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Öğe The role of ICT, human capital and economic growth on sustainable forest management: evidence from panel cointegration and Fourier causality tests(Commonwealth Forestry Assoc, 2025) Soyyiğit, S.; Solarin, S.; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, A. T.; Kazak, H.Forests provide a critical role in many ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, soil erosion prevention, land conservation and climate change mitigation. However, forest degradation and deforestation have been increasing globally in recent years, causing serious environmental and social problems. The main objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of information and communication technologies (ICT), human capital (HC) and economic growth on forest degradation and deforestation and to assess the effectiveness of ICT and HC policies in sustainable forest management. For this purpose, data from 28 countries covering the period 1993-2020 were analyzed with Fourier-based panel cointegration and causality tests. The findings show that economic growth increases the footprint of forest products in the long run, whereas ICT and human capital reduce the footprint of forest products. Moreover, a causal relationship from ICT and human capital to forest products footprint was found to be valid in countries with high forest density. On the other hand, a causal relationship from economic growth to forest product footprint was found to hold in countries with relatively low forest density. These results provide important clues for the development of sustainable forest management policies and suggest that promoting ICT and human capital should be part of a sustainable forest management agenda. In this context, it is recommended that policymakers prioritize ICT-based monitoring and warning systems in countries with high forest cover, and it is recommended that they prioritize training and capacity building efforts to develop human capital in countries with low forest cover.Öğe Factors Affecting the Material Footprint in G7 Countries: Panel Cointegration Approach With Fourier Function(Wiley, 2025) Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Kazak, HasanThe material footprint (MFP) is a critical issue due to the pressure on natural resources, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. In the existing literature, the determinants and their impacts on the MFP of G7 countries have not been sufficiently examined. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of material productivity, energy transition (ET), globalization, economic growth, financial development, and population on the MFP of G7 countries. Using annual data from 1983 to 2021, the panel cointegration technique and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test with Fourier function are applied. The results reveal that there are significant but variable causal relationships between the dependent and independent variables specific to each country. Panel cointegration estimates show that renewable energy, economic growth, financial development, and population have a positive effect on MFP, while material productivity, globalization, and the square of economic growth have a negative effect. These findings support the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the context of MFP. Our study provides policy recommendations to help G7 countries achieve a balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth.Öğe Are policy shocks to forest products footprint permanent or temporary? Evidence from 128 countries(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Shahbaz, Muhammad; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Soyyiğit, Semanur; Kılıç, CüneytSustainable environmental policies are important for future generations to live in a more livable world. Therefore, the environmental damage of the policies implemented is expected to be minimized. In this way, the effects of environmental shocks can be temporary. Rather than analyzing ecological footprint as a deductive approach, analyzing the smaller components that cause ecological footprint will make a different contribution to the literature. For this reason, forest products footprint analysis affecting ecological footprint was investigated. In order to analyze the permanent or temporary nature of environmental shocks, forest product footprint, which is one of the variables used in the calculation of environmental damage, is used for 128 countries covering the period of 1961-2022. We used three different tests in this study. Firstly, the PANIC unit root test, which developed in 2003, secondly the PANIC with sharp breaks test, which developed in 2009 and finally the PANIC with dummy factor break unit root test, which developed in 2022, is used to calculate the permanent and temporary of shocks. According to results of the PANIC with dummy factor break unit root test with two breaks and without trend effect, environmental shocks have a permanent effect in 110 countries and in the model with trend effect, environmental shocks are permanent in 103 countries. In countries where policy shocks are temporary, permanent structural reforms are needed to prevent deforestation.