Ezine Meslek Yüksekokulu Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/3543

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Zeytinyağı Kültürel Rotalarının Turizm Potansiyeli Açısından Değeri ve Türkiye'de Uygulanabilirliği
(Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi, 2020) Büyük, Özge; Can, Emel
Turizm literatüründe geçtiğimiz on yılda yer alan akademik çalışmalarda, zeytin ve zeytinyağının yalnızca bir gıda ürünü olmadığından; toplum üzerinde ekonom, sağlık, ekoloji, turizm ve kültür vb. diğer alanlarda etkili çok yönlü özellikleri dolayısıyla doğal bir miras olduğundan bahsedilmektedir. Zeytinyağı turizmi, zeytin ağaçlarının sıklıkla yetiştiği alanlarda gelişmekte olan tematik bir turizm çeşididir. Küreselleşen dünyada tüm sektörler gibi turizm sektöründe yaşanan değişim dünyadaki kültürel rotaların ve bölgelerin tespit edilip değerlendirilmesini ve yenilerinin oluşturulmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Zeytinyağı rotaları bunlardan biridir. Çalışmada, Dünyadaki zeytinyağı rotaları incelenmiş olup; Türkiye’de sertifikalandırılmış bir zeytinyağı rotası oluşturabilmek için gerekli teorik altyapı ortaya konularak; belirlenecek bu güzergâhta yapılması gerekenler, çözüm önerileri ve alınması gereken önlemler ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, bu alanda yapılacak yeni araştırmalarda kullanılacak yöntem ve modellerin saptanmasında yol gösterici bir niteliğe sahiptir.
Service orientation and tourism
(Peter Lang Publishing Group, 2024) Mazlum, Berna; Güven, Selda
[No abstract available]
Yayıkaltı içeceğinin fizikokimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri ile uçucu bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi
(2021) Öğe, Çisem; Karagül Yüceer, Yonca
Bu çalışmada yayıkaltı suyunun farklı mikroorganizmalarla fermantasyonu ile üretilen içeceklerin karakteristik bazı özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toz halindeki yayıkaltının %10’luk çözeltisi ile belirli oranlarda (% 0, 25, 50, 75, 100) çiğ süt karışımına ısıl işlem uygulandıktan sonra örneklere L. acidophilus (LA) kültürü ve L. acidophilus, Bifidobacteria ile S. thermophilus karışık kültürü (ABT) ilave edilerek 37°C’de, yaklaşık 4.8 pH’ya kadar inkübe edilmiştir. Ürünlerin fizikokimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri ve uçucu bileşenleri depolama süresince belirlenmiştir. İçeceklerde yayıkaltı suyu oranı azaldıkça yağ, kurumadde ve protein oranları artmıştır. Örneklerde uçucu bileşenler gaz kromatografisi kütle spektrometrisi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm örneklerde belirlenen uçucu bileşikler aseton, 2,3-butandion, asetoin, toluen, 2-heptanon, limonen, ökaliptol, asetik asit ve butanoik asit olmuştur. Yayıkaltı içeceklerinde pişmiş, kremamsı, süthane/sütümsü, fermente, karton, yosun, sabunsu, depo, tatlı, tuzlu, buruk ve acı terimleri duyusal değerlendirmeler sonucunda belirlenmiştir.
Thermal, structural, and sensory properties of tiger nut oil (Cyperus esculentus L.) - beeswax oleogels flavoured with butter and honey
(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2024) Keskin-Uslu, Eda
The aims of this study were to prepare butter and honey flavoured tiger nut oil oleogels with beeswax oleogelator and to compare them with the unflavoured control sample. The oleogels prepared with 10 wt% beeswax and 0.5 wt% of each flavour addition were analysed for main physicochemical, thermal, and structural properties. In addition, a trained panel described the samples with 11 sensory descriptive (hardness, spreadability, roasted, liquefaction, rancid, waxy, nutty, butter, honey, cooling, and mouth coating) terms. It was found that the oleogels melt around 52 8C and included beta 0 type polymorphs. The sensory data proved that the samples were quite well spreadable and had enough hardness to stay as solid-fat samples at room temperature. Further, addition of butter and honey flavours masked the waxy attribute. In conclusion, flavoured tiger nut oil-beeswax oleogels were new and successful products, and future studies with food applications are suggested.
