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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2770

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Development of the Effect of Video Assistant Referee Application on Football Parameters
(Mdpi, 2022) Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Duz, Serkan; Acak, Mahmut; Nalbant, Umut; Svatora, Karel; Gabrys, Tomasz; Karayigit, Raci
The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two tournaments in the variables of number of goals, number of yellow cards, number of red cards, half time and penalty shootout (p > 0.05). In light of the data obtained, it can be said that the effect of the VAR system on the spirit of the game will decrease as the share of the VAR system in the pauses during the competition decreases over the years. The data revealed in the study may be a clue to explaining why the effect of the VAR system on game dynamics and game spirit has decreased over the years. Therefore, the concerns of football stakeholders about the effects of the system on the game may gradually decrease with the arrangements made for VAR.
Changes in Defensive Variables Determining Success in the NBA over the Last 10 Years
(Mdpi, 2024) Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Sahin, Fatma Nese; Acak, Mahmut; Uysal, Huseyin Sahin; Sari, Cengizhan; Erkan, Dilara; Yatak, Semra
This study aimed to determine changes in defensive strategies over the past decade in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and identify the most crucial factors for winning games. The study analyzed all games where the 30 NBA teams played over 11 seasons (13,530 games) and created outcome statistics based on win-loss records. Five defensive variables (OREB [offensive rebound], DREB [defensive rebound], TREB [total rebound], ST [steal] and BLK [block]) were compared, revealing that OREB (p < 0.03), DREB (p < 0.001), TREB (p < 0.001), ST (p < 0.001) and BLK (p < 0.001) occur significantly in winning teams. Also, it has been observed that the changes over the years in the variables OREB (p < 0.01), DREB (p < 0.01), TREB (p < 0.01) and ST (p < 0.01) are statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference in the BLK variable over the years (p = 0.24). The impact of defensive variables on winning and their factor loadings are as follows: DREB (lambda = 0.50), ST (lambda = 0.15), TREB (lambda = 0.10), BLK (lambda = 0.08) and OREB (lambda = 0.06). Coaches can use these findings on defensive variables to strategize and counter opponents during games.
The impact of existing and modify wrestling shoes on foot posture deformities in 12-13 years old athletes
(Iermakov S S, 2022) Coskuner, Zeki; Acak, Mahmut; Buyukcelebi, Hakan; Özen, Gökmen; Kurak, Kemal
Background and Study Aim In the early years when sports footwear became compulsory, the importance of shoe design was not considered in terms of athletes' health. Since the early years of wrestling shoe use, these gears have been manufactured according to the rules of competition, and modifications have been very limited. In this regard, this study aims to determine the effect of existing wrestling shoes on foot deformation. Material and Methods The study was carried out with the participation of 108 young male athletes who had the same training on the same ground for three years in the Wrestling Training Center. The athletes were divided into two groups, an experimental and a control group. While the control group wore wrestling shoes produced by widely used brands, the experimental group wore newly designed wrestling shoes. Foot arch values and images of both groups were determined using a podoscope device at the beginning and end of the study. The evaluations were made according to the Staheli arch index. Results The results of the statistical analysis revealed that differences were found in the footprint measurement values of the control group. It was determined that this difference in the footprints was greater among the freestyle wrestlers. The decrease in the averages between the first and second measurement values of the group using the newly designed wrestling shoes was found to be highly positive and in a linear direction. Also, it was determined that the pain score values of the control group were higher than the scores of the experimental group after training. Conclusions The results revealed that there were deformations in the feet of the control group wrestlers wearing available wrestling shoes. It was observed that freestyle wrestling athletes had more deformation than Greco-Roman style wrestlers, and leg pains were more prevalent after training and competitions. Based on these results, it was concluded that the design of wrestling shoes produced with today's technology needs to be redesigned.
The Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) Enhanced Schroth Method Training on Cobb Angle and Quality of Life in Patients with Scoliosis
(Lahore Medical Research Center Llp, 2022) Kurak, Kemal; Altunhan, Abdullah; Acak, Mahmut; Korkmaz, Mehmet Fatih; Düz, Serkan
Aim: Different treatment models are applied in cases that affect the quality of life of individuals with scoliosis. It has been stated that exercise applications, especially used in addition to physical therapy, are effective in the treatment process of patients with scoliosis. In recent years, Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been used to increase the performance of athletes. Accordingly, this study was planned to examine the effect of Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) application on scoliosis cobb angle and quality of life in patients with scoliosis. Methods: Twenty-four female scoliosis patients with scoliosis Cobb angle between 250 and 400 in the thoracic region between the ages of 14-26 participated in the study. The patients participating in the study were divided into three different groups as EMS Schroth exercise group (EMSS=8), Schroth exercise group (SE=8) and control group (CG=8). In addition, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), Cobb angle measurements were taken for each group before and after the study. Scoliosis Research Society 22 scale (SRS-22) was used for these measurements. SPSS 25 statistical package program was used to evaluate the data. Since the data were not normally distributed, Mann Whitney U-test was used for pairwise comparisons. Kruskal Wallis H-tests were used to compare more than two groups. The level of significance was accepted as P<0.05 in the evaluations. Results: It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the age, weight, height and BMI of the EMSS, SE and CG participants and it was found that the EMSS cobb angle decreased statistically. Also, it was stated that there was a stable and very slight decrease in the SE cobb angle. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the negative direction in the CG cobb angle. It was determined that there was a significant change in SRS-22 scale values in all sub-dimensions of EMSS and SE, and there was no statistically significant difference in the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the other sub dimensions except the pain sub-dimension of the CG scale. Conclusion: EMS exercises will save time in terms of faster recovery of patients in the treatment of scoliosis. Besides, it will be very beneficial in terms of time and cost by shortening the rehabilitation period of athletes after sports injuries.
The Effect of Plyometric Training Combined with Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Sports Performance Parameters in Basketball Players
(2021) İlbak, İsmail; Acak, Mahmut
Today, there are various training methods used to increase athletic performan- ce. One of these methods is artificial electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) used as strength maintenance and development training. The objective of the study is to examine the effects of plyometric training applications combined with EMS on sportive performance in basketball players. A total of 20 basketball players between the ages of 15-20 participated in the research. Participants were randomly divided into two equal groups: plyometric (PA) and plyometric training combined with EMS (PEMS). At the beginning and end of the study, the participants’ height, body weight, vertical jump, 20m sprint, agility, balance and repeated sprint performance measurements were taken. In the findings of the study, there was a statistically sig- nificant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the PEMS and PA groups, among all sportive performance parameters. However, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in vertical jump, balance, agility, 20m sprint and repeated sprint performances. As a result, it can be said that both plyometric training and EMS training combined with pl- yometric training are two effective methods that can be used to improve sportive performance.
Beden Algısı İle Depresyon Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Umay, Büşra; Demiralp, Nuray; Koç, Hürmüz
Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) ratio and depression. Method: In the study, digitally prepared survey forms were applied to 271 volunteers over the age of 24, randomly selected throughout Turkey. Participants' minimal, mild, moderate and severe depression levels were determined with the 21-question Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) prepared via Google form. The participants' BMI level was determined based on their height and body weight information. Survey forms prepared via Google form were applied between January and February 2024. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 package program was used in the statistical analysis of the data obtained. Results: Findings are presented as arithmetic mean (X) and standard deviation (SD). The significance level was accepted as p<0.05. When the BDI scores of the participants whose BMI was below and above their average (23.07±3.99) were compared, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference (t:3.60, p=001). Conclusion: As a result, the higher level of depression in participants whose BMI was above the average (23.1±3.99) shows that there is a parallelism between the body perception or image expressed by BMI ratios and the level of depression.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaş ve Cinsiyete Göre Bel Kalça Oranının İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Coşkun, Ali; Şahin, Gülşah
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinde yaş ve cinsiyete göre bel kalça oranlarının incelenmesini amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya Çanakkale’de öğrenim gören yaş ortalaması 20 olan 80 gönüllü (31 kadın, 49 erkek) birey katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin yaşları alınmış, ağırlık, boy, beden kitle indeksi ve bel kalça oranı verileri biyoelektrik impedans inbody 270 cihazı ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında yapılan ölçümlerden elde edilen veriler, korelasyon ve t-testi yapılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Kadınların bel kalça oranı ortalaması 0.86±0.05, bki ortalaması 20.69±4.04 kg/m2, ağırlık ortalaması 55±11kg, boy ortalaması 163±5cm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Erkeklerin bel kalça oranı ortalaması 0.84±0.07, BKİ ortalaması 23±5.4kg/m2, ağırlık ortalaması 73±20kg, boy ortalaması 178±6cm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların bel kalça oranı ile yaş arasında bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Ayrıca kadın ve erkekler arası bel kalça oranı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark görülmemiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak çalışmaya katılan bireylerin bel/kalça oranları ve beden kitle indeksi verileri birbirine yakın bulunmuştur ve Dünya sağlık örgütü verilerine göre sağlık risklerinin orta seviyede oldukları belirlenmiştir.