Öğe Is export diversification detrimental to environmental quality? An examination of the roles of green innovation and environmental taxation(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2025) Topuz, Hüseyin; Kazak, Hasan; Rahman, Mohammad Mafizur; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur; Özekiçioğlu, HalilThe primary objective of this study is to assess the environmental impact of various factors, including export diversification and GDP, as well as elements believed to facilitate this assessment process, such as green innovation and environmental taxes. The study aims to identify factors that contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. It analyzes data from 21 European Union (EU) member states for the period from 1995 to 2020, employing the FFFFF panel cointegration test. The findings indicate that export diversification (EXD), environmental taxes (ET), and economic growth (GDP) have a positive effect on CO2 emissions, whereas green innovation (GI) and GDP squared (GDP2) exert a negative influence. These results indicate that export diversification is detrimental to environmental quality. Another significant finding of the study is the validation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Finally, one of the most critical conclusions of the study is the negative impact of green innovation on the volume of CO2 emissions.Öğe Profitability determinants in Turkish banking: comparing Islamic and conventional banks under inflation and bond rate effects(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2025) Kazak, Hasan; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Kılıçarslan, AbdullahPurpose This study aims to compare the effects of exogenous factors, particularly inflation and bond interest rates, on the profitability of Islamic (participation) and conventional banks in Türkiye. Design/methodology/approach The Fourier function-enhanced Johansen cointegration test was applied to data covering the period 2005/Q1–2023/Q4. The stationarity levels of the variables were determined using the Zivot–Andrews unit root test, followed by a cointegration test, and long-run coefficient estimates were evaluated. Findings The results indicate that inflation positively affects bank profitability in both Islamic and conventional banking sectors, whereas bond interest rates have a negative impact. No significant difference was observed between the two banking models in terms of these effects. Furthermore, contrary to existing literature suggesting a positive relationship between bond interest rates and bank profitability, this study provides empirical evidence of a negative long-run impact. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the negative effect of bond interest rates on bank profitability, challenging conventional claims. In addition, it highlights the similar sensitivities of Islamic and conventional banks to macroeconomic factors, providing valuable insights for policymakers. The findings have significant implications for both the Turkish banking sector and the global financial system.Öğe Determinants of Ecological Footprint in Türkiye: Evidence from the Fourier ARDL Bounds Test Approach(Istanbul Univ, 2024) Torun, Mustafa; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur; Arık, MüşerrefEcological footprint calculations evaluate sustainability by examining natural resources. The ecological footprint obtained by calculating the number of natural resources per person provides information about the amount of waste produced as well as the natural resources consumed and examines the sustainability of living conditions in the world in this respect. The ecological footprint is one of the frequently encountered topics in the literature in terms of the analysis of environmental impacts. This study examines the factors influencing the Ecological Footprint in Turkey. Using annual data between 1980 and 2018, the relationship of renewable energyconsumption, human capital and urbanization variables to the Ecological Footprint is examined. The Fractional Fourier Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test is used in the study. There is a statistically significant relationship between the renewable energy, human capital and urbanization variables and the Ecological Footprint. When the outputs obtained in the study are examined, it is seen that the variables affect the ecological footprint. The increased value of these variables can be used to explain why the Ecological Footprint increased. Increasing industrialactivities due to globalization and technological developments, increasing vehicle traffic in cities due to population growth, unplanned urbanization and destruction of green areas due to the sheltering needs of the increasing population, inability of recycling facilities to adapt to the increasing population and unplanned waste management, etc. factors can increase the ecological footprint. However, as urbanization increases, if a correct plan is drawn by taking these factors into consideration, the negative correlation between the ecological footprint and urbanization can be explained. Within the determined plan; Wastewater management, protection of green areas, prevention of unplanned urbanization and efficient use of resources are explanatory at this point. The empirical findings have important policy implications. According to these policy implications, to offset the effects on the ecological footprint, educational activities to raise environmental awareness and adopt energy-efficient lifestyles should be given due importance, various incentives and supports should be implemented and a green-based lifestyle.