Örenli metamorphics (Biga Peninsula, NW Anatolia): evidence for Triassic active continental margin of Paleo-Tethys Ocean
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2024) Tunç, İsmail Onur
The pre-Liassic basement of the Biga Peninsula, located in the westernmost part of the Sakarya Zone, consists of metamorphic assemblages that were considered to represent different continental basements in the north and south, and the suture (ophiolitic/mélange) zone(s) between them. The Çetmi mélange, defined as between these continental fragments (the Kazdağ Massif in the south and the Çamlıca Massif in the north) was evaluated as a subduction accretionary mélange of the Intra-Pontide Ocean and it was assumed that a suture passed through this part of the peninsula. This study was carried out on the most widely distributed outcrops of the Çetmi mélange(?) on the northwest flank of the Kazdağ Massif. These units, which are named the Örenli metamorphics, are represented by a succession of low-grade metamorphic volcanic-volcaniclastic rocks and alternating metasedimentary rocks and recrystallized limestones. The tectonostratigraphically lowermost levels of the Örenli metamorphics are a blocky-chaotic assemblage, whereas the uppermost levels are a regular metavolcanic-metapelite succession, which passes upward into the Late Triassic recrystallized limestones, and is cut by very low-grade metamorphic diabase dykes of 165.81 ± 1.55 Ma age. Furthermore, metavolcanic rocks of this succession show a calc-alkaline association of Basalt-Andesite-Dacite-Rhyolite (BADR) pattern in the chemical classification diagram, which is the signature volcanic rock suite of convergent margins. In addition, all the metavolcanic rock samples show a significant enrichment in terms of incompatible elements and LIL elements and negative Nb and Ti anomalies on the MORB normalized multielement spider diagram, which indicates that these rocks characterize high-K calc-alkaline volcanism at the active continental margins. Field relationships, zircon U-Pb geochronology, and geochemical data support that these units, outcropping in the study area, represent a Triassic active continental margin, most probably a fore-arc setting, related to the Paleo-Tethyan subduction, but not the subduction mélange of the Intra-Pontide Ocean.
Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 level in cow milk from Turkey
(M H Schaper Gmbh Co Kg, 2023) Özbey, Fatih; Yıkıcı, Ezgi; Kabak, Bülent
This study aims to determine the presence of aflatoxin M-1 (AFM(1)) in raw cow milk produced in the center and the surrounding villages of Corum, Turkey. A total of 200 raw milk samples provided directly from the manufactures during four seasons have been analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AFM(1) was found in 129 out of 200 cow's milk (64.5%) at levels from 22 to 401 ng/L. Moreover, 87 samples contained AFM(1) at levels higher than maximum level of 50 ng/L established by Turkish Food Codex. The contamination of AFM(1) level was in the range of 22-289 ng/L in autumn, 29-199 ng/L in winter, 30-177 ng/L in spring, and 26-401 ng/L in summer season. The results show that AFM(1) concentrations carry potential risk from the point of consumers.
The effects of heating and acidulation on the properties and stability of plant seed protein emulsion gels
(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2024) Yılmaz, Emin; Keskin Uslu, Eda
This study aimed to prepare water-in-oil-type gelled protein emulsions. Sorghum, chickpea, and barley proteins were extracted from the seed flours with an alkaline procedure, and 2% protein solutions were used as an aqueous phase with Span 20 emulsifier to create sunflower oil emulsion gels. Prepared gels were analysed for main physicochemical properties, polymorphism, and rheology. Results showed that stable emulsion gels were creamy-greenish in colour and had mechanical stability. They included beta and beta 0 type fat crystals. Rheological analyses indicated that they were soft-gel-like preparates, having certain levels of structural recovery ability after shear. These emulsion gels could be spreadable-fat-like products or shortening alternatives in processed foods. They might provide an extra advantage due to plant protein content. Food application studies are anticipated in future studies.