Hac İbadetinin Bedensel Zorluklarının Belirlenmesi (Bir Pilot Çalışma)
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2023) Acak, Mahmut
Amaç: Hac ibadeti İslam dini için farz bir ibadettir. Bu ibadetin yapılabilmesi için maddi boyutunun yanında bedenen de yapılan bir ibadettir. Hac ibadetinin bedenen zor bir ibadet olduğu söylenmekte ancak bu zorluğun somut bir ölçülendirmesi yapılmamıştır. Bu doğrultuda Hac ibadetinin bedensel zorluklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmada Hac ibadetinin yapılışındaki her bir bölümünün adım sayısı olarak ne kadara tekabül ettiği uygulamalı olarak ölçülendirilmiştir. Ölçüm aracı olarak Huawei Watch GT 3 Pro 46 Akıllı Saat ile bluetooth üzerinden bilgisayara günlük kayıtlar alınmıştır. Çalışma bulgusu olarak iki farklı Hac süresi altı günlük ve otuz bir gün üzerinden alınmıştır. Altı gün Hac süresinde İstanbul’dan Mekke’ye varış, Umre, Arafat, Müzdelife, şeytan taşlama, ziyaret tavafı, 2 gün şeytan taşlama, veda tavafı toplam altı gün Hac süresince otele geliş-gidiş ve oteldeki yürüyüşlerin toplamı alınmıştır. Bulgular: Bu kayıtlar sonucunda toplam: 112.420 adım = 78.694 km. Ortalama 1 güne 18.737 adım yürünmüştür. İkinci olarak otuz bir gün Hac ibadeti olarak hesaplandığında; Mekke’ye varış, Umre, Arafat, Müzdelife, şeytan taşlama, Ziyaret tavafı, 2 gün şeytan taşlama, her gün bir tavaf ve veda tavafı olarak 28 gün Mekke ve üç gün Medine’de olmak üzere adım sayısı toplam: 31 günlük hac süresince 392.738 adım=275 km’dir. Ortalama günlük 12.669 adım=8.9 km atılmıştır. Sonuç: Haccın bedensel olarak zorlandığı, diğer şartlarında eklenmesi ile (hava sıcaklığı, hastalık, yemek vd.) birçok olumsuzluklar olmaktadır. Bu durum Hacca gelmeden önce iyi bir bedenen hazırlık yapılması gerektiğinin göstergesidir.
Depresif Bozukluklarda Ev İçi Kalistenik Egzersizlerin Etkisinin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2023) Sırbudak, Gürkan; Koç, Hürmüz
Amaç: Bu çalışma, pandemi döneminde kapanmayla birlikte sosyal izolasyona bağlı olarak oluşabilecek depresif bozukluklarda ev içinde vücut ağırlığı ile yapılan egzersizlerin (kalistenik) etkisini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Bu araştırmanın gerçekleşmesi için gerekli izinler alınarak, araştırma kapsamında Türkiye genelinde dijital ortamda pandemi döneminde evinden dışarıya çıkmayan bireylere çevrimiçi (online) kalistenik egzersiz uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Depresif bozukluklarda ev içi kalistenik egzersizlerin etkisinin belirlenmesi için, katılımcılara Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE) uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya rastgele örneklem belirleme yöntemi kullanılarak, 18’i (%15,4) erkek ve 99’u (%84,6) kadın olan 117 gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcıların, 36’sı (%30,8) 30 yaş altında, 81’i (%69,2) 30 yaş ve üstünde bulunmaktadır ve 1’i (%0,9) zayıf, 65’i (%55,6) normal, 35’i (%29,9) fazla kilolu, 16’sı (%13,7) obez grubunda yer almaktadır. Gönüllülere sekiz hafta süreyle haftada 3 gün olmak üzere günde 30-45 dakika ev içerisinde kalistenik egzersizler uygulanmıştır. Ölçümler arasındaki farkın belirlenmesinde bağımlı gruplar t-testi, depresyon puanlarının cinsiyet, yaş ve Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKİ) durumuna göre karşılaştırılmalar da ise bağımsız gruplarda t-testi uygulanmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Katılımcıların kalistenik egzersizler öncesindeki depresyon puanı ortalamaları 17,17±11,11, egzersizler sonrasında ise 9,63±8,31 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hafif düzeyde depresyona sahip katılımcı oranı %22,2 ile egzersizler öncesinde ve sonrasında aynı kalmıştır. Orta düzeyde depresyona sahip katılımcı oranı %33,3’ten %16,2’ye düşmüştür. Ayrıca şiddetli düzeyde depresyona sahip katılımcı oranı %15,4’ten %3,4’e düşmüştür. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, uygulanan kalistenik egzersizlerin katılımcıların depresyon durumunun azalmasına katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Buda düzenli olarak ev içi yapılan kalistenik egzersizlerin psikolojik olarak iyi olma haline etkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir.
