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Öğe ANALYSES OF CANE TISSUE PROFILES IN VITIS SPP.(Aloki Applied Ecological Research And Forensic Inst Ltd, 2024) Gokbayrak, G.; Kuzucu, F. C.; Engin, H.The work was carried out with the aim of analysing the size of cane tissues of the grapevine cultivar 5BB (Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia) and (CS, Vitis vinifera L.) at the microscopic level. Cane tissues of both cultivars were assessed. Cuttings were taken at the same cane diameter of CS and 5BB during the winter period 40 days after leaf fall. The cuttings were fixed in a FAA solution for microscopy. In this study, the cultivars showed significant differences in the parameters of the vascular tissues. A strong relationship was detected between the profile parameters of different tissues (xylem vessel diameter, xylem, phloem, primary phloem fibre, xylem vessel density). The CS cultivar showed wider xylem vessel diameters than the 5BB cultivar. The relationship between xylem vessel size in CS and 5BB cultivars and tissue profiles are discussed. We suggest that the anatomical profiles of cane tissues can provide useful information for further investigations of grapevines.Öğe DETERMINATION OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES IN 'CABERNET SAUVIGNON' (VITIS VINIFERA L. CV.): HIGHLIGHTING THE MANIFESTATION OF STAMENS AND PISTIL PRIMORDIA WITH NEW INTERMEDIATE STAGES LINKING THE PHENOLOGICAL STAGES(Estacao Vitivinicola Nacional, 2019) Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.Despite relatively intensive work on the development of inflorescence primordia during grapevine growth in season one, some informational gaps are present in the flower and floral organ development in the season two. In addition, concurrents events of phenology and formation of flowers and floral parts has not been dealt with. With the aid of digital imaging, this research had three objectives; a) describe the developmental events that take place during and after bud break in the buds and in the individual flowers in terms of differentiation, b) match these events with phenological stages, and c) determine size-related growth of the floral organs. After careful dissecting and examination of the samples under microscopy, taken ever 5-10 days between March 20 and May 10 in 2016, the results indicated that highly esteemed works regarding the reproductive anatomy of grapevines needed some additional stages to fully describe events in the stamen and pistil primordia after the appearance of petal primordia. Five intermediate stages were added to the stages of formation of flowers. Differentiation of inflorescence and individual flowers occurred in the second season as the buds swelled in the spring. Stamens and pistil could be seen about 3 weeks later and completed their initial growth in another 3 weeks. Flower primordia was visible on April 1 and showed a more than 9-fold increase over the course of 5 to 6 weeks. flowers increased their width and their length more than 9- and 15-fold, respectively, between stage 8.1 (April 1) and 10.3 (May 10). At first, they were wider than they were longer, but at later stages they grew longitudinally. Reproductive organ primordia were visualized around the time of 2-4 leaves separated on the shoots. Signs of generative parts become apparent in late April. Anthers were the smallest in the flower. Filaments, on the other hand, elongated almost 7-fold in a period of 20 days. Gynoecium growth was the most impressive and total pistil length increased from 52.8 to 162 mu m, ovary width from 40.4 to 99.8 mu m, and stigma diameter from 9.96 to 44.9 mu m in twenty days. By the time the pistil took its final shape, 6-8 leaves grew on the shoot during which inflorescence could also be seen.Öğe Determination of the effects of growth regulators on pollen viability and germination level of tulip(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2019) Akcal, A.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.The present study was focused on determining the effects of brassinosteroid, naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid on in vitro pollen germination and pollen viability of tulip. Knowledge on different sources of pollen is an important issue for ornamental plant growers or breeders especially in crossing procedures for tulip. Flower bud formation and inflorescence is affected by bulb size, environment, irrigation, nutrition and many other factors. In some ornamental plants pollen quality as well as cultivar affect viability and germination characteristics. Tulipa greigii `Pinocchio' was used as a pollen source which was tested for its ability to germinate in vitro on a medium (1% agar and 20% sucrose) containing three different group of hormones, gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and epibrassinolide (EBR). After 24 h of incubation, pollen were evaluated and germination ratios were determined. The results indicate that pollen germination was significantly affected by growth regulators while pollen viability and germination rates were altered according to the concentrations and the type of the growth regulators. The highest average value of the pollen germination rate (42.95%) was determined in the concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 EBR treatment in Tulipa greigii `Pinocchio', while the highest value (92.47%) for the pollen viability was obtained from epibrassinolide (EBR) in comparison to the other hormones.