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oil-whale spermaceti wax oleogels with banana and coconut flavors: physicochemical, thermal, and rheological characterization
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2024) Keskin Uslu, Eda; Yılmaz, Emin
This study aimed to prepare and evaluate coconut (TWO-CO) and banana flavored (TWO-BN) oleogels from cold-pressed tiger nut oil (TO) and whale spermaceti wax (WW) against a control (TWO) sample. The samples had 8.41-8.45 min of gelation times and over 99.00% of oil binding capacities. Their color values (L, a*, b*), free fatty acidities (2.40-2.66% linoleate), and peroxide values (2.12 +/- 0.48-3.43 +/- 0.16 meqO2/kg) were acceptable. X-ray diffraction data proved the presence of beta' type polymorphs in all samples. The mean peak melting temperatures were 35.82, 39.02, and 36.39 degrees C for the TWO, TWO-BN, and TWO-CO, respectively. The rheological frequency sweep test showed storage modulus (G) values of 10-11 kPa for TWO, 13-15 kPa for TWO-BN, and 105-110 kPa for TWO-CO. All samples had structural recovery ability after exposing and ceasing to high shear. Further, all samples have reached the cross-over point (G = G) at around 38-40 degrees C. The samples had 29, 16, and 27 volatile aromatic compounds for the TWO, TWO-BN, and TWO-CO, respectively. In conclusion, this study proved that successful oleogels could be prepared with TO and WW, and these underutilized resources could be alternative players in oleogel industry.
Whistleblowing in the travel industry: A research in the context of idealism and affective commitment
(Varna Univ Management-Vum, 2024) Güven, Selda; Şahin, Bayram
Whistleblowing is a topic that rarely garners attention in tourism, particularly within the travel industry. This research, delves into external whistleblowing in relation to idealism and affective organizational commitment. The study aims to examine how affective commitment and idealism influence the attitudes of travel agency employees towards external whistleblowing. Employing a quantitative approach, the study investigated these variables using data from 433 travel agency employees in Turkey. The findings indicate that these employees hold unfavourable opinions regarding external whistleblowing. Affective commitment and idealism are demonstrated to significantly impact attitudes towards external whistleblowing. Moreover, the data suggests that idealism does not moderate the correlation between affective commitment and external whistleblowing. This research represents one of the initial inquiries into whistleblowing within the travel industry. Typically, the effectiveness of organisational behaviours, such as affective commitment and external whistleblowing, may depend on the structural aspects of entrepreneurship, as well as the costs and benefits of such actions, rather than solely on the ethical orientation of individuals. The perception and reporting of unethical practices are heavily influenced by community culture, and Turkish culture, in particular, tends to foster a negative mindset towards reporting unethical behaviour externally.
EVALUATION OF QUORUM SENSING SIGNALS OF STRONG BIOFILM PRODUCING BACTERIA VIA LC-MSMS, HPLC AND BIOSENSORS
(Trakya University, 2023) İpek, Dilvin
This study aimed to show presence of Quorum Sensing (QS) signals of Gramnegative and Gram-positive biofilm producing bacteria isolated from real dairy process lines. Defining the profile and chemical composition of QS-signals is an important factor in control of microbial resistance and biofilm production. We especially focused on unusual behaviour of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Long-chain acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) signals (C14-HSL, C16-HSL and C18-HSL) and DFD (4,5-dihidroksi-2,3-pentanedione)-AI2 signals of the isolates were studied by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) methods. All Gram-positive isolates were defined as AHL-producers. All Gram-negative isolates, formerly defined as non-AHL producers by both biosensors and HPLC methods, were identified as AHL-producers. DFD signal was only detected from Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. The results demonstrated that the QS system is a complex system and biosensor microorganism may not be the best method for QS-signal identification. The results also provided new insights in defining the profile and chemical composition of QS-signals importance for interrupting the chemical communication completely to reduce biofilm formation and prevent resistance gain of microorganisms.
