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Öğe The role of ICT, human capital and economic growth on sustainable forest management: evidence from panel cointegration and Fourier causality tests(Commonwealth Forestry Assoc, 2025) Soyyiğit, S.; Solarin, S.; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, A. T.; Kazak, H.Forests provide a critical role in many ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, soil erosion prevention, land conservation and climate change mitigation. However, forest degradation and deforestation have been increasing globally in recent years, causing serious environmental and social problems. The main objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of information and communication technologies (ICT), human capital (HC) and economic growth on forest degradation and deforestation and to assess the effectiveness of ICT and HC policies in sustainable forest management. For this purpose, data from 28 countries covering the period 1993-2020 were analyzed with Fourier-based panel cointegration and causality tests. The findings show that economic growth increases the footprint of forest products in the long run, whereas ICT and human capital reduce the footprint of forest products. Moreover, a causal relationship from ICT and human capital to forest products footprint was found to be valid in countries with high forest density. On the other hand, a causal relationship from economic growth to forest product footprint was found to hold in countries with relatively low forest density. These results provide important clues for the development of sustainable forest management policies and suggest that promoting ICT and human capital should be part of a sustainable forest management agenda. In this context, it is recommended that policymakers prioritize ICT-based monitoring and warning systems in countries with high forest cover, and it is recommended that they prioritize training and capacity building efforts to develop human capital in countries with low forest cover.Öğe Factors Affecting the Material Footprint in G7 Countries: Panel Cointegration Approach With Fourier Function(Wiley, 2025) Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Kazak, HasanThe material footprint (MFP) is a critical issue due to the pressure on natural resources, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. In the existing literature, the determinants and their impacts on the MFP of G7 countries have not been sufficiently examined. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of material productivity, energy transition (ET), globalization, economic growth, financial development, and population on the MFP of G7 countries. Using annual data from 1983 to 2021, the panel cointegration technique and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test with Fourier function are applied. The results reveal that there are significant but variable causal relationships between the dependent and independent variables specific to each country. Panel cointegration estimates show that renewable energy, economic growth, financial development, and population have a positive effect on MFP, while material productivity, globalization, and the square of economic growth have a negative effect. These findings support the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the context of MFP. Our study provides policy recommendations to help G7 countries achieve a balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth.Öğe Are policy shocks to forest products footprint permanent or temporary? Evidence from 128 countries(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Shahbaz, Muhammad; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Soyyiğit, Semanur; Kılıç, CüneytSustainable environmental policies are important for future generations to live in a more livable world. Therefore, the environmental damage of the policies implemented is expected to be minimized. In this way, the effects of environmental shocks can be temporary. Rather than analyzing ecological footprint as a deductive approach, analyzing the smaller components that cause ecological footprint will make a different contribution to the literature. For this reason, forest products footprint analysis affecting ecological footprint was investigated. In order to analyze the permanent or temporary nature of environmental shocks, forest product footprint, which is one of the variables used in the calculation of environmental damage, is used for 128 countries covering the period of 1961-2022. We used three different tests in this study. Firstly, the PANIC unit root test, which developed in 2003, secondly the PANIC with sharp breaks test, which developed in 2009 and finally the PANIC with dummy factor break unit root test, which developed in 2022, is used to calculate the permanent and temporary of shocks. According to results of the PANIC with dummy factor break unit root test with two breaks and without trend effect, environmental shocks have a permanent effect in 110 countries and in the model with trend effect, environmental shocks are permanent in 103 countries. In countries where policy shocks are temporary, permanent structural reforms are needed to prevent deforestation.