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UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORTING SPECIAL EDUCATION: EXPERIENCES OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS
(Centro Univ La Salle-Rj, 2024) Çil, Gürkan; Kırat, Emel; Aydın, Sevcan; Güven, Bülent
This study aims to determine school administrators' attitudes toward special education, their level of knowledge, their collaboration experiences, and their in-service training needs. The study group of the research, which was conducted with a case study based on qualitative research methods, consisted of eight school administrators who served in public schools in the academic year of 2022-2023. Five themes were identified by analyzing the data obtained through the interview technique. The results of the study revealed that the school administrators described individuals with special needs as individuals who differ from their peers in certain areas and need special attention and education. The school administrators considered themselves inadequate in the field of special education. In the collaboration theme, they emphasized the significance of family collaboration but indicated that they were not supported as needed. Moreover, the administrators needed in-service trainings and seminars. Consequently, the role of administrators in special education has a direct impact on the education and development of students with special needs. They should have a broad accumulation of knowledge, exhibit strong leadership skills and act with an empathetic approach. In this sense, it is expected that the organization of in-service trainings and seminars will enhance the quality of special education services by improving the knowledge and skills of administrators.
Life in Extreme Conditions: Diet and Condition of the Extremophile Fish Aphanius almiriensis (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes) in a Thermal Rheocrene Spring
(Wiley, 2025) Saç, Gülşah; Özuluğ, Oya; Ağdamar, Sevan; İnci, Harun; Yürekli, Özgün Deniz; Özuluğ, Müfit
This study aims to understand the bioecological traits of an extremophile fish, Aphanius almiriensis, in order to explore how it survives and colonizes extreme habitat conditions. To achieve this, the bioecological characteristics-condition, diet, and feeding strategy-of A. almiriensis inhabiting the Tuzla thermal spring, which is characterized by extreme habitat conditions in terms of physicochemical water parameters, were studied. Among the physicochemical parameters measured, salinity and temperature were remarkably high, ranging from 23.7 degrees C (in winter) to 42.7 degrees C (in summer) and from 47.7 ppt (in autumn) to 60.7 ppt (in winter). A total of 248 fish individuals were collected from the thermal spring, and the diet analyzed seasonally consisted of 17 different food items, and their importance values (MI% and IRI%) varied seasonally. According to the F%, IRI%, and MI% values, the population fed mainly on Diatom, Cyanobacteria, and Diptera, resulting in niche breadth with low values ranging from 0.25 to 0.54. The extreme conditions of the thermal spring indicated that the environment was poor in terms of macroinvertebrate diversity (six taxa), and fish showed food selectivity (E) for Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae in winter, spring, and summer and for Ephydridae in autumn (E > 0; positive selectivity). Seasonally influenced fish condition was represented by high values in summer (K = 1.43 +/- 0.14) and was positively correlated with both water temperature and the increasing importance of the genus Phormidium in its diet. This study provides the first comprehensive insight into the seasonal diet and condition of A. almiriensis, shedding light on its survival strategies in harsh ecological conditions.
School-Assisted Family Communication: A Study on Parent-Child Relationships
(Inst Fed Education, Science & Technology Of Goias, Campus Inhumas, 2024) Kırat, Emel; Akgül, Hanife; Güven, Bülent; Çil, Gürkan; Acar, Gülümser; Güven, Sibel
This study aims to examine parent-child relationships within the context of school-family collaboration. In the study, which was conducted with the case study design-one of the qualitative research methods-the opinions of seven parents of students receiving education in public primary schools in the 2023-2024 academic year were sought. The opinions obtained through focus group interview method were analyzed using descriptive analysis technique. When the findings were analyzed, the effect of positive communication in terms of parent-child communication styles drew attention. It was concluded that the effective approaches followed in the dimensions of effective listening and empathy contribute to children's roles in the communication process. While differences in daily communication routines based on needs were noteworthy, cases, where communication was interrupted, stood out with expressions of responsibility. The results achieved for privacy perceptions for school and family showed that this issue was taken into consideration based on parents, but children differed in terms of their different developmental characteristics. While expressions of approval or question were among the words that children frequently repeated, positive, approach-based communication was one of the important elements that will strengthen this process.