Boş Zaman Faaliyeti Olarak Yüzme Sporu Yapan Bireylerin Özgüven Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2023) Köroğlu, Mihraç; Yentürk, Burcu; Abanoz, Hasan
Amaç: Batman Belediyesi Spor Kompleksinde yüzme sporu yapan bireylerin özgüven düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Spor kompleksine gelerek yüzme sporu yapan 195 katılımcı çalışmamıza gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Araştırma grubunda yer alan katılımcılara Akın (2007) tarafından geliştirilen özgüven ölçeği anketiyle veriler toplanmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modeli yöntemiyle elde edilen veri sonuçları SPSS 26 programında analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda özgüven düzeyleri ile yaş, cinsiyet, gelir seviyesi, eğitim düzeyleri, yüzme sporuna başlatan kişi ve yüzmeye destek veren kişi değişkenleri arasında anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir. Çalışmamızda katılımcıların özgüven düzeyleri ile yüzme sıklığı değişkeni arasında anlamlı bir fark görülmüş olup haftada üç gün yüzme sporu yapanların özgüven düzeyi ortalamaları, haftada iki gün ve dört gün yapanlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Katılımcıların çeşitli değişkenlere göre özgüven düzeylerine bakılmış ancak yalnızca spor yapma sıklığı değişkeni ile özgüven arasında ilişki bulunmuştur.
Yıldız Basketbolcuların Ayak Postür Değerleri İle Yaralanma Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2023) Arslanargun, Can; Acak, Mahmut; Büyükçelebi, Hakan; Özen, Gökmen
Amaç: Bu çalışma genç basketbolcuların ayak postür değerleri ile yaralanmalar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu tarafından gerçekleştirilen ulusal bir yarışmaya katılan U-16 (yıldızlar) kategorisindeki 95 erkek sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan sporcuların; boy uzunluğu ölçümü, vücut ağırlığı ölçümü, BKI değerleri, durarak uzun atlama testi ve düztabanlık belirleme yöntemi Podoscope cihazı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ayak tabanının şeklini belirlemede yüksek geçerliliğe sahip olan Staheli indeksi (SI) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca sporcuların yaralanma ve sakatlık geçmişi anket soruları ile belirlenmiştir. Araştırma verileri, tanımlayıcı veriler, frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma olarak sunulmuştur. Katılımcıların plantar ark indeks skorlarına göre fiziksel özelliklerinin ve durarak uzun atlama performansının karşılaştırılmasında ANOVA varyans analizi testi, gruplar arasında farklılığın kaynağını belirmek için ise Post-Hoc LSD testi, Taban ve Sakatlık özelliklerine ait iki kategorik veri arasındaki dağılımlıları belirlemek için çapraz tablo (Crosstabulation) ve istatistiksel anlamlılık durumunu belirlemek için Ki Kare testi kullanıldı. İstatistiksel analizlerde anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak belirlendi. Bulgular: Sonuç olarak plantar ark indeks skorlarına göre katılımcıların ayak tabanlarının %48,4’ünde normal, %32,6’sında esnek, %9,5’inde rijit düztaban ve yine %9,5’inde yüksek ark olduğu tespit edildi. Durarak uzun atlama verilerinde plantar ark indeksi farketmeksizin BKİ ortalamalarında anlamlı bir sonuç tespit edilmemiştir. Sakatlık durumları incelendiğinde ise esnek düztaban, rijit düztaban ve yüksek ark ayak tabanı olanların BKİ verilerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlar tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak genç basketbolcularda düztaban ve yüksek ark gibi ayak deformasyonuna sahip olan sporcuların alt ekstremite sakatlıklarına daha yatkın olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
Nutritional Screening and Physical Activity Status Assessment in Elderly: Comparison of Nutritional Screening Initiative (NSI), Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)
(Full Universe Integrated Marketing Limited, 2023) Karahan Yılmaz, Sevil; Eskici, Günay