Öğe Double Fruit Formation and the Occurrence of Two Pistils: Examination by Scanning Electron Microscopy in Sweet Cherry(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Engin, H.; Uenal, A.Single-pistil and double-pistil (abnormal pistil) formation in sweet cherry flowers were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Bud samples were taken every 10 days from July to October and stored in FAA (formalin, ethanol and glacial acetic acid). Carpel differentiation had begun by August 23. Flower primordia may have a single pistil (normal pistil formation), two pistils (abnormal pistil formation) and rarely, three pistils. Abnormally-formed flower primordia can be separated into three classes based upon length of the two pistils. In the first class, one of the pistils is much shorter than the other. In the second class, one of the pistils is about half the size of the other. In the third class, the two pistils are approximately equal in size. This study showed that most of the flowers with two pistils have equally developed pistils. In 'Van' sweet cherry, 78% of the abnormal flower primordia had equal length pistils while the proportion of flower primordia with different length pistils was 22%.Öğe Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro pollen germination of grapevine cultivars(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2016) Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.In the present report the effects of naphthalene acetic acid (N ibberellic acid (GA3), and epibrassinolide (EBr) on in vitro pollen germination of three Vitis vinifera L. cultivars were described. The basic media contained 1% agar and 20% sucrose. Pollen germination of cultivar :Amasya Beyazi' was not affected by, tile treatments and the germination rate varied between 6.16% (1.0 mg L-1 i NAA) and 3598% (5Q mg L-1 GA(3) Concentrationof 25 mg 1-4 GA(3) had the highest effect on increasing of The stimulating effect of GA(3) and EBr was noticeable incultivar the pollen germination of cultivar Kozak Beyazi' compared to the NAA, epibrassinolide and the control. The results showed that the response of the pollen grains were cultivar specific and substance specific. In general, NAA was the growth regulator that least enhanced the germination of grapevine pollen.Öğe Effects of 225, 23S-homobrassinolide and gibberellic acid on formation of double fruits in 'Bing' sweet cherry(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2016) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.Plant growth regulators play a vital role in flower bud formation and development of floral parts. To this effect, 22S, 23S-homobrassinolide (HBr) and GA(3) were tested on 'Bing' sweet cherry to determine their influence on the occurrence of doubling during the development of buds, flowers and fruits. The substances were applied for a 2-year period with a handgun sprayer at the transition stage from sepal to petal differentiation. GA(3) was applied at 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1, and HBr at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1. The results showed that the percentage of doubling (buds, flowers and fruits) was increased with all applications of HBr. GA(3) decreased double ovaries during full bloom and the percentage of double fruits in the following year. In all experiments (except for 25 mg L-1 GA(3)) the frequency of double pistils in the flowers at full bloom was lower than that observed in the buds the previous autumn. The frequency of double fruits in the first year of treatment was lower than in the second year of treatment.Öğe Flower Aberrations in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2011) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Dardeniz, A.The most important problem limiting marketable quality in kiwifruit is the flat or fan shaped fruits. Although selective hand thinning and sorting can be used to remove these fruit, the cost increase may be considerable. This study describes the morphological changes on a microscopic level during flower formation at the reproductive primordia of 'Hayward'. Flower primordia with abnormal deviations were classified into four groups depending upon relative shape (flat or fan-shaped) and the number (double or triple) of the pistil. Normal and flat shaped fruits are similar to each other. Both fruits have a pericarp, mesocarp, seed bed, and core tissue. However, flat fruit has more loculi and wider core tissue. Fasciated fruits form when terminal flower fuses with one or more lateral flower. Double and triple fruit form when two flowers (one terminal and one lateral flower) or three flowers (one terminal and two lateral flowers), respectively, fuse together during ovary differentiation.