Friend or foe? A critical evaluation of compositional quality and antibiotic resistance profiles of probiotic dietary supplements in Türkiye
(Codon Publications, 2025) Seyirt, Seda; Uymaz Tezel, Başar; Sanlibaba, Pinar
This study analyzed 10 commercial probiotic dietary supplements for the enumeration and identification of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, as well as their antibiotic resistance profiles. The isolated strains were identified using molecular methods, and their resistance to 18 antibiotics was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Four of the tested products had a lower number of viable bacteria than stated on the label. A total of 13 presumptive lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains were identified using molecular methods. The results showed discrepancies between the bacterial species listed on the labels of some products and the actual strains present. All of the Lactobacillus strains were resistant to methicillin, cefoxitin, and vancomycin. Furthermore, low levels of resistance to cefazolin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim was observed in Lactobacillus spp. All Bifidobacterium strains were resistant to methicillin and vancomycin. In addition, Bifidobacterium spp. strains that were resistant to cefazolin, cefoxiti, kanamycin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin were determined. Multidrug resistance was found in all Lactobacillus and Bifdobacterium strains. Finally, MDR rates were found to be 100% in both Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. The MAR index indicated a high-risk source of contamination for most strains, with 11 out of 13 strains exceeding the threshold of 0.2. These findings emphasize the critical role of precise labeling in fostering consumer trust and enabling informed decision-making. Antibiotic resistance should be regarded a significant part of the safety assessment of probiotics. Novel approaches will be essential for addressing MDR bacteria. MAR index findings highlight the need for stricter quality control in probiotic product labeling and a closer examination of antibiotic resistance in probiotic strains, given their potential implications for health and safety.
The predictive effect of well trained elite men road cyclists' anthropometry values and strength endurance on climb time trial performance
(Mre Press, 2025) Kürkçü Akgönül, Esra; Özen, Gökmen; Havadar, Tarkan; Coşkun, Ali; Özlu, Metin
Background: Cycling performance is primarily determined by endurance, with both lower and upper extremity muscle strength having a decisive impact on race performance. No studies have examined the relationship between strength values and field performance, especially in elite level male road cyclists. The aim of this study was to explore and the relationship between anthropometric values, strength endurance and climb time trial (TT) performance in elite male road cyclists. Methods: A total of 36 male road cyclists volunteered to participate (age: 21 f 2 year, height: 175 f 3 cm, weight: 70 f 4 kg; body fat ratio: 8 f 2%). The athletes underwent five visits: for demographic data collection, height and body weight measurements, body composition analysis, strength assessment (plank, push-up, pull-up, squat, barbell curl) and a TT test. Results: The results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant prediction formula, showing that plank duration and push-up repetitions could predict hill TT performance time (r = 0.66 and r(2) = 0.44 (t (2, 33) = 13.099, p <0.001) and average cycling speed at (r = 0.69 and r(2) = 0.48 levels (t (2, 33) = 9.149, p <0.001). However, no significant prediction formula was found for the anthropometric parameters (body weight, body fat ratio, muscle mass, bone mineral content, total body water, muscle mass ratio). Anthropometric values were not predictive of hill TT duration (t (2, 33) = 2.132, p = 0.070) and average speed (t (2, 33) = 1.519, p = 0.297). Conclusions: In conclusion, the duration of plank and push-up endurance movements are significantly related to hill time trial performance and these exercises serve as predictors for cycling performance.
