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    A case of melanism in the Grass snake, Natrix natrix (L., 1758) (Reptilia: Colubridae) from Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey
    (Universitatea din Oradea, 2016) Habibo?lu, Tu?ba; Çiçek, Kerim; Tok, Cemal Varol
    Here, we report a melanistic female of Natrix natrix from Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey. This is first recorded melanism case in N.natrix from Western Anatolia, Turkey. The specimen was examined morphologically (measurements, pholidosis, and color pattern) and compared with literary data. The ventral color-pattern of specimen is different from the one being specified in the literature, while postocularia is 4-3. ©Biharean Biologist, 2016.
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    A new locality for Rana ridibunda caralitana Arıkan, 1988 (Anura: Ranidae) in the Central Anatolia
    (2006) Ayaz, Dinçer; Tok, Cemal Varol; Mermer, Ahmet; Tosunoğlu, Murat; Afsar, Murat; Çiçek, Kerim
    Orta Anadolu’da Rana ridibunda caralitana Arıkan, 1988 için yeni bir lokalite. Bu çalışmada, Bor (Niğde)’dan toplanan 18 (10 ??, 8 ??) ergin ova kurbağası örneği, başta renk-desen olmak üzere yapılan morfolojik analiz sonucunda incelenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerin caralitana formuna ait olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Böylece caralitana’nın dağılış areali genişletilmiştir.
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    A new subspecies, Ophisops elegans budakibarani n. Subsp. (Sauria: Lacertidae) from Mut (Mersin/Turkey)
    (Universitatea din Oradea, 2017) Tok, Cemal Varol; Afsar, Murat; Yakin, Batuhan Yaman; Ayaz, Dinçer; Çiçek, Kerim
    This study describes a new subspecies of Ophisops elegans from vicinity of Mut, Mersin, Turkey and named Ophisops elegans budakibarani n. subsp. The new subspecies is distinguished from geographically the closest subspecies O. elegans basoglui, found in the south of its distribution, by having higher number of the longitudinal row of scales+plates at mid-trunk (SPM) and a characteristic venter coloration (whitish coloration instead of lemon yellow color in venter of both sexes during the breeding season) and from O. elegans centralanatoliae, found in the north of its distribution, by having lower number of SPM and a characteristic dorsum color-pattern (less distinct tile reddish-brown coloration in the temporal band, missing large blackish spots in the vertebral and paravertebral area). © 2017 Biharean Biologist, Oradea, Romania.
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    A skeletochronological study of age, growth and longevity in two freshwater turtles, Emys orbicularis and Mauremys rivulata, from Mediterranean Turkey (Reptilia: Testudines)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Çiçek, Kerim; Kumaş, Meltem; Ayaz, Dinçer; Tok, Cemal Varol
    We estimated growth parameters of Emys orbicularis and Mauremys rivulata in Mediterranean Turkey with the skeletochronological method, using specimens drowned in fyke nets. In adult E. orbicularis, the median age was 8 years in males and 10 years in females. The median age of adult M. rivulata was 10 years for both sexes. Both species reach sexual maturity at an age of 5-7 years. No difference was found in age composition between the sexes.
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    Abundance of western caspian turtle, mauremys rivulata (Valenciennes, 1833) in gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey
    (Folium Ltd, 2016) Bayrakcı, Yusuf; Ayaz, Dinçer; Yakın, Batuhan Yaman; Çiçek, Kerim; Tok, Cemal Varol
    In this study, we present data on the population of Western Caspian Turtle, Mauremys rivulata, from Gökçeada (Imbros) located at the westernmost of Turkey. The species is distributed almost all around the island, particularly in the western part, with a very low density. Distribution of the species on the island was mapped and a total of 73 individuals were captured and marked in Büyükdere, the largest river of the island. Population size was estimated at 135 individuals (SE — 11, range — 117-161) and density was calculated as 68 ind/ha. Moreover, Emys orbicularis, another freshwater turtle species, which cohabits in the west Anatolia, was observed again on the island after 15 years. Tourism, creeks with irregular flow regime and holding water in the dams negatively affect populations of aquatic species, primarily M. rivulata on the island. © 2016 Folium Publishing Company.