Cold-pressed tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oils: chemical and aromatic profiles, sensory properties, and consumer preferences
(Consejo Superior Investigaciones Cientificas-Csic, 2024) Keskin Uslu, Eda; Yılmaz, Emin
In this study, tiger nut oils produced by cold pressing were characterized by means of physicochemical, compositional, and sensory analyses. The major fatty acids were oleic (70.4%), palmitic (13.3%), and linoleic (11.9%) acids. The main sterols were 0-sitosterol and stigmasterol (58.3 and 20.5 mg/100 g), and the main tocopherol was alpha-tocopherol (234.78 mu g/g). Syringic acid, apigenin and vanillin were the major phenolic compounds quantified. The cold -pressed oils crystallized at -9.12 degrees C and melted at -1.87 degrees C. A sensory panel described the oil with 5 sensory descriptive (almond, nutty, roasted, straw, sweety, soil) terms. A consumer test indicated that appearance, smell/aroma, and taste/flavor scores were above 4.0 on a 5 -point hedonic scale. In conclusion, tiger nut oils with retained nutrients and specific aroma could be produced by the cold -pressing technique. Further studies for food and functional food applications of this gourmet oil are anticipated.
Sosyalizasyon Sürecinde Türk Mutfak Kültürü
(2017) Karakas, Ezgi; Sünnetçioğlu, Serdar; Sünnetçioğlu, Ayşe; Özkök, Ferah
Sosyalizasyon, kültürel unsurları geçmişten günümüze, günümüzden de geleceğe aktaran süreç olarak tanımlanabilir. Sosyalizasyon süreci kültürel unsurları geçmişten günümüze, günümüzden de geleceğe aktarırken bir yandan yemek kültürü için bir sınır çizmekte (din kuralları, örf ve adetler, gelenekler gibi), bununla birlikte diğer taraftan her yeni açılımla bir dönüşüm sürecine girerek kendini yeniden üretmektedir. Bu çalışmayla Türk mutfak kültürünün nesilden nesile nasıl aktarıldığı sosyalizasyon olgusu ile açıklanmaya çalışılmış, Türk mutfağının sosyalizasyon süreci içerisinde nasıl şekillendiği, Türk mutfağı ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek ele alınmıştır. Çalışma kavramsal bir çalışma olup, ampirik veriler ile desteklenememesi çalışmanın önemli bir sınırlılığını oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda kavramsal bir model sunulmuştur. Bu modele göre Türk Mutfağı, çözümsel boyut, betimsel boyut ve tarihsel boyut olmak üzere üç boyutta ele alınmıştır
Development of an Effective Sterilization Protocol for Plant Tissue Culture Studies in Superfruit Aronia [Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliot]
(Karyay Karadeniz Yayımcılık, 2024) Kaya, Çağlar; Özatay, Şehnaz
Effective sterilization protocols are crucial for a successful tissue culture study in Aronia. These protocols directly influence contamination rates, shoot health, and root development. In this context, the study aims is to develop an effective sterilization protocol for plant tissue culture studies in Aronia [Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliot], commonly known as the "superfruit." In the study, the Nero Aronia variety shoot tips were used as material. The sterilized shoot tips were transferred to the respective plant tissue culture media in a randomized parcels trial pattern with three replicates, each containing three explants per replicate. Various concentrations and combinations of sterilizing agents, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and ethanol (C2H5OH), were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in maintaining tissue health and reducing contamination. Twelve protocols were developed, incorporating different concentrations of these chemicals. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SAS software package (LSD0.05-Proc GLM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate differences among sterilization treatments for each parameter. The results showed that the combination of 5% NaOCl and 3% H2O2 (10 min each) provided the lowest average contamination rate 0.0%, the highest average number uncontaminated explants 9.0 pieces, shoot length 3.0 cm and root length 2.5 cm demonstrating the sterilization efficiency of this combination. On the other hand, protocols containing HgCl2, especially at higher concentrations, resulted in impaired root development. High ethanol concentrations also contributed to effective sterilization, with the combination of 7% NaOCl (10 min) and 80% ethanol (5 min) yielding a low contamination rate (22.0%) and preserving tissue health. This study emphasizes balancing sterilization protocols between effective contamination control and tissue viability. The findings are expected to benefit the improvement and development of tissue culture techniques for Aronia and similar species, providing a basis for further research on effective sterilization practices, currently limited in Aronia tissue culture.
Eski Kaşar Peyniri Proses Hattında Mikrobiyal Pembe Renk Bozuklukları: Örnek Bir Çalışma
(Giresun Üniversitesi, 2024) İpek, Dilvin; Demirel Zorba, Nükhet N.