Öğe Is export diversification detrimental to environmental quality? An examination of the roles of green innovation and environmental taxation(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2025) Topuz, Hüseyin; Kazak, Hasan; Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur; Özekiçioğlu, HalilThe primary objective of this study is to assess the environmental impact of various factors, including export diversification and GDP, as well as elements believed to facilitate this assessment process, such as green innovation and environmental taxes. The study aims to identify factors that contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. It analyzes data from 21 European Union (EU) member states for the period from 1995 to 2020, employing the FFFFF panel cointegration test. The findings indicate that export diversification (EXD), environmental taxes (ET), and economic growth (GDP) have a positive effect on CO2 emissions, whereas green innovation (GI) and GDP squared (GDP2) exert a negative influence. These results indicate that export diversification is detrimental to environmental quality. Another significant finding of the study is the validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Finally, one of the most critical conclusions of the study is the negative impact of green innovation on the volume of CO2 emissions.Öğe Profitability determinants in Turkish banking: comparing Islamic and conventional banks under inflation and bond rate effects(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2025) Kazak, Hasan; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Kılıçarslan, AbdullahPurpose This study aims to compare the effects of exogenous factors, particularly inflation and bond interest rates, on the profitability of Islamic (participation) and conventional banks in Türkiye. Design/methodology/approach The Fourier function-enhanced Johansen cointegration test was applied to data covering the period 2005/Q1–2023/Q4. The stationarity levels of the variables were determined using the Zivot–Andrews unit root test, followed by a cointegration test, and long-run coefficient estimates were evaluated. Findings The results indicate that inflation positively affects bank profitability in both Islamic and conventional banking sectors, whereas bond interest rates have a negative impact. No significant difference was observed between the two banking models in terms of these effects. Furthermore, contrary to existing literature suggesting a positive relationship between bond interest rates and bank profitability, this study provides empirical evidence of a negative long-run impact. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the negative effect of bond interest rates on bank profitability, challenging conventional claims. In addition, it highlights the similar sensitivities of Islamic and conventional banks to macroeconomic factors, providing valuable insights for policymakers. The findings have significant implications for both the Turkish banking sector and the global financial system.Öğe Determinants of Ecological Footprint in Türkiye: Evidence from the Fourier ARDL Bounds Test Approach(Istanbul Univ, 2024) Torun, Mustafa; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur; Arık, MüşerrefEcological footprint calculations evaluate sustainability by examining natural resources. The ecological footprint obtained by calculating the number of natural resources per person provides information about the amount of waste produced as well as the natural resources consumed and examines the sustainability of living conditions in the world in this respect. The ecological footprint is one of the frequently encountered topics in the literature in terms of the analysis of environmental impacts. This study examines the factors influencing the Ecological Footprint in Turkey. Using annual data between 1980 and 2018, the relationship of renewable energyconsumption, human capital and urbanization variables to the Ecological Footprint is examined. The Fractional Fourier Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test is used in the study. There is a statistically significant relationship between the renewable energy, human capital and urbanization variables and the Ecological Footprint. When the outputs obtained in the study are examined, it is seen that the variables affect the ecological footprint. The increased value of these variables can be used to explain why the Ecological Footprint increased. Increasing industrialactivities due to globalization and technological developments, increasing vehicle traffic in cities due to population growth, unplanned urbanization and destruction of green areas due to the sheltering needs of the increasing population, inability of recycling facilities to adapt to the increasing population and unplanned waste management, etc. factors can increase the ecological footprint. However, as urbanization increases, if a correct plan is drawn by taking these factors into consideration, the negative correlation between the ecological footprint and urbanization can be explained. Within the determined plan; Wastewater management, protection of green areas, prevention of unplanned urbanization and efficient use of resources are explanatory at this point. The empirical findings have important policy implications. According to these policy implications, to offset the effects on the ecological footprint, educational activities to raise environmental awareness and adopt energy-efficient lifestyles should be given due importance, various incentives and supports should be implemented and a green-based lifestyle.Öğe How Does Economic and Monetary Policy Uncertainty Affect Climate Policy Uncertainty in the United States?