floral Formation and Delays Flower Differentiation in '0900 Ziraat' Sweet Cherry Cultivar(Int Soc Horticultural Science-Ishs, 2014) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Akcal, A.; Gur, E.This paper reports on the effects of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) on floral formation and the potential for GA(3) to reduce flower primordia formation in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). GA(3) was applied to 4-year-old '0900 Ziraat'/'Gisela 5' trees at two growth stages (early flowering and beginning of fruit development) at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 250 mg L-1, for a 2-year period. Bud samples were taken from the beginning of July to the end of September in both years in six sequential dates. During the dormant seasons, buds were collected to determine number of flowers per bud. Samples were fixed and stored in a solution of formalin, 70% ethanol and glacial acetic acid (10:50:5, v/v). Flower formation in the buds was examined using a stereo zoom microscope and the morphological changes in each sample were recorded using a camera mounted on the microscope. Number of flowers per bud was negatively and linearly related to GA(3) concentration. Floral formation in '0900 Ziraat' sweet cherry (untreated control) started in early-July and continued until mid-September. The progress during which the sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia were differentiated was considerably slower at GA(3) applications. Imperfection of the floral buds was observed as the floral organs being replaced by leaf-like appendages or as none of the flower buds having one normally-developed flower primordia or as floral organs or flower primordia being much smaller than the other.Öğe IMPROVED METHODS OF CANE SAMPLES STAINING DESTINED FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION AND IMAGING(Aloki Applied Ecological Research And Forensic Inst Ltd, 2024) Kuzucu, F. C.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.In this study, staining methods were used to improve the effective visualization of grapevine cane sections under a microscope using 'ring light'. The stains applied to the sections included Aniline Blue, Safranin O, Toluidine Blue O, Bromophenol Blue, Basic Fuchsin, Methyl Green, Giemsa Stain, Carmine and Fast Green FCF. The natural color differences observed between the tissues were similar. Therefore, staining was proven to be the most useful tool to increase the contrast in grapevine cane tissues. Different stains reacted with different cell types and components and revealed their unique color properties. In addition to single use of stains, Carmine + Methyl Green, Fast Green FCF + Bromophenol Blue and Safranin O + Bromophenol Blue were utilized as double staining. Among these applications, staining with Aniline Blue, Bromophenol Blue, Fast Green FCF, Safranin O, and Toluidine Blue O showed effective results on cell and tissue levels. In addition, successful results were obtained from double stains. Double staining was recommended for examining grapevine cane sections under a microscope. 'Ring light' has been developed to improve the coloration and sharpness on the surface of the stained sections under the microscope and during photography. The ring light offers the opportunity to illuminate the entire sample by using white light, yellow light and both light intensities in differentÖğe Influence of brassinosteroids on fruit yield and quality of table grape 'Alphonse Lavallee'(Jki-Institut Rebenzuchtung, 2015) Isci, B.; Gokbayrak, Z.This research was carried out to determine the effects of a brassinosteroid compound (22S-, 23S-homobrassinolide) on yield and quality attributes of a field-grown table grape cultivar 'Alphonse Lavallee'. The vines were sprayed at anthesis (first week of May) with the compound over two growing seasons. The solutions were prepared at the concentrations of control, 10(-3) and 10(-4) mg.L-1. Clusters were harvested when those of the control vines reached 16 degrees Brix. Yield and quality parameters were analyzed. There were no clear effects of the compound on yield and quality, except for the cluster length. The low concentration resulted in longer clusters. High concentration increased the tensile strength of the pedicel to some degree. Seasonal differences were observed in most of the parameters studied.Öğe Influence of shoot topping on yield and quality of Vitis vinifera L.(Academic Journals, 2008) Dardeniz, A.; Yildirim, I.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Akcal, A.This study was carried out in a 20 year old spur pruned Karasakiz (Kuntra) vineyard during the 2003 and 2004 growth season. Vines were topped at 1, 3 and 5 nodes beyond the last cluster on the main shoot. Yield and quality parameters were analyzed to determine the effects of shoot topping. The results showed that weather conditions had more statistically important effects compared to the topping level. One (1) node topping resulted in more loss of yield due to increased vegetative growth.