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    Action Plan for the Conservation of Endemic Anatolian Meadow Viper, Vipera anatolica Eiselt & Baran, 1970 in Southwestern Anatolia
    (İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 2021) Tok, Cemal Varol; Afşar, Murat; Yakın, Batuhan Yaman; Çiçek, Kerim
    The Anatolian viper, Vipera anatolica Eiselt & Baran, 1970, is the rarest, critically endangered, and endemic species in the western Taurus Mountains, Antalya, Turkey. Here, we evaluated the current status, potential threats, and recommended necessary conservation measures for Anatolian meadow viper. We created some activities during the 5-year species conservation action plan implemented by the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks. We conducted 70-days extensive fieldworks between May and October 2016-2017 for determining the distribution, habitat characteristics, phenology, and population status of the species in the province of Antalya. We also interviewed locals and surveyed potential threats of Anatolian meadow viper. We detected only 10 specimens in the territory of the Ciglikara cedar forest reserve at altitudes between 1800 and 2300 m and only two specimens in the territory of Geyik Mountains at altitudes between 1600 and 1900 m. We determined the potential threats like habitat loss and degradation, quarry (especially for senliki subspecies), global climate change, illegal collecting, and willingly or accidentally killing of vipers. Major precautions to protect the species were determined as: (1) to establish protected habitat patches in the species' known distribution and to prohibit entrance and grazing activities, (2) to create alternative new habitats for reintroduction, (3) to plan long-term monitoring survey to obtain data on its ecology and population trends, (4) to start a captive breeding program, (5) to educate and raise awareness among locals to prevent illegal collecting, willingly or/and accidentally killing of specimens for the sustainability of Anatolian meadow viper.
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    Amphibians of the Borçka-Karagöl Nature Park (Artvin / Turkey) and Vicinity
    (2018) Afsar, Murat; Afsar, Birgül; Ayaz, Dinçer; Çiçek, Kerim; Tok, Cemal Varol
    Amphibian species and their distribution of the Borçka-Karagöl natural park and its environs wasdetermined between 2003-2006 and 2015-2017 by field studies. A total of seven amphibian species were foundin the Karagöl Nature Park and its vicinity, including five species of anurans [Rana macrocnemis, Pelophylaxridibundus, Hyla orientalis, Pelodytes caucasicus and Bufo verrucosissimus] and two newts [Mertensiellacaucasica and Ommatotriton ophryticus]. It has been determined that species of Rana macrocnemis, Pelophylaxridibundus, Hyla orientalis, Pelodytes caucasicus, Bufo verrucosissimus, Mertensiella caucasica and Ommatotritonophryticus inhabits at 1465 meters altitude in Karögöl as syntopically. Between 1465-1750 m, Rana macrocnemis,Pelophylax ridibundus, Hyla orientalis, Pelodytes caucasicus, Bufo verrucosissimus and Ommatotriton ophryticussyntopically inhabits and between 1750 and 2200 m, Rana macrocnemis and Mertensiella caucasica species livetogether. At Karagöl, Pelophylax ridibundus is dominate species while Rana macrocnemis is dominate species inthe forest and subalpine region.
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    Conservation activities for European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Turkey
    (2013) Ayaz, Dinçer; Çiçek, Kerim; Tok, Cemal Varol; Mutlu, Hasan Serdar; Cumhuriyet, O?uzkan; Bayrakci, Yusuf; Kumaş, Meltem
    [No abstract available]
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    Conservation activities for Mountain viper, Montivipera albizona (Nilson, Andrén and Flärdh, 1990) in Anatolia, Turkey
    (Union of Scientists in Bulgaria - Plovdiv, 2018) Çiçek, Kerim; Afsar, Murat; Bağda, Efkan; Tok, Cemal Varol
    The Mountain viper, Montivipera albizona, is an endemic to Anatolia and distributes in Anatolian Diagonal, Anti-Taurus Mountains and Amanos Mountains. Unfortunately, the species faced serious threats within narrow distribution range. Here, we evaluated the present status and main threats of the Mountain viper by 60-days intensive fieldwork and interviews with locals. According to our data, the Mountain viper prefers the rocky and those mountainous and rugged areas covered with less vegetation and they are active from the beginning of April to end of November. In spring, it is possible to observe 1 to 5 individuals in the suitable habitats depending on its density. We prepared 5-year Action Plan for Turkish General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks and planned the roadmap for sustainability of the species with participation of regional administration, NGOs, and locals. We found that agricultural activities, overgrazing, road constructions, quarries, pet trade, sportive hunting, deliberate or accidental killing, and climatic change are the main threats on the Mountain viper in Anatolia. The main conservation measures include: creating some protected habitats in the high viper density regions, long-term monitoring survey to obtain data on its ecology and population trends, education and awareness raising activities among locals to prevent illegal collection/killing of the vipers. © Ecologia Balkanica.