Öğe How Does Economic and Monetary Policy Uncertainty Affect Climate Policy Uncertainty in the United States?(Politechnika Lubelska, 2025) Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Kazak, HasanPolicy uncertainties can directly affect the outcomes of policies to be implemented. Therefore, it is important to reduce policy uncertainties. Identifying policy uncertainties and related factors is important in this regard. This study examines the impact of economic and monetary policy uncertainty on climate policy uncertainty in the United States. The relationship between the variables is examined asymmetrically using monthly data for 19882022. First, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fractional Frequency Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test are applied. The Asymmetric Wavelet Transform Coherence Test is also used to determine the direction and frequency of the relationship between the variables. Asymmetric time-varying causality analysis was used for the causality dimension. The significant relationship between economic policy uncertainty, monetary policy uncertainty and climate policy uncertainty varies at different time periods.Öğe Are OECD Countries Converging in Export Diversification? Evidence from PANIC-Fourier Panel Unit Root Test(MDPI, 2025) Özekicioğlu, Halil; Topuz, Hüseyin; Kazak, Hasan; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akçan, Ahmet TayfurThis study examines whether OECD countries have converged over time in terms of export diversification. Focusing on the period 1995-2023, the study employs a new Fourier function-enhanced panel unit root test that takes into account gradual changes instead of sudden breaks. The findings show that more than half of OECD countries have not converged in terms of export diversification. Export diversification plays an important role in achieving economic growth and development as well as long-term sustainability goals. In this context, the study provides critical data for policymakers in support of sustainable development goals. The results point to the need to reassess the economic and environmental impacts of export diversification policies in OECD countries.Öğe Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption and Industrial Output Relation: Testing Fourier ARDL for Turkey(Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 2024) Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akçan, Ahmet Tayfur; Topkaya, Özgür; Arık, MüşerrefEnergy plays a vital role in every aspect of the economy and in recent years renewable energy is highly debated for its pros and cons. While renewable energy consumption is important for sustainable growth and reduction of environmental damage it has some negative effects on the industrial production. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between renewable energy consumption, financial development and industrial output for Turkey. Annual data between 1980 and 2019 were used in the study. Fractional Fourier Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Tests were used to analyze the relationship between variables. As a result of the study, a positive relationship was found between financial development and renewable energy consumption, while a negative relationship was found between industrial output and renewable energy consumption. Our empirical findings have important policy implications. According to these policy implications, the focus should be on a green-based economy with various subsidies, selective taxation procedures and incentive policies to increase the demand for renewable energy use.Öğe Was the interest burden of the Ottoman public debt sustainable? A cliometric analysis(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2024) Hassan, M. Kabir; Kazak, Hasan; Akcan, Melike Buse; Azazi, HasanPurpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Ottoman Empire’s net interest payments and foreign debt were sustainable or not in terms of their burden on budget revenues, using the method of historical econometric analysis. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the period between 1847 and 1882 of the Ottoman Empire is analyzed for sustainability analysis. Within the framework of the study, unit root tests and econometric analysis methods frequently used in the literature were used to analyze the sustainability of public debt. In the econometric analysis, in addition to various unit root tests, current econometric analysis methods, in particular Fourier expansion, were also used. Findings The results of econometric analyses showed that the burden of interest payments and foreign debt on the budget of the Ottoman state was unsustainable. This situation clearly shows the reason for the official bankruptcy of the Ottoman Empire, which was declared in 1875. Practical implications Although this study reveals the bankruptcy process of an important structure such as the Ottoman Empire in the historical process through econometric analyses, it also gives a very important message to today’s states. Accordingly, today’s state policies and decision-making mechanisms should take these results into account and strive to make the burden of public interest payments sustainable. It is believed that the study will shed light on the public finance policies of today’s states by drawing lessons from the collapse process of the Ottoman state. Originality/value Unlike the historical assessments in the literature on the decline of the Ottoman Empire, this study presents a cliometric approach by applying current econometric analysis techniques to past historical data. The study explains the unsustainability of the Ottoman Empire’s interest payments and external debt burden in the period under consideration in a way that, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, has not been done before.Öğe Impact of Global Risk Factors on the Islamic Stock Market: New Evidence from Wavelet Analysis(Springer, 2024) Kazak, Hasan; Saiti, Buerhan; Kılıç, Cüneyt; Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur; Karataş, Ali RaufThe emergence of Islamic finance as an alternative financial investment area and the increasing political and economic uncertainty around the world necessitated an examination of the relationship between these two factors. This study examines the impact of four important global uncertainty and risk indicators Global Economic Policy Uncertainty-GEPU, Geopolitical Risk Index-GPR, World Uncertainty Index-WUI, and CBOE Volatility Index-VIX on two important Islamic stock market indices (Dow Jones Islamic Market Index and Bist Participation 100) using wavelet coherence (WTC) and asymmetric Fourier TY analyzes Quarterly data for the period March 2011-June 2023 were used in the study. The results of the analysis show that economic instability indicators impact Islamic equity market indices (both in Turkey and the world). This effect is determined as VIX, GEPU, GPR, and WUI. In addition, the fact that the GPR and WUI indices, which have an impact on conventional markets, have truly little and only a partial impact on Islamic equity markets is an important finding. The results of this study make important contributions to the literature and provide important findings for investors and policy makers.Öğe Is Islamic Banking Sustainable in Terms of Financial Performance? Empirical Evidence from GCC Countries(Research Center Islamic Economics-Ikam, 2024) Kazak, Hasan; Karataş, Ali Rauf; Akcan, Melike Buse; Azazi, HasanThe aim of this study is to evaluate the Islamic banking sector with the help of financial performance criteria and to reveal whether the sector is sustainable or not. The sustainability analysis uses the latest unit root tests that take into account Fourier expansions. The study uses unit root tests, which are generally used to analyze the sustainability of public debt, with updated versions that differ from the literature and with the help of financial performance indicators of the banking sector for sustainability analysis. The study uses the data of the Islamic banking sector operating in the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for the 4th quarter of 2013 and the 2nd quarter of 2022. The quarterly data of ROA, ROE and Net Profit Margin are considered as financial performance indicators for sustainability analysis. Although the results of the empirical analysis show different results for each of the financial indicators of Islamic banking in the analyzed countries, in general it shows that the Islamic banking sector operating in all GCC countries except the UAE is sustainable in terms of the financial indicators used in at least one category. These results show that the development of Islamic banking is real and promising for the future. Therefore, the development of projects that contribute to the development of the Islamic financial sector and the support of this sector is an important responsibility for the relevant parties. It is expected that these results will provide important signals to the policymakers of the respective countries and contribute to the healthy development of the Islamic banking sector.Öğe Yenilik üretimi (inovasyon) ile bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri (ICT) yatırımlarının insani gelişme endeksine etkisinin ekonometrik analizi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 2009) Torun, Mustafa; Sarıdoğan, Ercan; Kurt, SerdarBu çalışmada, yenilik üretimi (inovasyon) ile Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (ICT) yatırımlarının insani gelişme endeksi üzerindeki etkisi OECD ülkeleri açısından ekonometrik olarak incelenmiştir. Bilindiği gibi insani gelişim endeksi, sosyal, eğitimsel ve ekonomik açıdan yaşam kalitesindeki değişimi ölçmektedir. Diğer yandan, teknolojideki değişimler, ülke ekonomilerinin büyümesine ve toplumsal refaha katkı yapmaktadır. Teknolojik gelişim ise ancak yenilik üreterek ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisindeki ilerlemeler ise hem mikro bazda hem de makro bazda ülke ekonomilerine katkı yapmaktadır. Bu sebeple bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisindeki gelişmeler, yenilik üretimi ve insani gelişim endeksi arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkileri çözümlemek, toplumun sosyal ve ekonomik gelişimine yönelik etkin politikalar tasarlanmasına imkân verecektir.