Öğe Investigation of Physiological Disorders and Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherry(Int Soc Horticultural Science-Ishs, 2009) Engin, H.; Sen, F.; Pamuk, G.; Gokbayrak, Z.Physiological disorders (deep suture, fruit cracking, and double fruit), and fruit quality of Van' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivar in relation with irrigation, gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and nitrogen (urea) were studied. Irrigation treatments were tested as 100% (full irrigation), 50% (moderate water stress) and 20% (severe water stress) replenishment of water depleted from the 100% replenishment treatment at 90 cm soil profile at ten day intervals. GA3 and nitrogen were applied to trees during flower bud differentiation period at the doses of 100 mg L-1 and 900 mg L-1, respectively. Lowest amount of double fruits were obtained from I-50+N+GA(3) application. Deep suture were most seen in the fruits exposed to moderate water stress plus nitrogen application. Fruit cracking was not affected statistically significant by any of the applications. All of the quality attributes of cherry fruits were statistically influenced by all the treatments and weather conditions.Öğe NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF 140 RUGGERI ROOTSTOCK CANES IN DORMANT SEASON(Pakistian Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2011) Turkmen, C.; Dardeniz, A.; Muftuoglu, N. M.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Kabaoglu, A.This research was carried out to ascertain if there were significant differences in the mineral contents of 140 Ruggeri (140 Ru) canes collected during dormant period. Cuttings of the rootstock 140 Ru prepared for propagation of grafted grapevines were profiled for their mineral contents during two dormant seasons. Cuttings were sampled at four different times starting from leaf fall and divided into five sections. Mineral content changes in the dormant season and along the length of the canes were found to be significant to a limited extent (P value=0.05). The results showed that mineral content in 140 Ru rootstock canes slightly varied with sampling time and sampling section.Öğe Occurrence of star flowers in Cardinal (Vitis vinifera L.) cv.(Academic Journals, 2009) Gokbayrak, Z.; Dardeniz, A.; Soylemezoglu, G.; Kizilcik, S.Star flowers are flowers that differ from normal Vitis flowers in that the calyptra breaks open from the top like the flowers of most other species plants. This is the first report of the occurrence of star flowers in Turkey. Star flowers were observed in Cardinal (Vitis vinifera L.). The structural features are compared to normal flowers. A genetic analysis using RAPD-PCR was performed to determine if there was a genetic difference between the vines nearing two flower types. There were some minor morphological differences, but RAPD analysis did not show any genetic dissimilarities. Inflorescences appeared more compact on star flowered vines due to shorter pedicels in flowers. Fruit set was also extremely low. This formation is reported in different regions of the world on different cultivars. This might be more common that previously thought. It warrants further research.Öğe PHYLLODY (FLOWER ABNORMALITY) IN SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.)(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2010) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.This report deals with a case of phyllody, flower abnormality which is described as leaf-like development of the floral organs. In most extreme form, the organ involved is replaced by a foliage-type leaf. Any floral organ, even the ovule, may become leafy in form or color.Öğe Phyllody (flower abnormality) in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)(2010) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.This report deals with a case of phyllody, flower abnormality which is described as leaf-like development of the floral organs. In most extreme form, the organ involved is replaced by a foliage-type leaf. Any floral organ, even the ovule, may become leafy in form or color.Öğe USE OF MORPHOLOGICAL MARKERS TO IDENTIFY FOLIAR DISEASE RESISTANCE IN GRAPEVINE(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2010) Gokbayrak, Z.; Ozer, C.; Soylemezoglu, G.Morphological characteristics of 324 vines, developed from a cross between 'Italia' and 'Mercan' grapevine varieties with various levels resistance to powdery and downy mildew were examined for a possible association with disease resistance using a tree-based discriminant analysis. Petiole coloration was the main discriminant for downy mildew. When the pigmentation was low, anthocyanin coloration of the tip was needed to screen susceptible plants from the resistant ones. With the anthocyanin pigmentation medium to strong, 63.5% of the plants were selected as resistant. Plants with darker petiole color required mature leaf profile and width of the petiolar sinus to be factored in to successfully discriminate the susceptible ones from the resistant plants. Anthocyanin coloration of the tip was the main discriminant variable for powdery mildew. Alongside of a strongly colored shoot tip, the petiole color and the shape of the mature leaf blade had to be incorporated into selection process. It seems that anthocyanin in petioles or shoot tip might play a role selecting resistant or susceptible genotypes from the population.