(Politechnika Lubelska, 2025) Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Kazak, HasanPolicy uncertainties can directly affect the outcomes of policies to be implemented. Therefore, it is important to reduce policy uncertainties. Identifying policy uncertainties and related factors is important in this regard. This study examines the impact of economic and monetary policy uncertainty on climate policy uncertainty in the United States. The relationship between the variables is examined asymmetrically using monthly data for 19882022. First, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fractional Frequency Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test are applied. The Asymmetric Wavelet Transform Coherence Test is also used to determine the direction and frequency of the relationship between the variables. Asymmetric time-varying causality analysis was used for the causality dimension. The significant relationship between economic policy uncertainty, monetary policy uncertainty and climate policy uncertainty varies at different time periods.Öğe Are OECD Countries Converging in Export Diversification? Evidence from PANIC-Fourier Panel Unit Root Test(MDPI, 2025) Özekicioğlu, Halil; Topuz, Hüseyin; Kazak, Hasan; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akçan, Ahmet TayfurThis study examines whether OECD countries have converged over time in terms of export diversification. Focusing on the period 1995-2023, the study employs a new Fourier function-enhanced panel unit root test that takes into account gradual changes instead of sudden breaks. The findings show that more than half of OECD countries have not converged in terms of export diversification. Export diversification plays an important role in achieving economic growth and development as well as long-term sustainability goals. In this context, the study provides critical data for policymakers in support of sustainable development goals. The results point to the need to reassess the economic and environmental impacts of export diversification policies in OECD countries.Öğe Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption and Industrial Output Relation: Testing Fourier ARDL for Turkey(Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2024) Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Topkaya, Özgür; Arık, MüşerrefEnergy plays a vital role in every aspect of the economy and in recent years renewable energy is highly debated for its pros and cons. While renewable energy consumption is important for sustainable growth and reduction of environmental damage it has some negative effects on the industrial production. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption, financial development and industrial output for Turkey. Annual data between 1980 and 2019 were used in the study. Fractional Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Tests were used to analyze the relationship between variables. As a result of the study, a positive relationship was found between financial development and renewable energy consumption, while a negative relationship was found between industrial output and renewable energy consumption. Our empirical findings have important policy implications. According to these policy implications, the focus should be on a green-based economy with various subsidies, selective taxation procedures and incentive policies to increase the demand for renewable energy use.Öğe Was the interest burden of the Ottoman public debt sustainable? A cliometric analysis(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2024) Hassan, M. Kabir; Kazak, Hasan; Akcan, Melike Buse; Azazi, HasanPurpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Ottoman Empire’s net interest payments and foreign debt were sustainable or not in terms of their burden on budget revenues, using the method of historical econometric analysis. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the period between 1847 and 1882 of the Ottoman Empire is analyzed for sustainability analysis. Within the framework of the study, unit root tests and econometric analysis methods frequently used in the literature were used to analyze the sustainability of public debt. In the econometric analysis, in addition to various unit root tests, current econometric analysis methods, in particular Fourier expansion, were also used. Findings The results of econometric analyses showed that the burden of interest payments and foreign debt on the budget of the Ottoman state was unsustainable. This situation clearly shows the reason for the official bankruptcy of the Ottoman Empire, which was declared in 1875. Practical implications Although this study reveals the bankruptcy process of an important structure such as the Ottoman Empire in the historical process through econometric analyses, it also gives a very important message to today’s states. Accordingly, today’s state policies and decision-making mechanisms should take these results into account and strive to make the burden of public interest payments sustainable. It is believed that the study will shed light on the public finance policies of today’s states by drawing lessons from the collapse process of the Ottoman state. Originality/value Unlike the historical assessments in the literature on the decline of the Ottoman Empire, this study presents a cliometric approach by applying current econometric analysis techniques to past historical data. The study explains the unsustainability of the Ottoman Empire’s interest payments and external debt burden in the period under consideration in a way that, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, has not been done before.