Öğe Türkiye’de Yeşil Ekonomi, Yeşil İşler ve Yeşil İstihdam(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2022) Azazi, Hasan; Uzma, OnurSürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefi günümüzde hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkeler için ulaşılması istenilen bir hedeftir. Fakat sanayi devriminin getirmiş olduğu doğal kaynakların bilinçsiz ve verimsiz kullanımı sonucunda artan çevre tahribatı ekolojik dengeyi bozarak dünya üzerindeki tüm canlıları tehdit eder hala gelerek sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın göz ardı edildiği görülmektedir. Buna ek olarak gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte emek arzına azalan talep istihdam ve ücret sorununun artmasına yol açmıştır. 1980 sonrasında değişen ekolojik dengeye yönelik ilgi Yeşil Ekonomi kavramının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Yeşil Ekonomi sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı sağlarken çevrenin tahribatını engelleyen, çevreyi koruyan, enerji ve doğal kaynak verimliliğini sağlayan bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Yeşil ekonominin hayata geçirilebilmesi için de mevcut işlerin yeşil işlere dönüşümü gerekmektedir. Yeşil işler ise imalat ve inşaat gibi geleneksel sektörlerin yanı sıra yenilenebilir enerji ve enerji verimliliği gibi yeni ortaya çıkan yeşil sektörlerin çevreyi korumaya veya eski haline getirmeye katkıda bulunan insan onuruna yakışır işler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Tüm bu süreç genel anlamda düşünüldüğünde olumsuz yönde değişen dünyamızda bir tercihten ziyade bir zorunluluk oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise yeşil ekonomiye yönelik çalışmalar yedinci beş yıllık planlamadan günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı yeşil ekonominin tanımını ve kavramsal çerçevesini ortaya koyarak, yeşil işlerine nasıl ve ne gibi işler olduğunu açıklarken Türkiye’nin yeşil ekonomi ve yeşil işler noktasında ne gibi ilerlemeler kaydettiği, yeşil işlere yönelik potansiyelinin olup olmadığı ve neler yapılması gerektiği vurgulanacaktır.Öğe Türkiye’de COVID-19 Salgınının Tüketici ve Üretici Davranışları Üzerindeki Etkisi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2021) Can, Gülistan; Kılıç, Figenİnsanlar olağanüstü bir durumla karşılaştığında, oluşan yeni durumdan daha az etkilenebilmek hatta avantaj sağlayabilmek için davranışlarını değiştirebilmektedirler. COVID-19 salgını bugün insanoğlunun içinde bulunduğu olağanüstü bir durumu yansıtmaktadır. Salgın bütün dünyayı sosyo-ekonomik, kültürel ve politik çapta etkilemektedir. Etkilerin şiddetini azaltmak ve hastalığın yayılmasını kontrol etmek adına karantina ve sosyal uzaklaşma zorunlulukları gibi çeşitli önlemler alınmıştır. Halk sağlığı için alınan önlemler ekonominin tüm unsurları ile bağlantılı olması nedeniyle ekonomik konjonktürü olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Hükümetlerin makro düzeyde aldığı önlemler yanında her bir tüketici ve üreticinin bu salgın sürecinden daha az etkilenmek adına davranışlarında ve tutumlarında meydana getirdikleri değişimler de mikro düzeydeki önlemleri yansıtmaktadır. Üretici ve tüketicilerin davranışları ve tutumlarında meydana gelen değişim ekonomik dönüşümünde en önemli faktörleridir. Buradan hareketle yapılan bu araştırmada COVID-19 salgını sürecinde tüketici ve üreticilerin değişen karar ve davranışları incelenmiş ve gelecek adına öngörüler belirlenmiştir.Öğe 1980 Sonrası Türk Dış Ticaret Politikası ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2021) Ataklı Yavuz, Rüya; Karakaş, Bekir BoraTüm dünyada ve Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan günümüze kadar Türkiye’ de dönemsel ekonomik koşullara uygun olarak şekillenen dış ticaret politikaları yer bulmuştur. 1980 öncesi korumacı nitelikte dış ticaret politikaları uygulanmış, 1980 sonrası neo-liberal politikalar ışığında dışa açık, ihracata dayalı ekonomi modelleri benimsenerek bu doğrultuda plan ve programlar uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 1980-2018 arasındaki dönemde Türkiye’ de uygulanan dış ticaret politikalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenebilmesi amacıyla ekonometrik bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre uzun dönemde uygulanan dış ticaret politikaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu ilişkinin yönünün belirlenebilmesi açısından uygulanan nedensellik analizi sonuçlarına göre 1980-2018 arasındaki dönemde Türkiye’ de ihracatın ekonomik büyümenin nedeni olduğu, ithalatın da ihracatın nedeni olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İlgili dönemde ihracata dayalı sanayileşme modelinin geçerli olduğu görülmüştür.