Background/Purpose: Malnutrition is quite common in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and physical activity status of individuals over 65 years of age.Methods: The research was carried out on a total of 140 individuals. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, food consumption records, nutritional status (Nutritional Screening Initiative (NSI), Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)) and physical activity levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) of the individuals were evaluated.Results: Assessment of nutritional status revealed that a high risk of malnutrition was present in 14.3% and 30% of the males and females, respectively, as a result of the NSI (X2=6.102, p <0.05). Results of MNA demonstrated that 60.9% of men and 62.1% of women were found to have malnutrition (X2=7.035, p <0.05). According to SNAQ, 51 of the individuals (36.4%) were found to be at risk for body weight control.Conclusion: SNAQ was found to be a more general test in the assessment of the nutritional status, while the NSI and MNA were established to include more specific questions in accordance with the data obtained.
Effect of different protein diets on weight loss, inflammatory markers, and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2021) Yılmaz, Sevil Karahan; Eskici, Günay; Mertoğlu, Cuma; Ayaz, Aylin
Background: Reducing and maintaining body weight has become more important than ever as obesity is becoming increasingly common worldwide. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of diets with different protein contents administered to obese women on anthropometric measurements, inflammatory markers, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted with sixty volunteering obese women aged between 20 and 45 years. The subjects were divided into two groups in equal numbers. The high-protein (HP) group (n = 30) was administered an iso-caloric HP diet (25% protein, 30% fat, and 45% carbohydrate), and the control group (n = 30) an isocaloric low-protein diet (15% protein, 30% fat, and 55% carbohydrate), and both groups were followed up for 8 weeks. The subjects' descriptive data, anthropometric measurements, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference at baseline (except for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]), and end-of-study (except for IL-6, systolic blood pressure [SBP], and diastolic blood pressure) values of parameters between the two groups; after adjusted for baseline measurements, a significant difference was observed between the groups for body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, hs-CRP, TNF-, IL-6, and SBP (P = 0.004, P = 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.029, P = 0.004, P = 0.016, P = 0.004, P = 0.010, and P = 0.000, respectively) and were greater in the HP group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The HP diet was effective on improvement in HOMA-IR, SBP, LDL-C, hs-CRP, TNF-, IL-6, and resulted in body weight loss.
The Effect of Different Training Strategies Applied to Football Referees On Max(vo2) and Running Performance
(Lahore Medical Research Center LLP, 2021) Baydemir, Barış; Yurdakul, Hüseyin Özden; Aksoy, Serkan
Aim: In this study, the effects of high-intensity interval training and sprint training on amateur football referees running performances expressed by the FIFA Athletic Test, Cooper Test and MAXVO2 were investigated. Methods: Football referees average age (23.88 +/- 2.10); average height (181.16 +/- 1.99) cm; body weight (74.42 +/- 2.46) kg and body mass index (22.66 +/-.62) kg/m2 calculated. They were applied high-intensity interval training and speed training 3 days a week for 16 weeks. FIFA Athletic Test and Cooper Test were applied in the pre-test and post-test to see the effect of the training process on the referees. SPSS package program was used to analyze the data. "Paired Sample t-Test" was used for the normally distributed data, and the "Wilcoxon Signed Rows Test'', which is a nonparametric test, for non-normally distributed data, and the effect size was calculated. The results were evaluated according to the significance level "0.01" and "0.05". Results: When the FIFA Athletic Test, Cooper Test, body weight, and BMI pre-test and post-test values were compared in football referees, a statistically significant difference was found between the first measurement and the second measurement (p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was observed that the training sessions had a positive effect on amateur football referees' running performances expressed by FIFA Athletic Test and Cooper Test and MAXVO2. This training program is recommended for the improvement of the degree-based running performances of amateur football referees.