Öğe Impact of Global Risk Factors on the Islamic Stock Market: New Evidence from Wavelet Analysis(Springer, 2024) Kazak, Hasan; Saiti, Buerhan; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur; Karataş, Ali RaufThe emergence of Islamic finance as an alternative financial investment area and the increasing political and economic uncertainty around the world necessitated an examination of the relationship between these two factors. This study examines the impact of four important global uncertainty and risk indicators Global Economic Policy Uncertainty-GEPU, Geopolitical Risk Index-GPR, World Uncertainty Index-WUI, and CBOE Volatility Index-VIX on two important Islamic stock market indices (Dow Jones Islamic Market Index and Bist Participation 100) using wavelet coherence (WTC) and asymmetric Fourier TY analyzes Quarterly data for the period March 2011-June 2023 were used in the study. The results of the analysis show that economic instability indicators impact Islamic equity market indices (both in Turkey and the world). This effect is determined as VIX, GEPU, GPR, and WUI. In addition, the fact that the GPR and WUI indices, which have an impact on conventional markets, have truly little and only a partial impact on Islamic equity markets is an important finding. The results of this study make important contributions to the literature and provide important findings for investors and policy makers.Öğe Unemployment hysteresis by gender and youth in the EU: evidence from new factor PANIC unit root tests with breaks(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2024) Ataklı Yavuz, Rüya; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet TayfurPurpose Unemployment hysteresis is when the unemployment rate increases at the time of an economic shock and does not return to its previous level after the shock. Unemployment hysteresis is one of the most common economic diseases in labour markets. In this study, unemployment hysteresis is investigated for female, male, youth and general unemployment rates of EU countries. Design/methodology/approach The new factorial PANIC test was employed to ascertain the existence of hysteresis in the labour market in the EU countries between 1991 and 2023. Findings Although there are some countries where the hysteresis effect is not a priori valid, it is generally accepted that the hysteresis effect is valid in most European countries. Practical implications In order to enhance the labour markets of EU countries, it is recommended that active and passive employment policies be implemented in a more comprehensive manner. Originality/value While there are numerous studies that examine the phenomenon of unemployment hysteresis in relation to general unemployment rates, there are only a limited number of studies that examine it in relation to female, male and youth unemployment rates. Another significant contribution of the study is the utilisation of the new factorial PANIC unit root test approach developed by Payne et al. (2022).Öğe Is Islamic Banking Sustainable in Terms of Financial Performance? Empirical Evidence from GCC Countries(Research Center Islamic Economics-Ikam, 2024) Kazak, Hasan; Karataş, Ali Rauf; Akcan, Melike Buse; Azazi, HasanThe aim of this study is to evaluate the Islamic banking sector with the help of financial performance criteria and to reveal whether the sector is sustainable or not. The sustainability analysis uses the latest unit root tests that take into account Fourier expansions. The study uses unit root tests, which are generally used to analyze the sustainability of public debt, with updated versions that differ from the literature and with the help of financial performance indicators of the banking sector for sustainability analysis. The study uses the data of the Islamic banking sector operating in the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for the 4th quarter of 2013 and the 2nd quarter of 2022. The quarterly data of ROA, ROE and Net Profit Margin are considered as financial performance indicators for sustainability analysis. Although the results of the empirical analysis show different results for each of the financial indicators of Islamic banking in the analyzed countries, in general it shows that the Islamic banking sector operating in all GCC countries except the UAE is sustainable in terms of the financial indicators used in at least one category. These results show that the development of Islamic banking is real and promising for the future. Therefore, the development of projects that contribute to the development of the Islamic financial sector and the support of this sector is an important responsibility for the relevant parties. It is expected that these results will provide important signals to the policymakers of the respective countries and contribute to the healthy development of the Islamic banking sector.