Bu çalışma ülkemiz için önemli bir değer olan eski kaşar peyniri üretim hattının mikrobiyal yükünün belirlenmesi, incelenen üretim hattında üretilen ürünlerde daha önce oluşan pembe renk gibi istenmeyen kalite kusurlarına neden olabilecek mikroorganizmaların tanımlanmasını ve bu mikroorganizmaların ürüne kontamine olduğu noktaları belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma sırasında üretim hattı boyunca farklı noktalardan örnekler alınmış, bu örneklerde toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri sayımı (TAMB) genel mikrobiyal yükün tespiti amacıyla yapılırken, içlerinde pembe renk oluşumuna sebep olabilecek türleri barındıran küf/maya ve Enterobacteriacea sayıları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Tespit edilen mikroorganizmalara fenotipik yöntemler kullanılarak tanımlanmış, pembe renk sorununa neden olan mikroorganizmanın ise Debaryomyces sp.’e ait olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre işletmedeki ana kontaminasyon kaynaklarının işletme suyu ve tahta olgunlaştırma rafları olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Development of Interoperability Principles for Disaster and Emergency Management System of Türkiye
(İstanbul University Press, 2023) Özbek, Elif Demir; Yomralıoğlu, Tahsin; Ateş Aydar, Serpil
Due to their complex nature, disasters and emergencies require a data-intensive management system in which many actors from different sectors participate and simultaneous processes are managed. Due to this complexity, there are problems in managing and sharing process services and geographic data effectively. The key to solving these problems is the introduction of a complete interoperability model. In this context, interoperability models based on existing international standards are analyzed in this study. FEI and EIF models are taken as basis in terms of disaster and emergency management interoperability requirements. Accordingly, the interoperability reference model was created in legal, organizational, semantic and technical frameworks to meet the interoperability levels. This general framework model has been evaluated in the service and data layers that need to be fully defined in disaster and emergency management phases, and a basic model including interoperability solutions for the service and data model has been created. In this study, an approach for data sharing and presentation has been developed to ensure the interoperability of stakeholders who are responsible for managing the processes at every phase of disaster and emergency management in Turkey. With well-established policy at the legal level, process management information for organizational interoperability will also be available. Data model components at the semantic level and service model components, which also define the sharing rules of data and processes at the technical level, form the basis of the disaster management geographic data infrastructure.
Preparation and Characterization of Some Schiff Base Compounds
(Adiyaman University, 2020) Berber, Nurcan; Arslan, Mustafa
Schiff bases (imines) have been frequently used in various fields such as medicine, pharmaceutical purposes due to their various biological properties. In this study, nine new imine compounds (3a-h) were synthesized from 1-naphthyl amine with aromatic aldehydes in MeOH and their chemical structures were defined by 1H/13C NMR, IR and elemental analysis studies. We observed a singlet one hydrogen of the imines (–CH=N–) at 8.56–8.86 ppm in the 1H NMR spectra and also carbon of the Schiff bases (–CH=N–) at 158.2-163.4 ppm in the 13C NMR spectra. Also the IR spectra displayed the (–C=N–) characteristic absorption band at around 1600 cm-1. The obtained characteristic peaks at the expected locations proved the structural accuracy of the synthesized new derivative Schiff bases. © 2020, Adiyaman University. All rights reserved.
Analysing perceived risk towards refugees, trust in the destination and perceived monetary value within the theory of planned behaviour: the case of Antalya
(Inderscience Publishers, 2024) Güven, Selda; Şahin, Bayram; Erdal, Özge
A comprehensive understanding of the impact of current risks and crises on the tourism industry requires an assessment of their effect on tourist behaviour. Hence, it is imperative to consider these factors in order to make informed decisions. The influx of refugees and migrant movements resulting from the Arab Spring, along with the ongoing tension between Ukraine and Russia, has played a significant role in shaping tourists' intentions. The aim of this research is to analyse how risk perception of refugees, trust in the destination, perceived monetary value, and attitude impact the intention to revisit. For this purpose, data gathered from 411 domestic tourists visiting Antalya was analysed through SPSS and AMOS programs. The results of the study show that despite the perceived risk of refugees, people's attitudes and intentions to visit the destination remain unchanged.