Öğe Fruit quality of seven nectarine cultivars produced in Turkey(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2020) Harman, Y.; Akin, M. A.; Turk, B.; Engin, H.; Sen, F.Although nectarine is produced in many countries for quite a long time, it became widespread only lately in Turkey. Demand for nectarine fruits is gradually increasing in both domestic and foreign markets, therefore, new cultivars are found in the markets. The aim of this research is to determine the physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of different nectarine cultivars such as 'Beauty', 'May', 'Fresh Queen', 'Red', 'Sunny', 'Shine' and 'Globe', that are commonly grown in the Aegean region. The average fruit weight, width and length of 'Globe' nectarine were the highest with 187.9 g, 70.1 mm and 67.5 mm, respectively; while the lowest values were found as 101.7 g, 55.6 mm and 58.5 mm, respectively in 'Piun'. Fruit skin colors showed significant differences, and the color values of C* and h degrees ranged between 24.18 and 47.77 and 24.47-33.67, respectively, according to the cultivars. In this research, ' Globe' had the highest fruit flesh firmness with 58.2 N, followed by 'Sunny' (53.0 N) and 'Shine' (51.0 N), while the others varied between 40.0 and 45.0 N. Additionally, the soluble solids content was the highest in 'Shine' with 16.4% and the lowest in 'May' (10.7%). Significant differences were observed in total phenol content and antioxidant activity of analyzed nectarine cultivars. The results obtained from the study showed that the physicochemical properties of nectarine cultivars display significant differences.Öğe Gibberellic Acid Inhibits Floral Formation and Delays Flower Differentiation in '0900 Ziraat' Sweet Cherry Cultivar(Int Soc Horticultural Science-Ishs, 2014) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Akcal, A.; Gur, E.This paper reports on the effects of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) on floral formation and the potential for GA(3) to reduce flower primordia formation in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). GA(3) was applied to 4-year-old '0900 Ziraat'/'Gisela 5' trees at two growth stages (early flowering and beginning of fruit development) at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 250 mg L-1, for a 2-year period. Bud samples were taken from the beginning of July to the end of September in both years in six sequential dates. During the dormant seasons, buds were collected to determine number of flowers per bud. Samples were fixed and stored in a solution of formalin, 70% ethanol and glacial acetic acid (10:50:5, v/v). Flower formation in the buds was examined using a stereo zoom microscope and the morphological changes in each sample were recorded using a camera mounted on the microscope. Number of flowers per bud was negatively and linearly related to GA(3) concentration. Floral formation in '0900 Ziraat' sweet cherry (untreated control) started in early-July and continued until mid-September. The progress during which the sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia were differentiated was considerably slower at GA(3) applications. Imperfection of the floral buds was observed as the floral organs being replaced by leaf-like appendages or as none of the flower buds having one normally-developed flower primordia or as floral organs or flower primordia being much smaller than the other.Öğe Gibberellic acid inhibits floral formation and delays flower differentiation in ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry cultivar(Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2014) Engin, H.; Gökbayrak, Z.; Akçal, A.; Gür, E.This paper reports on the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) on floral formation and the potential for GA3 to reduce flower primordia formation in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). GA3 was applied to 4-year-old ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Gisela 5’ trees at two growth stages (early flowering and beginning of fruit development) at the doses of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 250 mg L–1, for a 2-year period. Bud samples were taken from the beginning of July to the end of September in both years in six sequential dates. During the dormant seasons, buds were collected to determine number of flowers per bud. Samples were fixed and stored in a solution of formalin, 70 % ethanol and glacial acetic acid (10:50:5, v/v). Flower formation in the buds was examined using a stereo zoom microscope and the morphological changes in each sample were recorded using a camera mounted on the microscope. Number of flowers per bud was negatively and linearly related to GA3 concentration. Floral formation in ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry (untreated control) started in early-July and continued until mid-September. The progress during which the sepal, petal, stamen and pistil primordia were differentiated was considerably slower at GA3 applications. Imperfection of the floral buds was observed as the floral organs being replaced by leaf-like appendages or as none of the flower buds having one normally-developed flower primordia or as floral organs or flower primordia being much smaller than the other. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart.Öğe IMPROVED METHODS OF CANE SAMPLES STAINING DESTINED FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION AND IMAGING(Aloki Applied Ecological Research And Forensic Inst Ltd, 2024) Kuzucu, F. C.; Gokbayrak, Z.; Engin, H.In this study, staining methods were used to improve the effective visualization of grapevine cane sections under a microscope using 'ring light'. The stains applied to the sections included Aniline Blue, Safranin O, Toluidine Blue O, Bromophenol Blue, Basic Fuchsin, Methyl Green, Giemsa Stain, Carmine and Fast Green FCF. The natural color differences observed between the tissues were similar. Therefore, staining was proven to be the most useful tool to increase the contrast in grapevine cane tissues. Different stains reacted with different cell types and components and revealed their unique color properties. In addition to single use of stains, Carmine + Methyl Green, Fast Green FCF + Bromophenol Blue and Safranin O + Bromophenol Blue were utilized as double staining. Among these applications, staining with Aniline Blue, Bromophenol Blue, Fast Green FCF, Safranin O, and Toluidine Blue O showed effective results on cell and tissue levels. In addition, successful results were obtained from double stains. Double staining was recommended for examining grapevine cane sections under a microscope. 'Ring light' has been developed to improve the coloration and sharpness on the surface of the stained sections under the microscope and during photography. The ring light offers the opportunity to illuminate the entire sample by using white light, yellow light and both light intensities in differentÖğe Investigation of Physiological Disorders and Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherry(Int Soc Horticultural Science-Ishs, 2009) Engin, H.; Sen, F.; Pamuk, G.; Gokbayrak, Z.Physiological disorders (deep suture, fruit cracking, and double fruit), and fruit quality of Van' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivar in relation with irrigation, gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and nitrogen (urea) were studied. Irrigation treatments were tested as 100% (full irrigation), 50% (moderate water stress) and 20% (severe water stress) replenishment of water depleted from the 100% replenishment treatment at 90 cm soil profile at ten day intervals. GA3 and nitrogen were applied to trees during flower bud differentiation period at the doses of 100 mg L-1 and 900 mg L-1, respectively. Lowest amount of double fruits were obtained from I-50+N+GA(3) application. Deep suture were most seen in the fruits exposed to moderate water stress plus nitrogen application. Fruit cracking was not affected statistically significant by any of the applications. All of the quality attributes of cherry fruits were statistically influenced by all the treatments and weather conditions.Öğe Leaf water potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) under different irrigation levels(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2009) Hepaksoy, S.; Engin, H.; Kukul, Y.S.; Erogul, D.; Aksehirli, M.Pomegranate is a characteristic species of the Mediterranean area. The cultivation of the pomegranate is mainly confined to the tropics and subtropics and it grows well in arid and semi-arid climates. It is now widely cultivated in Mediterranean, in tropical and subtropical areas. In Turkey, pomegranate is among the under-utilised fruit species. The Mediterranean, Aegean and South-east regions have more suitable climates for pomegranate growing. Although pomegranate is generally grown as a low input crop, varietal differences and some physiological disorders exert a major impact on fruit quality and marketability. Irrigation of pomegranate trees is very important. Fruit splitting and cracking can occurr, unless they are regularly irrigated. Excess watering or excessive rain during the maturation period may cause similar damage to the fruits. The aim of this research was to determine the leaf water potential (LWP) of pomegranate trees under three i?rrigation levels.Öğe PHYLLODY (FLOWER ABNORMALITY) IN SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.)(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2010) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.This report deals with a case of phyllody, flower abnormality which is described as leaf-like development of the floral organs. In most extreme form, the organ involved is replaced by a foliage-type leaf. Any floral organ, even the ovule, may become leafy in form or color.Öğe Phyllody (flower abnormality) in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)(2010) Engin, H.; Gokbayrak, Z.This report deals with a case of phyllody, flower abnormality which is described as leaf-like development of the floral organs. In most extreme form, the organ involved is replaced by a foliage-type leaf. Any floral organ, even the ovule, may become leafy in form or color.Öğe The Effect of Irrigation, Gibberellic Acid and Nitrogen on the Occurrence of Double Fruit in 'Van' Sweet Cherry(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Engin, H.; Uenal, A.The occurrence of double fruit formation in 'Van' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was studied. The effect on fruit doubling by irrigation treatments in summer and by gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and nitrogen (N) treatments during the transition from sepal to petal differentiation, were determined by examining buds, flowers and fruits. The results suggest that: 1) the frequency of occurrence of flowers with two pistils and double fruits was higher in 2002 than 2003 because of high temperatures during flower bud differentiation; 2) under field conditions, the percentage of double fruits was not increased by drought stress; 3) GA(3) and GA(3)+N combination applications decreased double ovaries during anthesis and the percentage of double fruits; and 4) in all the experiments, the frequency of double pistils at full bloom was lower than observed in the buds in autumn.