Öğe Yenilik üretimi (inovasyon) ile bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri (ICT) yatırımlarının insani gelişme endeksine etkisinin ekonometrik analizi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 2009) Torun, Mustafa; Sarıdoğan, Ercan; Kurt, SerdarBu çalışmada, yenilik üretimi (inovasyon) ile Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (ICT) yatırımlarının insani gelişme endeksi üzerindeki etkisi OECD ülkeleri açısından ekonometrik olarak incelenmiştir. Bilindiği gibi insani gelişim endeksi, sosyal, eğitimsel ve ekonomik açıdan yaşam kalitesindeki değişimi ölçmektedir. Diğer yandan, teknolojideki değişimler, ülke ekonomilerinin büyümesine ve toplumsal refaha katkı yapmaktadır. Teknolojik gelişim ise ancak yenilik üreterek ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisindeki ilerlemeler ise hem mikro bazda hem de makro bazda ülke ekonomilerine katkı yapmaktadır. Bu sebeple bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisindeki gelişmeler, yenilik üretimi ve insani gelişim endeksi arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkileri çözümlemek, toplumun sosyal ve ekonomik gelişimine yönelik etkin politikalar tasarlanmasına imkân verecektir.Öğe CLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SECTORAL EMPLOYMENT-FREE GROWTH IN TURKEY BEFORE 1980: FOURIER EVIDENCE(2024) Arık, Müşerref; Azazi, Hasan; Akcan, Melike BuseCliometric analysis refers to the use of econometric analysis tools to study the connection between variables in a certain era, in addition to they have historical significance and seek to offer information about the period. The aim of the study is to examine the period that started after the proclamation of the Republic until the 1980 coup, which can be described as the crisis period. Therefore, the republican period between 1923 and 1980 will be subjected to cliometric analysis in this The variables to be analysed in the study are sectoral employment data taking into account agriculture, industry and services sectors and GDP data defining economic growth. By examining the relationship between variables, the existence of jobless growth will be tested on a sectoral basis, and the data sets will be examined in two separate analyses. The tests to be applied in the study will be carried out by applying both traditional analysis methods and new generation analysis methods. The first of the tests to be applied in the study can be expressed as the traditional Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test and the Fourier Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between variables. The use of the Fourier analysis method, which is among the new generation analysis methods, in the applied tests shows that the study will contribute to the literature. When the Augmented Dickey Fuller test results are examined, it is seen that the independent variables consisting of agriculture, industry and service sectors and the dependent variable consisting of the growth rate each contain unit roots at their level values but are purified from the unit root as a result of taking the first order difference. The results obtained from the Fourier Granger causality test of the study show that growth without employment was valid in the service sector between 1923 and 1980, while growth without employment was invalid in the agricultural and industrial sectors.Öğe TÜRKİYE’DE KREDİ DOLARİZASYONUNA YÖNELİK AMPRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Varol, Gizem; Torun, Mustafa; Sönmezler, GökhanKredi dolarizasyonu, yabancı para cinsinden kullanılan kredilerin toplam kredilere oranı olarak tanımlanmakta ve özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde döviz kuru riskinin yönetimi açısından önemli bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye’de kredi dolarizasyonunun belirleyicilerini inceleyen bu çalışma, 2011:06-2023:10 dönemine ait verilerle gerçekleştirilmiş ve ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, kredi dolarizasyonu ile mevduat dolarizasyonu, üretici fiyat endeksi (ÜFE), TL ticari kredi faizi ve ABD Dolar kuru arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, kredi dolarizasyonunun büyük ölçüde bankaların topladığı yabancı para cinsinden mevduatlar ile verdikleri krediler arasındaki dengeye dayandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak, bankaların döviz riskini tamamen yönetemedikleri ve topladıkları yabancı para mevduatlarını tam anlamıyla kredilere dönüştüremedikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum, bankaların bir bölümünün döviz kuru dalgalanmalarına karşı savunmasız kalmasına neden olmaktadır. ÜFE artışının TL cinsinden kredilerin maliyetini yükselterek kredi dolarizasyonunu azalttığı, buna karşılık yüksek TL ticari kredi faizlerinin firmaları döviz kredilerine yönlendirdiği, ayrıca, ABD Dolar kurundaki artışların kredi dolarizasyonunu artırdığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar literatürdeki bulgularla uyumlu olup, Türkiye’deki kredi dolarizasyonunun, bankaların mevduat ve kredi eşleştirmesindeki dengesizliklerin yanı sıra döviz kuru hareketliliği ve iç piyasalardaki faiz oranlarının etkisi altında şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, Türkiye’de kredi dolarizasyonunu azaltmaya yönelik politikaların döviz kuru dalgalanmalarını ve faiz oranlarını dengeleme üzerinde yoğunlaşması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle bankaların döviz riskini daha etkin yönetebilmeleri için kur riski yönetim araçlarının kullanımının teşvik edilmesi ve bu alanda daha kapsamlı politika düzenlemelerinin yapılması önerilmektedir. Bu nedenle, mevduat dolarizasyonunun etkilerinin yakından izlenmesi ve ilgili politika yapıcıların döviz kurlarındaki oynaklıkları azaltmaya yönelik adımlar atması kritik bir gereklilik haline gelmektedir.