Effects of Electromagnetic Field Pollution on Human Health: Current Evidence

The rapid expansion of technologies emitting electromagnetic fields (EMFs), including mobile communication systems, wireless networks, household electronics, and industrial equipment, has markedly increased human exposure to artificial EMFs. This review aims to provide an updated synthesis of current scientific evidence regarding the potential health effects of electromagnetic field pollution. While the thermal effects of highintensity EMFs are well established, growing attention has focused on non-thermal biological interactions within the extremely low frequency (ELF) and radiofrequency (RF) ranges. Reported effects include oxidative stress, alterations in cellular signaling pathways, gene expression changes, sleep disturbances, and possible links to cancer and reproductive dysfunction. However, study findings remain heterogeneous due to differences in exposure parameters, experimental designs, and study populations. This review critically examines epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro research to identify areas of consensus, knowledge gaps, and emerging mechanisms of action. Improving the understanding of EMF-related biological effects is crucial for informed risk assessment and the development of evidence-based public health guidelines. Given the ubiquity of EMFemitting technologies, clarifying their long-term health implications is essential to ensure adequate protection of public health and to guide future research directions. The study places special emphasis on the effects of electromagnetic fields on human health, particularly the short- and long-term consequences of exposure on biological systems, and provides a detailed discussion.