The Comparison of Selected Physical and Physiological Parameters of Elite Basketball Players According to their Playing Positions
(Lahore Medical Research Center LLP, 2021) Erol, Ali Emre; Karahançer, Şeyda Çelik; Özden, Sema; Koç, Hürmüz
Background: This research was conducted to compare the physical and physiological parameters of elite basketball players according to their playing positions and to contribute to the literature. Methods: Eighteen elite basketball players who regularly train and compete in the national team participated in the research voluntarily. Participants were grouped as guard, forward and center according to the pitch positions. Vertical jump and sprint tests were used to evaluate the anaerobic performance of the participants. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test was applied to evaluate the aerobic performances. In addition, hemogram analyzes of the blood samples of the participants were made and hematocrit and hemoglobin parameters related to aerobic performance were examined. Kruskal Wallis-H and Mann Whitney U tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: The analyzes show that the guards had higher vertical jump, yo-yo and VO2max averages compared to the centers, and a significantly lower 30 m running average. It was determined that the forward players had higher anaerobic power than the guards, and yo-yo running and VO2max averages were significantly higher than the center players. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is thought that the difference between guard, forward and center players who voluntarily participated in the study is due to the physical characteristics of the basketball players and the different training programs applied to the players playing in different positions.
Evaluation of emotional (depression) and behavioural (nutritional, physical activity and sleep) status of Turkish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period
(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Karahan Yılmaz, Sevil; Eskici, Günay
Objective: To evaluate emotional (depression) and behavioural (nutritional behaviours, physical activity status and sleep patterns) of Turkish adult individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Design: Cross-sectional online survey. The participants filled out a questionnaire (developed by using Google Forms) that contained descriptive characteristics, nutritional behaviours, sleep patterns, physical activity status, anthropometric measurements, COVID-19-related level of knowledge and the questions of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale through e-mail or social media (WhatsApp). Setting: Turkey. Participants: Totally, 1120 adult individuals who completed an online survey between April and May 2020. Results: It was determined that 29.1 % of the individuals showed mild, 34.2 % moderate and 23.4 % severe depression symptoms during the pandemic period. A significant relationship was found between gender, age and educational status, marital status and depression levels of the individuals, respectively (χ= 35.292, χ= 103.46, χ= 24.524 and χ= 86.208, P < 0.05). The top three foods consumed most during the pandemic period are tea and coffee (66.6 %), pastry (e.g. cake and cookie) (56.4 %) and desserts (49.6 %). During the pandemic period, 42.5 % of the individuals stated that they slept more and 40.2 % stated that there was no change in their sleep patterns. Daily physical activity durations were determined as 8.25 ± 1.77 h for sleep, 4.21 ± 2.68 h for lying down, 5.42 ± 2.64 h for sitting and 6.16 ± 4.82 h for standing activities. Conclusion: It was determined that the individuals showed different levels of depression symptoms during the pandemic period. Especially, carbohydrate food consumption increased, and physical activity status and sleep patterns changed due to the increased time spent sitting and lying. © Authors 2020.
Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on emotional and nutritional status of university athletes
(IP Iermakov S.S., 2021) Özen, Gökmen; Eskici, Günay; Yurdakul, Hüseyin O.; Koç, Hürmüz
Background and Study Aim The current study was carried out to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional state and nutritional behavior of university athletes. Material and Methods This research was carried out during the first wave of COVID-19 in Turkey. A total of 334 (162 female and 172 male) athletes who are undergraduate students in the faculties of sports sciences of universities participated in the study. Their mean age was 21.46 +/- 3.7. The Emotional Eating Scale (EES) was used to determine the nutritional behavior of the participants and The Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale was used to determine their emotional state. The Chi-square and Cross-tabulation tests were used for the statistical analysis of categorical variables. Mann Whitney U test was used for the analysis of continuous variables, and Spearman Sequence Correlation test protocols were used for correlation analysis. Results The results of the statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in the amount of fluid consumption of elite athletes. There was a significant relationship between negative mood and emotional eating sub-assessment (p <0.05). However, it was found that there was no significant difference between total and subscale scores of amateur and elite athletes (p >0.05). Conclusions As a result of the research, it was seen that elite and amateur athletes did not have a significant difference in emotional eating and mood status, except for the amount of fluid consumption. The increase in negative emotions of university athletes is an important factor that increased their emotional eating behavior.