Impacts of crowding stress on aquatic animals and its mitigation through feed additives supplementation - a review
(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2025) Wei, Lee Seong; Khoo, Martina Irwan; Harikrishnan, Ramasamy; Acar, Ümit; Hosain, Md Eilious; Azra, Mohamad Nor; Kamarudin, Ahmad Syazni
Continuous and sustainable aquaculture development is essential to provide affordable protein sources for the global population. Nevertheless, the intensification of fish farming at high stocking density led to chronic crowding stress that could impair the growth performance, immune system, and antioxidant capacity of an aquaculture species. Consequently, the prevalence of disease outbreaks increases, resulting in low aquaculture production. Various countries remain highly dependent on antibiotics and chemotherapies to overcome this problem. Recently, researchers have proposed and developed alternative solutions using environmentally-friendly feed additives, such as probiotics, phytobiotics, and synthetic immune stimulants, to mitigate crowding stress. The feed additives reportedly alleviate crowding stress, promote growth performance, enhance gut microbiota, immune system, and antioxidant capacity, and stimulate disease resistance, contributing to the overall improvement of the health status of aquaculture species and boosting aquaculture production. The application of feed additives in aquafeed has been investigated in various aquaculture species to explore their beneficial effects at optimum doses. The study outcomes illustrated that feed additives in aquafeed are promising in mitigating crowding stress among aquaculture species. Herein, this review paper discussed and summarised the impacts of crowding stress on the growth, immune system, and antioxidant capacity of aquatic animals. In addition, this review highlighted the potential of feed additives such as probiotics, phytobiotics, and synthetic immune stimulants in mitigating crowding stress in aquatic animals was highlighted in this review.
Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Diet of Gambusia holbrooki in Different Water Bodies of Karaburun Peninsula (Western Türkiye)
(MDPI, 2025) Saç, Gülşah; Ağdamar, Sevan; Acar, Ümit; Giannetto, Daniela
The Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859, has been widely introduced into tropical and temperate countries as a biological agent to control mosquitos, which are associated with diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. However, the species exhibits invasive characteristics by competing with native species for food and habitat use. This study investigates the feeding ecology of G. holbrooki populations from three distinct freshwater environments (Lake Iris, Eğlenhoca Reservoir, and Parlak Reservoir) on the Karaburun Peninsula (North-Western Türkiye), a region outside its native range. The primary aim was to evaluate seasonal and spatial variations in the diet of the species. A total of 871 specimens were analysed: 247 from Iris Lake, 318 from Parlak Reservoir, and 306 from Eğlenhoca Reservoir. Low percentages of empty stomachs (≤20%) across all populations indicate high feeding intensity. The results reveal that G. holbrooki exhibits a generalist feeding strategy, consuming a wide range of food items such as insects, zooplankton, and plant material across all the investigated environments. The relative importance of food groups (determined by the Importance Index, MI%) varied seasonally but not spatially. In all three populations, the most important food source in the spring was dipterans, followed by plants in the summer and fall, and cladocerans in the winter. Plants accounted for the largest percentage of the diet in every population (MI% >65%). These findings suggest that G. holbrooki adapts its diet to seasonal food availability.
Effects of a Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) Essential Oil Supplemented Diet on Haemato-Biochemical Parameters, Expression of Tissue-Specific Immune- and Stress-Related Genes, and Resistance of Cyprinus carpio to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection
(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2025) Acar, Ümit; Yıldırım, Önder; Baba, Esin; Navruz, Fahriye Zemheri; Hacisa, Mustafa; Yılmaz, Sevdan
Plant-based additives or botanicals, have garnered considerable interest in the aquaculture industry for their multifaceted benefits in fish diets. In this study, a 30 days short term feeding experiment was designed to determine the effects of Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) essential oil on hematological, biochemical parameters and tissue specific mRNA expression responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and monitored for 20 days after been divided in four groups: a control group without C. myrrha and three experimental groups supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.0% C. myrrha essential oil (CMO 0.25, CMO 0.50, and CMO 1.0, respectively). Results revealed a significant increase in RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values compared to the control diet. Positive effects of C. myrra supplementation have been observed also in serum biochemistry parameters. mRNA transcripts of il-1 ss, tnf-alpha, il-8, sod, cat, gpx and gst genes significantly increased in spleen and liver tissue of fish fed with C. myrra supplemented diets. After the challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the survival rates were 60%, and 83.33%, respectively, suggesting enhanced fish resistance in the CMO 0.50 and CMO 1.0 groups compared to the control. The results suggest the immunomodulatory roles of C. myrrha essential oil.
