Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü Koleksiyonu

Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2755

Listeleniyor 1 - 20 / 31

Geochemical fractions of trace metals in surface and core sections of aggregates in agricultural soils
(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Sungur, Ali; Kavdir, Yasemin; Özcan, Hasan; İlay, Remzi; Soylak, Mustafa
Agrochemicals containing trace metals such as pesticides and fertilizer are intensively used in apple production systems in many countries. There is a risk of accumulation of trace metals, particularly in the sensitive root rhizosphere area. In this study, the trace metal concentrations of soils were determined in macroaggregates at the “mm scale” sampled from apple orchards. Soil samples were taken from five different locations at 0–20 cm soil depths in an apple orchard. Pseudo-total trace metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations of soil samples separated from the surface and core sections of the soil aggregate were determined by digestion with Aqua regia. The modified BCR sequential extraction method was used to determine four operationally defined geochemical trace metal fractions in soil samples. The pseudo-total concentrations of Cd and Cu were significantly higher, and Zn was lower at the surface than in the core sections (paired-t test, p < 0.05) of soil aggregates. The concentrations of all trace metals in the acid-soluble fraction and reducible fractions were significantly higher at the surface of soil aggregates than those in the core section. The same was true for the sum of trace metal concentrations in the extracts of the three fractions considered potentially mobilizable, except for Cr. Our results demonstrated that Cd and Cu originated probably from agrochemicals accumulating significantly on aggregate surfaces, where they were in close contact with plant roots. The generally higher extractability of all trace metals on the surface of aggregates can be attributed to the preferential accumulation of newly-added trace metals in comparatively weakly bound chemical forms.
Screening of oat varieties and landraces at early vegetative stage under salt stress conditions: Morpho-physiological and PCA biplot analysis
(Springer, 2021) Güngör, Hüseyin; Çıkılı, Yakup; Dumlupınar, Ziya
Salinity limits the oat germination and seedling growth at early growth stages. This study was aimed to determine the morpho-physiological response of 33 (10 commercial and 23 landraces) oat genotypes to four NaCl salinity stresses (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) under in vitro conditions during seed germination and early seedling stages. The effect of NaCl stress on water uptake, germination ratio, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, ion contents (Na+, K+, Ca and K+/Na+) for both root and shoot and photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, Chl a + b and carotenoid) in 33 oat genotypes was investigated in the experiment. The investigated traits were decreased by salt stress from control (0 mM) to 90 mM doses including 18% for water uptake, 54.9% for germination rate, 87.5% for root length, 87% for shoot length, 74.5% for root fresh weight, 38.5% for root dry weight, 79.1% for shoot fresh weight, 62.4% for shoot dry weight, 84.5% for root K+/Na+, 97% for shoot K+/Na+, 62.2% for chl a, 51.6% for chl b and 61.7% for carotenoid. It was found that the oat genotypes showed a wide variation in the cluster analysis based on morpho-physiological traits. According to the principal component biplot analysis, principal components (PC1 and PC2) represented (33.9 and 16.4%, respectively) 50.3% of the total variation among the genotypes under salt stress. TL582 landrace showed greater performance for the investigated traits among oat genotypes for the highest salt tolerance. The investigated traits are important growth indices and physiological parameters to be used as selection criteria to evaluate salt tolerance in oat genotypes. The results of the study determined the registered and local genotypes that can be used as parent lines in breeding programs.
Determination of agricultural land suitability with a multiple-criteria decision-making method in Northwestern Turkey
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Everest, Timuçin; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
This study was carried out in the district of Lapseki in Çanakkale, Turkey. The suitability of land in Lapseki for agriculture was evaluated by using an analytic hierarchy process. In the study, the basic parameters were determined by using the soil map and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. Land use capability classes, soil depth, erosion risk and other soil properties (limiting factors) were obtained from the soil map, while slope, elevation and aspect were obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. To determine the weight of the parameters in the analytic hierarchy process, the opinions of the public institutions and experts were obtained. The obtained data were analyzed with the analytic hierarchy process and mapped with geographic information systems techniques, and a land suitability map was generated. The agricultural land suitability map demonstrated that 2.95% (2557 ha) of the lands in the study area were highly suitable; 10.37% (8989 ha) were moderately suitable; 53.47% (46,336 ha) were marginally suitable; and 33.21% (28,775 ha) were not suitable for agricultural use. The data from the agricultural land suitability map were compared with the Coordination of Information on the Environment 2012 data. As a result of comparison, 14.12% (361 ha) of highly suitable lands for agriculture and 2.25% (202 ha) of moderate suitable lands for agriculture are urbanized. It was seen that 45.71% (24,837 ha) of the lands that are marginally suitable for agriculture and 18.76% (5397 ha) of the not suitable lands had current land use for agriculture.