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    Data on the food composition of European Glass Lizard, Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) (Squamata: Anguidae) from Çanakkale (Western Anatolia, Turkey)
    (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014) Çiçek, Kerim; Tok, Cemal Varol; Hayretda?, Sibel; Ayaz, Dinçer
    We examined the food composition of the European Glass Lizard, Pseudopus apodus, from Çanakkale (Western Anatolia, Turkey), by means of the stomach content analysis. Some 72 prey items with sizes ranging from 10 to 60 mm were detected in the stomach contents of the 13 (7 ??, 6 ??) museum specimens under examination. The median number of prey items was 5 (range = 3-8) in males and 4 (4-6) in females. According to the obtained data, the class Insecta (86.1%) is the predominant food of the species, with the most frequently observed prey items belonging to the order Coleoptera (76.4%). Orthoptera (4.2%), Hemiptera (5.6%), Gastropoda (8.3%), and Isopoda (5.6%) are the other prey groups observed in the food contents. Even though no difference in food contents was observed between the sexes, the food niche breadth of females was higher. In conclusion, the main food of P. apodus consists of non-flying or weak-flying insects as well as other invertebrates.
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    New records of Eurasian Blind Snake, Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) from the Black Sea region of Turkey and its updated distribution
    (Universitatea din Oradea, 2016) Afsar, Murat; Çiçek, Kerim; Tayhan, Yahya; Tok, Cemal Varol
    In this study, we report two new localities of Xerotyphlops vermicularis from western and central Black Sea Region. With these records, the distribution of the species is extended about 90km to the north. The specimens were examined morphologically and compared with the relevant literature. In addition, on the basis of the new and literature records, the potential distribution of the species was modelled with ecological niche modelling. The main factors affecting the distribution of the species are the annual mean temperature (bio1, 55.3%), precipitation of driest month (bio14, 18.5%), and annual precipitation (bio12, 10.1%) and account for 84% of the distribution model. © Biharean Biologist, Oradea, Romania, 2016.
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    New records of the Anatolian Worm Lizard, Blanus strauchi (BedriAgA, 1884), from Turkey (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Blanidae)
    (2011) Tok, Cemal Varol; Tosunoğlu, Murat; Ayaz, Dinçer; Çiçek, Kerim; Mutlu, Hasan Serdar
    in this study, eight specimens of Blanus strauchi (BedriAgA, 1884) from two new localities in Turkey (dutluca Village, Kemaliye, erzincan and Burdur) were examined in terms of morphological characters and included in the subspecies B. s. aporus (Werner, 1898). With the record of dutluca Village, the distribution of the species was extended about 120 km northwards, whereas the record of Burdur is a new locality within its distributional range. An updated distribution map of B. strauchi in Turkey was provided. © 2011 Osterreichische Gesellschaft fur Herpetologie e.V.. All rights reserved.
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    On the Brink of Extinction: Results of a 20-Year Quest for Eiselt's Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis eiselti) in Southeastern Turkey
    (Chelonian Research Foundation, 2021) Ayaz, Dinçer; Bayrakçı, Yusuf; Çiçek, Kerim; Ihlow, Flora; Tok, Cemal Varol; Fritz, Uwe
    Eiselt’s pond turtle (Emys orbicularis eiselti) was described in 1998, based on only 4 museum specimens collected in the 1960s and 1970s. Its distribution range has been massively reduced by large-scale drainage measures and only little suitable habitat remains near the Turkish–Syrian border. During 20-yr-long fieldwork we could locate only 18 individuals of this subspecies. We estimate the number of surviving Eiselt’s pond turtles to be less than 100 mature individuals in the wild. The distribution range (area of occupancy) in the Amik Maras Rift Valley shrank from originally 11,612 km2 to only 206 km2 at present (approx. 2%), qualifying E. o. eiselti as a Critically Endangered taxon. Without immediate conservation measures and the strict protection of the remaining habitat, the subspecies will soon be extinct.
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    On the occurrence of the Pond Slider Turtle Trachemys scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff, 1792) from southwestern Türkiye
    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Arak University, 2024) Yakın, Batuhan Yaman; Çiçek, Kerim; Bayrakçı, Yusuf; Günay, Ulvi Kerem; Afşar, Murat; Ayaz, Dincer; Tok, Cemal Varol
    Trachemys scripta is included among the 100 most invasive species worldwide. Since the first report on the presence of pond slider turtles from natural habitats in Türkiye, the distribution of this invasive species comprises almost thirty provinces. However, it spread to much wider sites than the regions determined until today. Besides, there is a lack of knowledge on which subspecies exist in the invaded habitats. Within this study, we presented the presence of two subspecies of the invasive alien slider turtle for the first time from the Reşadiye, Datça, Muğla, Türkiye. We also suggest certain precautions should be taken against slider turtles to contribute to preventing their invasion of our biodiversity.