A comparative evaluation of haematological and biochemical parameters of Nemipterus randalli and Pagellus erythrinus species living in Gokova Bay, Turkiye
(Peerj Inc, 2025) Tezel, Rifat; Acar, Ümit; Yapıcı, Sercan
This study aims to determine and compare the reference values of the haematological and biochemical blood parameters of two fish species collected from the Gokova Bay (Mugla, South-Western of Turkiye): the non-native and invasive Randall's threadfin bream, Nemipterus randalli and the native Common pandora, Pagellus erythrinus. Both species inhabit the same environment and compete for resources. Blood samples were collected from a total of 100 fish samples (50 N. randalli and 50 P. erythrinus) which were caught from a depth of 30 to 60 meters between February 2023 and July 2024. Therefore, sampling could be carried out in summer and winter seasons when the water temperature varies significantly. The results indicate that red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) levels significantly increases in summer (p < 0.05). Statistical analyses revealed that all of the haematological parameters of N. randalli are higher than the P. erythrinus (p < 0.05). In terms of serum biochemical parameters, glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TRIG), cholesterol (CHOL), total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels of two species had showed no significant difference in both summer and winter samples (p > 0.05). However, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of N. randalli were statistically significant different compared to P. erythrinus in summer and winter samples (p < 0.05). Additionally, the highest lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) value was measured from N. randalli in summer sampling and this was found to be significantly different from other groups (p < 0.05). Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis revealed differences between the blood parameter results of N. randalli and P. erythrinus individuals. This study provides important data about the physiological adaptations of haematological and biochemical blood parameters of the two species to environmental factors. The similarity in haematological and biochemical parameters revealed the possibility that N. randalli could distribute to new habitats where P. erythrinus is distributed. This suggests a further potential distribution of the invasive N. randalli and the need for a careful monitoring.
Evaluating the efficacy of cherry stem extracts against calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallization in kidney stone treatment
(Bulgarska Akademiya na Naukite, 2024) Akyol, E.; Danışman, Merve
Urethritis is one of the oldest known diseases of urinary stone formation. Urinary system stone disease ranks third among urinary diseases after urinary infection and prostate diseases. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals are known to be the main cause of urinary tract and kidney stones. In addition to the fact that surgical methods and drug treatments used in the treatment of kidney stones are painful and costly, the fact that traditionally used herbs are thought to be natural and harmless, has led to an increased interest in herbal medicines in recent years. Dried cherry stems have diuretic properties and can be used in the treatment of kidney stones reported in Iranian Traditional Medicine documents. When infused in hot water, they can be used as an herbal remedy in the treatment of high blood pressure and kidney stone disease. In the light of this information, in this study, the effects of cherry stem extracts as a natural additive on the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, which is of great importance in investigating the crystallization mechanism in terms of biomineralization, was investigated in vitro. Structural characterizations of CaOx crystals were performed by FT-IR analyses, and morphological characterization and morphological changes were investigated by SEM images. The in vitro inhibitory effect of extracts of natural additives on calcium oxalate crystallization was determined by the time course of concentration measured in solution at extract concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 50 mL. Our findings demonstrate that cherry stem extracts significantly inhibit COM crystal growth and promote the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals, which are more easily excreted from the body. © 2024 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Union of Chemists in Bulgaria.