Evaluation of the Metaverse: Perspectives of Travel Agency Employees
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Demir, Beste; Güven, Selda; Şahin, Bayram
The metaverse constitutes a notable facet of the digital transformation underway in the tourism sector. The interplay of this process and consumer activity substantially impacts the global disposition and practices of industry personnel. Although much of the attention centres on the potential changes to the tourism industry’s services and customer inclinations engendered by the metaverse, the stakeholder position on this concept is seldom acknowledged. Within the context of this study, the objective is to determine travel agency employees’ views on the metaverse and its potential impact on the sector. In the study, which utilised descriptive and content analysis through qualitative research methods, itwas found that employees have limited understanding of the metaverse. They acknowledge that there may be challenges with its implementation due to technological and financial obstacles, and they view the metaverse as being most advantageous for marketing purposes. Considering the progression of technology and the speed with which businesses have adapted, it has been determined that travel agencies will be significantly impacted by these innovations. The metaverse and digital transformation are expected to provide striking opportunities, particularly in the field of marketing for travel agencies. Although it is uncertain what changes the technology will bring in the future, it should not be forgotten that failing to keep up with technology can have catastrophic consequences for travel agencies.
Preparation and characterization of glycerol monostearate and polyglycerol stearate oleogels with selected amphiphiles
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Keskin Uslu, Eda; Yılmaz, Emin
This study aimed to prepare and compare sunflower oil oleogels with glycerol monostearate (GMS) and polyglycerol stearate (PGS) organogelators. Also, GMS oleogels with Pluronic F68 (F68) and Span 80 (SP80) amphiphiles, and PGS oleogels with Pluronic F68 and Tween 60 (TW60) amphiphiles were prepared to evaluate the effects of amphiphiles on oleogel properties. Minimum gelation concentration, gelation time, oil binding capacity, instrumental color, thermal properties, microscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns, and rheological properties were measured. Results indicated that the addition of the amphiphiles reduced minimum gelation concentration, increased crystals size, enhanced gelation time, changed color values, and reduced melting temperatures. Further, amphiphile addition yielded more stable but softer textures. All samples were thermo-reversible and stable during storage. New data for food-grade PGS oleogels were provided for the literature. PGS oleogels were found as good as GMS oleogels in most properties. Future studies with the prepared oleogels for various applications, including food products are envisioned.
Carbapenem resistance and biofilm formation status of Enterobacterales isolated from raw milk via molecular versus phenotypic methods
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Özdikmenli Tepeli, Seda; Tosun, Melike Nur; Taylan Yalçın, Gizem; Kaya, Burcu; İpek, Dilvin; Zorba, Nükhet Nilüfer
Antibiotic resistance genes can easily be transferred between bacteria in the biofilm. In the dairy industry, many bacterial species forming biofilms on the surfaces of equipment are widely reported. The experiments reported in this research paper aimed to investigate the carbapenem resistance and biofilm formation properties of Enterobacterales isolates which are spoilage microorganisms obtained from raw milk. In addition, the study determined that whether there was a relationship between the biofilm formation ability or the protein spectra of these isolates. In this study, ninety-two Enterobacterales isolates collected from 173 raw milk samples were investigated. Initially, the isolates were identified as Citrobacter braakii (n = 18), Citrobacter freundii (n = 12), Enterobacter asburiae (n = 1), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 10), Hafnia alvei (n = 18), Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 1), Serratia fonticola (n = 24), Serratia liquefaciens (n = 4), and Serratia marcescens (n = 1) using MALDI-TOF MS. As a result, carbapenem resistance was determined in 6.5% of the isolates by CIM test, MHT, and the disk diffusion methods, but none of them had blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaNDM-1, blaOXA23, blaOXA-58, blaOXA-51, blaVIM, and blaIMP genes. This may be due to the effect of other resistance mechanisms such as porin loss or increased flow pump activity. Furthermore, biofilm formation (weak and moderate) was detected in 97.8% of the Enterobacterales isolates. The mass spectra of the moderate biofilm producer isolate of Serratia spp. and the mass spectra of the weak biofilm producers of E.coli presented similarities.

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