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    Predicting the current and future potential distributions of Anatolia Newt, Neurergus strauchii (Steindachner, 1887), with a new record from Elazi? (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey)
    (Universitatea din Oradea, 2016) Tok, Cemal Varol; Koyun, Mustafa; Çiçek, Kerim
    Here, the current and future distributions of Neurergus strauchii was predicted by using the maximum entropy ecological niche modeling. The most important factors which shaped the present distribution of the species are isothermality and precipitation of driest month. The species is particularly distributed on the Euphrates Valley and in the west and south of Lake Van. According to the future model scenarios, it is predicted that depending on the climate change, there will be some loss in the habitats suitable for the species to inhabit and that its distribution will particularly tend to narrow from its western and eastern boundaries. Accordingly, the pressure of climate change and the other factors on the species is also discussed. In addition, the record of N. strauchii from a new locality in Elazi? (Eastern Anatolia) is first provided in this study. © Biharean Biologist, Oradea, Romania, 2016.
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    Preliminary data on the age structure of Phrynocephalus horvathi in Mount Ararat (Northeastern Anatolia, Turkey)
    (2012) Çiçek, Kerim; Kumaş, Meltem; Ayaz, Dinçer; Tok, Cemal Varol
    In this study, the age structure, growth and longevity of 27 individuals (8 juveniles, 8 males and 11 females) from the Mount Ararat (I?dir, Turkey) population of Phrynocephalus horvathi were examined with the method of skeletochronology. According to the obtained data, the median age was 3.5 (range= 2-5) for males and 4 (2-5) for females. Both sexes reach sexual maturity after their first hibernation, and no statistically significant difference in age composition was observed between the sexes. According to von Bertalanffy growth curves, asymptotic body length was calculated as 51.29 mm and growth coefficient k - 0.60. © Biharean Biologist, Oradea, Romania, 2012.
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    Profiling of apoptosis-associated proteins in human prostate cancer cells in response to Montivipera bulgardaghica albizona venom by protein array
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) İlhan, Süleyman; Çiçek, Kerim; Tok, Cemal Varol; Atmaca, Harika
    Here we studied the possible cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Anatolian endemic mountain viper, Montivipera bulgardaghica albizona (M.b. albizona) venom on human PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancer cell lines. M.b. albizona venom induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of both prostate cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Protein array results revealed that the levels of major components of the mitochondrion-initiated and the extrinsic death receptor-mediated pathways were significantly changed in prostate cancer cells by venom treatment. These data suggest that one or more of the purified components of the M.b. albizona venom may serve as an appropriate therapeutic agent for prostate cancer. Further bioactivity guided studies are required for the identification of bioactive compounds of M.b. albizona venom.
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    Range extension and morphology of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus(Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) (Squamata: Lacertidae), from Turkey
    (2015) Tok, Cemal Varol; Çiçek, Kerim; Hayretdağ, Sibel; Tayhan, Yahya; Yakın, Batuhan Yaman
    A record of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810), from Atakum (Samsun, Central Black Sea Region) is provided in this study. In addition, 5 specimens (3 ♂♂and 2 ♀♀) from Atakum (Samsun) and 14 specimens (7 ♂♂ and 7 ♀♀) from Gelibolu (Çanakkale, Thrace), with records provided recently, were evaluated in terms of measurements, pholidosis, and color and pattern. With the record from Samsun, the Italian wall lizard s distributional range has been extended about 360 km eastwards. The specimens examined from both localities were determined to resemble P. s. hieroglyphicus (Berthold, 1840), distributed in Thrace and Anatolia. Moreover, some information on the breeding biology of the specimens is provided.
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    Unsustainable harvest of water frogs in southern Turkey for the European market
    (Cambridge University Press, 2021) Çiçek, Kerim; Ayaz, Dinçer; Afsar, Murat; Bayrakcı, Yusuf; Pekşen, Çiǧdem Akın; Cumhuriyet, Oǧuzkan; Tok, Cemal Varol
    Frogs have been harvested from the wild for the last 40 years in Turkey. We analysed the population dynamics of Anatolian water frogs (Pelophylax spp.) in the Seyhan and Ceyhan Deltas during 2013-2015. We marked a total of 13,811 individuals during 3 years, estimated population sizes, simulated the dynamics of a harvested population over 50 years, and collated frog harvest and export statistics from the region and for Turkey as a whole. Our capture estimates indicated a population reduction of c. 20% per year, and our population modelling showed that, if overharvesting continues at current rates, the harvested populations will decline rapidly. Simulations with a model of harvested population dynamics resulted in a risk of extinction of > 90% within 50 years, with extinction likely in c. 2032. Our interviews with harvesters revealed their economic dependence on the frog harvest. However, our results also showed that reducing harvest rates would not only ensure the viability of these frog populations but would also provide a source of income that is sustainable in the long term. Our study provides insights into the position of Turkey in the 'extinction domino' line, in which harvest pressure shifts among countries as frog populations are depleted and harvest bans are effected. We recommend that harvesting of wild frogs should be banned during the mating season, hunting and exporting of frogs < 30 g should be banned, and harvesters should be trained on species knowledge and awareness of regulations. Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna and Flora International.