Trace elements (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus from Faro and Ganzirri Lakes (Sicily, Italy): Flow cytometry applied for hemocytes analysis
(Elsevier GmbH, 2021) Parrino, Vincenzo; Costa, Gregorio; Giannetto, Alessia; De Marco, Giuseppe; Cammilleri, Gaetano; Acar, Ümit
Background: Trace elements present in sessile molluscs, are important because they are used in human consumption and it has significantly increased in recent years. While their filtering of the water can lead to their build-up of organic and inorganic materials that can be sampled and analyzed, this can also lead to bioaccumulation of harmful substances, such as essential and non-essential elements, that can harm the human health if in taken in high concentrations or for a long period of time. Methods: In the present study, the trace metal content (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) of two sessile crustaceans, 20 Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) and 20 Tapes decussatus (clam) in Faro and Ganzirri Lakes (Messina, Sicily, Italy) were analyzed. Haemolymph samples were taken on both molluscs in order to analyze the haemocyte population by flow cytometric analysis. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine significant differences for the essential and non-essential metallic elements concentrations in the lake waters and in the tissues of M. galloprovincialis and T. decussatus and for hemocyte populations R1 (halinocytes) and R2 (granulocytes). Results: The results suggested that that in Faro Lake, the tissue Al, Cr and Pb levels in M. galloprovincialis were higher than those for T. decussatus, in contrast to Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd, which were higher in T. decussatus. Unpaired t-tests showed that there were significantly higher proportions of halinocytes in M. galloprovincialis versus T. decussatus for both Faro Lake (41.8 % vs. 24.3 %; P < 0.001) and Ganzirri Lake (43.0 % vs. 22.4 %; P < 0.001). In contrast, while there were significantly higher proportions of granulocytes in Faro Lake (21.2 % vs. 9.1 %; P < 0.001), this difference was not seen for the granulocytes of M. galloprovincialis versus T. decussatus in Ganzirri Lake (9.6 % vs. 13.0 %). Conclusion: This study shows that M. galloprovincialis and T. decussatus can indeed bioaccumulate some of these metal, such that activation of the immune responses is specific to certain cell types. Future research must focus on the balance of trace elements in the consumption of these shellfish, and analyzes with more sophisticated tools can be used to diagnose the increased concentration of trace elements and the quantification of trace metals from shellfish to clams.
Effects of dietary Ferula elaeochytris root powder concentrations on haematology, serum biochemical parameters, spermatozoa parameters, and oxidative status in tissues of males goldfish (Carassius auratus)
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) İnanan, Burak Evren; Acar, Ümit; İnanan, Tülden
This study evaluates the effects of Ferula elaeochytris, a traditional medicinal herb, root powder (FRP) concentrations (0, 0.5‰, 1‰, 0.5% and 1%) on serum biochemical parameters, hematological profiles, oxidative stress conditions in liver, muscle, gonad, testicular and stripped spermatozoa, and also spermatozoa parameters of adult male goldfish (Carassius auratus). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of FRP on these parameters as being associated with its essential oil contents have been determined. Some important bioactive compounds such as such as 14-β-H-Pregna, α-curcumene, limonene have been determined in FRP. Following a 60-day feeding trial, blood samples were taken and then females were introduced to tanks together with changing photoperiod and water temperature for 10 days to promote spermiation. Results showed that RBC, haemoglobin, and haematocrit levels increased in 1‰ of FRP fed fish compared control group (P < 0.05). Also serum total protein and albumin levels in this group slightly increased (P > 0.05). However, blood parameters were negatively affected in 1% of FRP. Spermatozoa parameters dramatically decreased, even spermiation success could not be achieved in some fish in fish fed with 1% of FRP. Also, 1% of FRP in diet induced oxidative stress conditions in the tissues of this group. These conditions in gonad had a different pattern than those in liver in muscle. The results revealed that dietary 1‰ of FRP could be an advantageous additive while FRP at levels of >0.5% in diet was useless for or has deleterious effects on fish health and reproduction. Based on these results, we conclude that a supplement suitable concentration and analysis of major compounds of medicinal herbs which would use should be taken into consideration when planning to use them in fish diets.