Öğe Davranışsal İktisat Perspektifinden Z Kuşağının Değer ve Statü Bilincinin İncelenmesi(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2020) Eroğlu, FilizEkonomik faaliyetlerde neden irrasyonel kararlar verildiğini açıklamaya çalışan davranışsal iktisat alanında tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarını etkileyen faktörlerin ortaya konması önem taşımaktadır. Günümüz tüketicileri için değer ve statü bilinçlerinin incelenmesi de bu bağlamda önemlidir. Tanımsal nitelikli bu çalışmada özellikle kısa vadede dünyada söz sahibi olacak Z kuşağı temsilcisi 425 tüketici ile anket çalışması yapılmış, veriler frekans analizi ve t-testi yoluyla analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, tüketicilerin değer bilincinin statü bilincinden daha yüksek; kadınların değer bilincinin, erkeklerin statü bilincinin yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Tüketiciler ödedikleri bedelin karşılığında maksimum faydayı beklemektedir ancak ürünün fiyatı ile ilgili çok hassasiyetleri bulunmamıştır.Öğe Exploration on terrorism, ecological footprint and environmental sustainability in countries with the most terrorism antecedent: Accessing evidence from panel fourier analysis(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Kılıç, Cüneyt; Soyyiğit, Semanur; Bayar, Yılmaz; Bekun, Festus VictorAmidst increased concerns for global security and ecological balance, the intricate interconnectedness between terrorism and environmental sustainability has attracted significant attention in the existing literature. To this end, the present study explores the interaction among environmental degradation, terrorism, and foreign direct investments in 17 countries with the most terrorism antecedents over the 2002–2018 period through the Panel Fourier cointegration test and the Panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The present study also leverages recent and robust panel analysis for evidence-based results and inferences for policy formulation. The panel Fourier cointegration test presents the cointegration relationship between the outline variables under review. Empirical findings highlight that terrorism does not have a significant influence on the ecological footprint. However, foreign direct investment has a positive influence on the ecological footprint. These findings have implications for environmental sustainability and foreign direct investment inflows in the bloc investigated. More insights are discussed in the concluding section with policy caveats.Öğe Effect of Economic Complexity on Unemployment in Terms of Gender: Evidence from BEM Economies(University of Economics - Prague, 2023) Soyyiğit, Semanur; Bayrakdar, Seda; Kılıç, CüneytThe present study aims to indicate whether structural transformation has provided enhancement for the disadvantaged parts of society in terms of gender or whether it has been implemented at the expense of social inequalities in 10 BEM (Big Emerging Market) economies (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, South Korea and Türkiye) in the period 1998-2019. The study also aims to understand the dynamics behind the connection between structural transformation and unemployment by comparing the results from each country. This paper also focuses on the effects of economic complexity on the breakdown of unemployment rates including female, male, youth female and youth male unemployment divisions. In the study, firstly, cross-sectional dependence is tested for all variables; secondly, the CADF test as a second-generation unit root test is applied; thirdly, the parameter constancy test is applied to each model, and then the models are estimated using the panel regression method with random coefficients. The study reveals a geographical distinction between the ten economies. Economic complexity significantly affects all types of unemployment in Poland, but it does not affect unemployment in Asian and African countries. The other result of the study is that even in Poland, the decreasing effect of ECI (Economic Complexity Index) on unemployment is different for women and men.Öğe Economic Complexity, Ecological Footprint, and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Findings from Selected Industrialized Countries(Springer, 2023) Kılıç, Cüneyt; Soyyiğit, Semanur; Bayrakdar, SedaThis article aims to approach the research related to the environmental Kuznets curve from a new and more holistic perspective. Therefore, while testing the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve, the ecological footprint as the indicator of environmental degradation will be used as the dependent variable within the model, while the economic complexity index used together with the per capita income and the trade-to-GDP ratio will be used as the independent variables. The analysis confirms the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve for the top nine industrialized countries in terms of the value-added by industry as a percentage of the GDP between 1970 and 2017. In addition, the study shows that economic complexity decreases an economy’s ecological footprint. According to the results of the causality test, there is a causal relationship from all the independent variables to the ecological footprint variable.