Determining the effectiveness of some soil stabilizers in wind erosion prevention using wind tunnel experiments
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2021) Erci, Vildan; Şeker, Cevdet; Başaran, Mustafa; Erpul, Günay
Laboratory wind tunnel simulations were carried out to determine the effectiveness of some soil stabilizers in reducing soil loss by wind erosion under turbulent flow conditions driven by the reference wind velocities of 9 and 11 m s−1. Particle fractions of 0.5–1 mm of two different soil types: silty clay loam (SiCL) and sandy loam (SL) were used in the experiments as erodible test surfaces after stabilizer treatments. Molasses (M), cement (Cm), a mixture of cement and molasses (Cm + M), and hydrogel (H) were applied at four different application doses, and later those materials were subjected to incubation at room temperature for 24 hr before the trays were placed in the tunnel for wind tests. During simulations under turbulent air-flow conditions, soil losses [(qs), g m−2 min−1] were gauged for 10-min duration immediately following the first lift-off movement of the particles. Experimental results on qs were compared to those of two controls [untreated control (C) and water-treated control (Cw)], which indicated that the H applications were highly effective at the doses ≥ 13.33 g m−2 for every soil type and wind velocity combination. In addition, at the application doses ≥ 13.33 g m−2, Cm and Cm + M treatments were as effective as H statistically in reducing qs at 9 m s−1 by successfully forming resistant crust layers against stronger turbulent swirls on the research test surfaces. From the point of being more easily accessible and more cost-effective, using less expensive Cm and Cm + M treatments could be a good alternative to utilizing hydrogel in reducing wind erosion in wide field applications.
Soil profile development of the Korudağı toposequence, northwest Turkey
(Institute for Ionics, 2024) Özcan, Hasan; Özger, İ.; Everest, Timuçin; Sungur, Ali
The main objective of this study was to determine the relation between soil profile development and landscape. For this purpose, a field survey was carried out on the same topography and climate to determine the soil profile development degree on different parent materials in the Korudağ Catena (Çanakkale, northwest Turkey). Seven soil profiles were excavated (each 50 m elevation between 350 and 50 m) and described based on soil taxonomy. Profile development index values of soils were calculated to compare and quantify soil horizon properties with their parent materials. The data were collected through field study and physicochemical analyses. Nine characteristics including rubification, color paling, color lightening, melanization, carbonate morphology, moist consistence, dry consistence, pH, texture and structure, were evaluated to calculate the profile development index. This index was calculated as P7 > P1 > P2 > P3 > P5 > P6 > P4, respectively. The P7 profile on the footslope position has the highest profile development due to higher moisture content and the chemical weathering process. The lowest profile development was observed in P4. This profile's topographic position (shoulder) and vegetative density are the major reason. The effect of steepness, curvature, and vegetation on controlling profile development was obvious at the P4 on the shoulder position. In the Korudağ Catena, vegetative density, slope and slope length, elevation difference, and moisture content control the pedogenic process and profile development. This study also showed the profile development changing in a catena with the same aspect, where morphological changes occur on similar parent materials at similar ages but at short distances due to erosion storage processes.