Population Genetic Structure of Petroleuciscus borysthenicus (Kessler 1859) in Northwestern Türkiye Using Mitochondrial COX1 Gene
(Wiley, 2024) Ağdamar, Sevan; Saç, Gülşah; Acar, Ümit; Gaygusuz, Özcan; Doğaç, Ersin; Özuluğ, Müfit
Petroleuciscus borysthenicus is a species with a wide distribution from the eastern, western, and northern Black Sea and Azov Sea basins, the Aegean Sea basin, and Northwestern Türkiye. However, there has been relatively little attention on the genetic variability of this species in their native distribution range, and nearly no study has been conducted in Türkiye despite its importance in biodiversity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the genetic variability and population structure of P. borysthenicus from Northwestern Türkiye using an integrated molecular method. A total of 72 specimens were collected from 13 localities in the Northwestern part of Türkiye. A total of six haplotypes were identified in all specimens. A relatively low level of genetic variability was found for P. borysthenicus throughout the study region based on the indices of genetic diversity including haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (h = 0.507, pi = 0.0027). The pairwise FST values between the samples ranged from -0.123 to 1.000. Furthermore, our results revealed no provable recent demographic expansion for P. borysthenicus from Northwestern Türkiye. However, more studies using additional geographic sampling and molecular analysis are needed to enhance our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of this species.
Optimization of organogels prepared with turpentine oil and wax mixtures via response surface methodology and determination of vaporization kinetic parameters
(Wiley, 2024) Öğütçü, Mustafa; Dinçer Albayrak, Elif; Kırca Toklucu, Ayşegül
BACKGROUND The main aim of the study is to investigate the thermal, textural and vaporization behaviors of turpentine oil (representing essential oils) organogels prepared with wax mixtures (beeswax, BW; shellac wax, SHW) instead of a single wax. The second aim was to determine the optimum level of wax addition to minimize vaporization of volatiles using response surface methodology. RESULTS Both weighing and thermogravimetric analyses showed that when the total wax concentration increased, the vaporization was decelerated. The variation of the hardness and melting point values depended on both wax types and amounts in the mixtures. Additionally, the kinetics of the vaporization of the volatile compounds at 37 °C were evaluated, and both first- and second-order reaction kinetic models fitted well for the vaporization with R2 values of 0.96–0.99. The organogelation increased the thermal stability and limited the release of volatiles. The multiple response optimization results showed that the melting point, the reaction rate constant and the weight loss of the organogels produced with 24.43% BW and 17.68% SHW were 44.40 °C, 4.00 × 10−3 day−1 and 30.02%, respectively. CONCLUSION As a result, essential oil organogels produced with a wax mixture instead of a single wax can provide controlled release of volatiles as well as tailored texture and melting range.
Biofloc System with Different Carbon Sources Improved Growth, Haematology, Nonspecific Immunity, and Resistivity against the Aeromonas hydrophila in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio
(Wiley, 2024) Tasleem, Samiyah; Alotaibi, Bader S.; Masud, Samrah; Habib, Syed Sikandar; Acar, Ümit; Gualandi, Stefano Cecchini; Ullah, Mujeeb
Biofloc technology (BFT) is one of the most sustainable aquaculture system, which is based on the principle of nutrient recycling and addition of carbon to enable heterotrophic microorganisms to the system. To evaluate the performance of the biofloc culture system for Cyprinus carpio fingerlings, a 60-day growth trial was conducted. The fingerlings (n = 600) of average body weight (4.92 g +/- 0.14) were stocked in 12 circular fiberglass tanks (300 L, volume 10.59 cft) to form three biofloc treatments (T1, T2, and T3) along with one control group. The carbon sources for treatments were sugarcane molasses, tapioca, and wheat. The C/N ratio of 15 was maintained for all treatments. After 60 days of rearing, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, and the relative percentage survival (RPS) was observed over 14 days. A haematological, nonspecific immune, and stress parameters were analyzed using blood and serum samples collected at intervals of 20, 40, and 60 days. According to the results, the carbon sources affected the water quality parameters but were still adequate for fish welfare. An increased biofloc volume was observed with tapioca. Growth performance and better feed conversion ratio were recorded in biofloc with the tapioca group. The hematological parameters, including haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cells and lymphocytes were significantly (P <0.05) higher in biofloc-based tapioca group than in other treatments and control. Further, the serum protein, globulin, albumin, total immunoglobulin, and respiratory burst activity were also found significantly (P <0.05) higher in biofloc with tapioca as carbon source. However, the lysozyme activity was higher in biofloc with the wheat group. The RPS in tapioca was significantly higher, followed by biofloc with wheat. In conclusion, the tapioca-based biofloc can improve C. carpio growth, haematology, and nonspecific immune response under zero water exchange.
Ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on common carp: Insights into blood parameters, DNA damage, and gene expression
(Wiley, 2024) Acar, Ümit; İnanan, Burak Evren; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye
Plastics are ubiquitous in modern society due to their cost-effectiveness, lightweight nature, and versatility. However, their extensive use and inadequate recycling have led to a significant environmental challenge, with plastic waste accumulating rapidly and causing ecological and health problems, especially in aquatic environments. Nanoplastics, particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm, have emerged as a particularly concerning subset due to their ability to easily penetrate biological barriers and accumulate in tissues. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of carboxylate-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a species often used in ecotoxicology research due to its ability to accumulate pollutants. The PS-NPs were characterized, and their effects on DNA damage gene expression related to oxidative stress and immunity were examined. PS-NPs with a diameter of 20-30 nm were found to possess a spherical shape and negatively charged surfaces. Exposure to PS-NPs led to significant DNA damage in the blood and brain cells of common carp, with higher concentrations resulting in more severe damage. Additionally, PS-NP exposure influenced the expression of genes related to antioxidative defense and stress response in the liver. Specifically, genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) showed upregulation, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) exhibited downregulation at higher PS-NP concentrations. Furthermore, the immune-related genes interleukin-1 ss (IL-1 ss), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) displayed dose-dependent downregulation in the liver tissue. These findings suggest that exposure to PS-NPs induces oxidative stress, disrupts immune responses, and causes DNA damage in common carp. The results highlight the need for further research on the environmental impacts of PS-NPs and underscore the importance of proper waste management and recycling practices to mitigate plastic pollution. Plastics are widely used because of their affordability, versatility, and lightness. However, their inadequate recycling has led to environmental challenges, notably in aquatic ecosystems. Nanoplastics pose significant concerns due to their ability to accumulate in tissues. In this study on common carp, exposure to PS-NPs resulted in DNA damage, altered gene expression related to oxidative stress and immunity, and disrupted immune responses. These findings emphasize the urgent need for better waste management and recycling practices to combat plastic pollution.
Rapid identification of organogelator types in oleogel using a near-infrared spectroscopy-based SIMCA model
(Wiley, 2025) Ayvaz, Hüseyin; Albayrak, Elif; Öğütçü, Mustafa
This research explores the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy together with Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), a chemometric approach, to promptly identify gelators in oleogels. Formulations of oleogels involved using diverse gelators such as beeswax, carnauba wax, shellac wax, sunflower wax, monoglycerides, and laurel oil as the oil component. Texture analysis, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to assess the structural characteristics of the oleogels. These methods unveiled notable differences in the firmness, stickiness, crystalline structure, and crystallinity index based on the type of gelator utilized. Thermal characteristics were evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing weight loss ratios and thermal stability changes among the various formulations. The chemometric analysis of NIR spectra led to apparent discriminations among oleogels, demonstrating each gelator's unique structural and thermal characteristics. The SIMCA analysis revealed high classification accuracy, indicating that the technique could be used for quality control and product authentication in the food and cosmetic industries. This study highlights the significance of NIR spectroscopy for analyzing and monitoring oleogel formulations, highlighting its non-destructive, fast, and environmentally friendly nature.