Adipokines, inflammation, oxidative stress: Critical components in obese women with metabolic syndrome
(Mattioli 1885, 2021) Yılmaz, Sevil Karahan; Eskici, Günay; Mertoğlu, Cuma; Ayaz, Aylin
Objective: Adipose tissue dysfunction, increased systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are features of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between adipokines, inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome components in obese women. Subjects and Methods: A total sample of 100 obese women (BMI=32.44±1.80 kg/m2) living in Erzincan aged 20-45 years were included in this cross-sectional survey. Serum biochemical (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, lipit profiles, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alfa, interleukin-6, malondialdehyde, anthropometrical (body weight, height, waist and neck circumference) parameters and blood pressure were measured. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. Results: Results of this study indicate that waist circumference, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP), Tumor Necrosis Factor -alfa (TNF-α), leptin, leptin: adiponectin (L:A) ratio and malondialdehyde (MAD) were significantly higher but adiponectin and HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly lower in obese women with metabolic syndrome than in women without the syndrome (p <0.05). Waist circumference had positive correlation with Hs-CRP (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) and negative correlation with adiponectin (r =- 0.552, p < 0.01). TG had highly significant positive correlation with Hs-CRP (r = 0.305, p < 0.05) but, negative correlation with IL-6 (r = -0.347, p < 0.05) and adiponectin (r=-0.440, p< 0.01). Hs-CRP was positively correlated with MDA (r=0.323, p< 0.05) and negatively correlated with DBP (r=-0.253, p< 0.05). TNF-α was significantly and positively correlated with leptin (r = 0.701, p < 0.01), resistin (r = 0.646, p < 0.01), MDA (r = 0.949, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with adiponectin (r =-0.772, p < 0.01). MDA had positive correlation with TNF-α (r = 0.949, p <0.01), leptin (r = 0.721, p < 0.01), adiponectin (r = 0.788, p< 0.01) and resistin (r = 0.694, p < 0.01). Hs-CRP was significantly and positively associated with waist circumferemce (β = 0.315, p < 0.05), TG (β = 0.307, p < 0.05) and negatively associated with DBP (β = -0.276, p < 0.05). Conclusion: High leptin and low adiponectin level, L:A ratio, Hs-CRP, TNF-α and MDA may act as a diagnostic marker for metabolic syndrome in obese women.
Investigation of Active Fitness Sportsman Attitudes toward Supplement Intake
(Mattioli 1885, 2021) Duran, Bülent; Aykora, Emrah
Study Objectives: This study aimed to investigate attitudes of actively doing fitness sportsmen toward nutritional supplements usage and intake. Methods: Quantitative experiment group including 104 [n=36 female, n=68 male] sportsmen while qualitative is 17. Data collected with the "Supplement Belief Scale" developed by Hurst, Foad, Coleman and Beedie (2017) (11) and adapted in Turkish by Karafil, Ulas and Atay (2019) (12). Quantitative data analysed with independent sample t test and one way ANOVA and qualitative data with content and descriptive analyse method. Results: It is clear from the study that there is a meaningful difference between gender and years of doing sports variables. Male sportsmen more tended to use supplements than females. Also, beginner fitness sportsman are more inclined either. The final evaluation of findings shows both genders have similar attitudes. Conclusion: According to findings because of similar attitudes towards usage of supplements of both genders, in order to reach the most effective results usage preferences come first. It is derived from unconscious intake of supplements by beginners wondering fast body shaping results. Besides one group of participants have a conscious approach and have attitudes for asking expert thoughts about the usage of supplements.
Investigation of Physical Fitness According to Gender among Older Adults with Similar Physical Activity Levels
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2021) Şahin, Gülşah; Coşkun, Ali
This research aimed to investigate the physical fitness of older adults with similar physical activity levels according to gender. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) (Turkish version) was used to assess their physical activity levels, and the Senior Fitness Test was used to measure physical fitness based on performance. The Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the non-parametric data between the genders, and the t-test was used for the parametric data. No significant difference was found in age, height and weight between older women and older men (p>0.05). There were significant differences in the chair stand test, arm curl test, get-up-and-go test and twominute step test between older women and older men (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the backscratch test and the chair sit-and-reach test between older women and men (p>0.05). There is a gender-related difference between physical fitness components of men and women with similar levels of physical activity, except f lexibility. Older men had stronger arms and legs, better dynamic balance, and better agility and aerobic capacities compared to older women in this research.

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