Öğe THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM PANEL DATA ANALYSIS(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Ataklı Yavuz, RüyaAll countries aim to achieve stable economic growth. Geography is recognized as one of the main determinants of economic growth as it covers the advantages and disadvantages arising from the physical location of the country. For this reason, revealing the relationship between geography and economic growth can give an idea about the economic policies that can be implemented in terms of how to utilize the advantages or how to reduce the effects of disadvantages. In addition, analyses on the effects of geographical location, climate, natural resources, and other geographical characteristics on economic growth help to understand the economy from a broad perspective. This study, using panel data analysis methods with data from 2001-2012, aims to empirically test the relationship between geography and economic growth among 79 countries classified at middle income level according to the World Bank income classification. In line with this objective, various empirical tests were carried out using panel data analysis method. The empirical analyses conducted within the scope of the study revealed that geographical factors are effective on economic growth. Therefore, the inclusion of geographical factors, which are generally ignored by neoclassical growth models, will provide an important perspective for economic growth studies.Öğe Ticari Dışa Açıklığın Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Zaman Serisi Analizi(2024) Tavus, Samed; Azazi, HasanTicari dışa açıklık, bilgilerin, mal ve hizmetlerin, emeğin, düşüncenin ve tüm bunlar ile birlikte sermayenin sınırlar arasındaki alışverişidir. Küreselleşmenin ve teknolojinin hızla gelişmesi, ülkeler arası siyasi, ticari ve sosyal ilişkilerin de gelişmesine uygun ortamı hazırlamıştır. Bu ilişkilerin yetkililer tarafından özenli ve bilgili bir şekilde yönetildiği sürece küresel düzeyde muhatapların her birinin kazançlı çıkması mümkündür. Doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının ülkeler üzerindeki etkisi, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerine, ekonomilerine, siyasi ve sosyal durumlarına bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Bu araştırmada, 1970-2022 dönemi yıllık veriler için, Türkiye’de ticari dışa açıklığın, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları üzerindeki kısa ve uzun dönem ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Johansen eşbütünleşme analizi sonucunda, ticari dışa açıklık %1 arttığında, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların %4,8 oranında artış göstereceği belirlenmiştir, pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Modelde, hata düzeltme teriminin katsayısı negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır, kısa dönemde de pozitif yönlü ilişki elde edilmiştir. Granger nedensellik analizi sonucunda, TDA değişkeni ve DYY arasında tek yönlü nedensellik elde edilmiştir.Öğe TÜRK DEVLETLERİ TEŞKİLATI ÜLKELERİNDE KÜRESELLEŞME İLE EKONOMİK KARMAŞIKLIĞIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ(Erciyes Üniversitesi, 2024) Ataklı Yavuz, Rüya; Bektaş, SelahattinBu çalışmanın amacı 1995-2019 periyodu için Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı üyesi ülkeler (Türkiye, Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Özbekistan) ile hali hazırda teşkilat bünyesinde gözlemci üye statüsünde yer alan ülkelerden Macaristan, Türkmenistan olmak üzere toplam 7 ülke için ekonomik karmaşıklık ile küreselleşmenin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda panel veri analizi yöntemi tekniklerinden istifade edilerek üç model tahmin edilmiştir. İlk modelde ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi ve KOF küreselleşme endeksinin alt endeksleri olan ekonomik, sosyal ve politik küreselleşme endekslerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. İkinci modelde ise KOF küreselleşme endeksinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada birinci ve ikinci modeller için panel regresyon temelli dirençli standart hatalar yaklaşımı Driscoll-Kraay benimsenerek rassal etkili tahminler yapılmıştır. Üçüncü modelde ise ilk modeldeki değişkenler arası ilişkiler, birim kök ve yatay kesit bağımlılığını da baz alan AMG tahmincisi ile panel ve paneli oluşturan birimlere yönelik katsayıları da içerecek biçimde yeniden tahmin edilmiştir. Ampirik bulgulara göre hem panelin geneli için hem de ülkeler özelinde tutarlı sonuçlar elde edildiği söylenebilir.Öğe Does Internet Use Affect Air Pollution? Evidence from OECD Countries(Econjournals, 2024) Kurt, Unzule; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet TayfurThis study aims to analyze the relationship between the use of the internet, which has an important place in information and communication, and air pollution (Carbon Dioxide Emissions-CO2). In this context, the relationship between the variables for the 1994-2019 period in 28 OECD countries selected was tested with the help of a panel data analysis with Fourier functions (Fourier unit root test, panel Fourier cointegration test and panel Fourier causality test). The results of the analysis show that internet use reduces air pollution, while economic growth increases air pollution. The results of the Panel Fourier Granger Causality test revealed a bidirectional causality relationship between internet use and air pollution and a unidirectional causality relationship from air pollution to economic growth throughout the panel. The analysis results present a policy proposal to the governments of OECD countries that they can reduce air pollution by investing in information and communication technologies (ICT) in their economic growth processes.