Identification and Antibiotic Resistance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Species From Manufactured Probiotic Dairy Products
(Wiley, 2024) Seyirt, Seda; Uymaz Tezel, Başar; Şanlıbaba, Pınar
The objective of this study was to enumerate and identify Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. from 70 samples of commercial dairy probiotic products and assess the antibiotic resistance profile of these probiotic cultures. Viable Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were not detected in 13 of 70 probiotic dairy products. Fifty-six products with specific claims of viable bacteria met or exceeded their label claim. Only one of the tested products had a lower number of viable bacteria than stated on the label. Based on the label claims, 11 samples explicitly indicated the presence of monoculture Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Meanwhile, 36 samples were labelled as containing a combination of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. species. However, 23 samples did not provide detailed information about the specific probiotic species present. The disc diffusion method was used for determining antibiotic resistance. High levels of resistance to methicillin (100%), vancomycin (95.3%), and cefoxitin (90.7%) were observed in Lactobacillus spp. strains. Bifidobacterium spp. strains were determined to have high frequencies of resistance to cefoxitin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and methicillin (95.6%). Finally, MDR rates were found to be 100% in Bifidobacterium and 95.3% in Lactobacillus species. Antibiotic resistance should be regarded as a significant part of the safety assessment of probiotics. Novel approaches will be essential for addressing MDR bacteria.
A comparative evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters between the Italian mullet Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) and the Turkish mullet Chelon auratus (Risso 1810)
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Fazio, Francesco; Saoca, Concetta; Acar, Ümit; Tezel, Rifat; Çelik, Murat; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Kesbiç, Osman Sabri; Yiğit, Murat
This study aimed to carry out a comparative evaluation of the hematological profile (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and Wintrobe index parameters such as mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), in addition to certain biochemical parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, scrum total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides), in the Italian mullet Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) and the Turkish mullet Chelon auratus (Risso 1810). Accordingly, two groups of fish were used in this study: 30 flathead grey mullets, M. cephalus, caught in Lake Faro, Italy, and 30 golden grey mullets, C. auratus, caught in the estuarine channel system of Keycegiz-Dalyan, Turkey. Statistical evaluations (unpaired t-test) revealed that there were no significant differences in weight or total length values between the two mullet groups. However, the differences between all the evaluated blood parameters (except alanine aminotransferase) between the Italian and the Turkish mullet were significant (P < 0.0001). The present study demonstrated that there were significant hematological and biochemical differences between the Italian (M. cephalus) and the Turkish (C. auratus) mullet. Our findings also contribute to expanding the knowledge on the hematology and biochemistry of two different species of mullet originating from two different habitats. Since the evaluation of blood parameters represents an essential tool in examining the effects of environmental conditions on fish physiology and, consequently, on fish health status, further research in this field is encouraged and would be very useful.
Low Genetic and Parasite Diversity of Invasive Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Centrarchidae) Expanding in Turkiye
(Mdpi, 2024) Kvach, Yuriy; Tkachenko, Maria Yu.; Giannetto, Daniela; Mic, Robert; Bartakova, Veronika; Ağdamar, Sevan; Saç, Gülşah
Multiple factors can facilitate invasion success, with the absence of natural enemies, such as predators and parasites, recognised as conferring a significant advantage on invasive over native species. Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Centrarchidae) represents one of the most successful freshwater fish invaders in Europe. Previous research has highlighted genetic differences between pumpkinseed populations in Türkiye and those in other European regions, attributed to rapid adaptation to new environmental conditions. This study aimed to investigate whether these highly adapted pumpkinseed populations in Türkiye benefit from a potential release from parasites, as proposed by the enemy-release hypothesis. Genetic characterisation of pumpkinseed populations from both European and Asian parts of Türkiye revealed that they share the same cytochrome c oxidase I haplotype as European populations. Microsatellite analysis indicated low genetic diversity, with STRUCTURE analysis confirming the clustering of all Turkish populations, suggesting a common source. Consistent with the low genetic diversity indicative of a small founding population, we observed a limited number of co-introduced parasite species, including the myxozoan Myxobolus dechtiari, the monogenean Onchocleidus dispar, and the digenean Posthodiplostomum centrarchi. Parasite infection by local parasites acquired in Türkiye was rare. Parasite diversity, species richness, and equitability were low, with only nine parasite taxa identified in all four pumpkinseed populations. The most diverse parasite community was found in Değirmenköy Reservoir, located in the European part of Türkiye, where seven parasite taxa were identified. While our study did not uncover genetically distinct pumpkinseed populations in Türkiye, the fish demonstrated resilience against most local parasite species, potentially providing them with an advantage over native species, aligning with the enemy-release hypothesis.

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