Suitable site selection by using full consistency method (FUCOM): a case study for maize cultivation in northwest Turkey
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024) Everest, Timuçin; Savaşkan, Gönül Selin; Or, Aykut; Özcan, Hasan
The agricultural land evaluation procedure is a valuable guide for growing plants where they are best suitable, and it has a critical role in actualizing sustainable plans for providing food security for the growing population. In agricultural land suitability analysis, different multi-criteria decision-making methods are applied. The main objective of this study is to introduce the potential usage of a new multi-criteria decision-making method the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) in agricultural land suitability analysis. The study was carried out in the northern part of the Karamenderes plain in NW Turkey. Nine land characteristics (soil texture, soil depth, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, pH, slope, drainage, CaCO3%, and cation exchange capacity) were used for the land evaluation study. The weighting values of the land characteristics were calculated by the FUCOM. According to the results, 223 ha (6.26%) were highly suitable, 2650 ha (74.40%) were moderately suitable, 508 ha (14.26%) were marginally suitable, and 181 ha (5.08%) were not suitable for maize cultivation. The weighted values of the parameters were also tested with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Best-Worst Method (BWM). There is a general compatibility between the methodologies. The data obtained from these methods showed that analysis consists of a very positive relationship with each other. The comparisons of these methodologies showed that FUCOM’s prioritization order simplicity in parameter weighting and ability to reduce the processing intensity would provide a significant contribution and advantage to the land evaluation experts and planners. It is recommended that the Full Consistent Method could be reliably used in agricultural land suitability analysis.
Analysis of drought intensity, frequency and trends using the spei in Turkey
(Springer, 2023) Serkendiz, Hıdır; Tatlı, Hasan; Kılıç, Ayşegül; Çetin, Mahmut; Sungur, Ali
This study addresses into the critical issue of drought as a natural disaster, especially in regions characterized by arid and semi-arid climates like Turkey. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the historical occurrences of meteorological drought events in Turkey, focusing on their past frequency, intensity, and spatial distribution. The study employs the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) method and utilizes 50 years of monthly temperature and precipitation data collected from 222 meteorological stations across the country. Drought severity is assessed using the run theory method, and trends in drought patterns are analyzed through the Mann–Kendall trend test. Additionally, the text explores the connection between elevation and the geographical distribution of drought events. The study’s findings reveal a noticeable increase in the occurrence of drought periods over time. Among the selected periods, the most widespread drought event was observed in the year 2001. The Bozcaada meteorology station exhibited the highest frequency of drought with a value of 223, while the Ispir meteorology station recorded the lowest frequency with a value of 151. Over the course of the 50-year analysis, no significant correlation was found between drought and elevation, although a gradual increase was noted in the last 10 years. The results also indicate a gradual north-to-south increase in drought intensity in Turkey. The study identifies four distinct drought hotspots in the country: the Western Anatolia Region, Central and Southern Anatolia Region, Southeastern Anatolia Region, and Eastern Anatolia Region.
Assessment of Growth, Metallic Ion Accumulation, and Translocation of Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) Plant in Cadmium Stress
(Ankara University, 2023) Çıkılı, Yakup; Samet, Halil
Excess cadmium (Cd), which is toxic to plants, severely limits crop production in agricultural areas. For this reason, this study investigated the effect of increased Cd levels on lavandin growth, some physiological parameters, and metallic ion accumulation and translocation. In greenhouse conditions, six different levels of Cd (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM Cd) were applied to plants grown in perlite medium together with a complete nutrient solution. Increasing Cd levels decreased biomass production in both the shoots and roots and the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, a+b, and carotenoid (Car). In addition, excessive Cd decreased the concentrations of some metallic cations such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and calcium (Ca) in the shoots and roots. Similarly, increasing Cd decreased the bio-concentration factor (BCF) of the metallic cations (BCF of Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn in both the shoots and roots and the BCF of copper (Cu) in the roots. Toxic Cd levels decreased the translocation factor (TF) of Zn and Cu and the net accumulation (NA) via roots in Fe and Zn. The effect of Cd on the NA via roots in K, Ca, Mn, and Cu was not found to be significant. However, increasing Cd caused an increase in shoot and root membrane permeability and the TF of Fe and Mn. It was concluded that Cd2+ ion interacts divalent cations such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ ions and could affect the concentrations of these ions in the shoots and roots, and excess Cd has a negative effect on the growth and the photosynthetic capacity of lavandin.
Effects of soil texture on trace metal concentrations and geochemical fractions in the soil of apple orchards (canakkale, NW Turkey)
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Sungur, Ali; Temel, Erdem; Everest, Timuçin; Soylak, Mustafa; Özcan, Hasan
The effects of soil texture on trace metal concentrations and geochemical fractions in an apple orchard soils were investigated. For this purpose, soil samples were taken from the apple orchards with two different soil textures located on the same geomorphological unit in Çanakkale, Turkey. A wet digestion was used to determine total trace metal concentrations, and a sequential extraction method was used to determine geochemical fractions of the metals. According to average total concentrations of all metals, except Pb, were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in clay soils. Sequential extraction analysis showed that potential mobile fractions were ordered as Cd (68.8%) > Pb (52.4%) > Cu (42.0%) > Zn (34.8%) > Ni (32.3%) > Cr (22.9%) in clay soils and as Cd (61.6%) > Pb (51.6%) > Cu (40.2%) > Zn (30.7%) > Ni (30.8%) > Cr (24.9%) in loamy soils. The results revealed that all metals, except Pb, in exchangeable/acid soluble, oxidizable and, potential mobile fractions were found to be significantly higher in clay soils (p < 0.05). It was figured out that clay contents played an effective role in total concentrations of metals and their distribution in geochemical fractions.
Characterization of olive pomace biochar produced at different temperatures and their temporal effects on soil aggregation and carbon content
(Springer, 2023) Kavdır, Yasemin; İlay, Remzi; Güven, Orhun Berk; Sungur, Ali
The properties of biochar may vary depending on feedstock type and producing temperature. The aim of this research was to understand the short-term effects of different pyrolysis temperatures and application rates of olive pomace biochar (OPB) on soil carbon (C), aggregate stability (AS), and aggregate size distribution for sandy loam soil. OPB was produced at low (350 °C) and high (700 °C) temperatures and incorporated into the soil at different rates and incubated for 6 months under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. OPB350 had low pH, high carbon, and nitrogen (N) values compared to OPB700. As the temperature increased the concentration of zinc, iron, manganese, copper, sodium, potassium, and magnesium in biochar increased. The BET surface area of OPB350 was 1.076 m2 g−1, and OPB 700 was 107.7 m2 g−1. Application of OPB improved soil aggregate stability and carbon content while the proportion of > 4 mm-aggregates and aggregate mean weight diameter decreased. OPB addition to soil increased microaggregate percentages and decreased macroaggregate percentages. OPB produced at high temperatures significantly increased soil AS value compared to OPB350.
Applying the Best–Worst Method for land evaluation: a case study for paddy cultivation in northwest Turkey
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Everest, Timuçin; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
Several multi-criteria decision-making methods are used in land suitability analyses. The main objective of this study is to present the potential use of the Best–Worst Method to determine agricultural land suitability. Study was conducted in 6837.26 ha land in Canakkale northwest Turkey. Nine land characteristics (texture, electrical conductivity, drainage, pH, depth, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, soil fertility index (N, P, K and Zn content) and CaCO3%) were used. Data obtained from the Best–Worst Method were compared with the results of Analytical Hierarchy Process, and Storie Index method. According to the Best–Worst Method, 5.76% of the land was highly suitable, 58.37% were moderately suitable, 31.93% were marginally suitable, and 3.94% were not suitable for paddy cultivation. To Analytical Hierarchy Process, 5.76% of the land was highly suitable, 61.42% were moderately suitable, 29.01% were marginally suitable, and 3.94% were not suitable and with respect to Storie Index method, 5.76% were highly suitable, 0.20% were moderately suitable, 57.78% were marginally suitable, and 36.26% were not suitable for paddy cultivation. There was a statistically positive correlation between the Best–Worst Method and Analytical Hierarchy Process (r =.997) and negative correlation between Storie Index. So, results showed that the data generated with the use of Best–Worst Method were consistent, reliable and complied with the data of Analytical Hierarchy Process. The advantage of the Best–Worst Method to other methods is to conduct less pairwise comparisons and has more practical and fast algorithm. So, the Best–Worst Method can reliably use in crop-based land suitability analyses.
Changes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination as affected by application of tomato plant biochar under salinity stress
(Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2022) İlay, Remzi
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of tomato biochar (TB) produced at 500 °C pyrolysis temperature and two holding times (TB20 and TB80) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and growth attributes under salinity stress (S) and non-saline conditions (NOS). TB20 and TB80 were mixed at the rates of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/w) with clay soil for S and NOS and wheat plant seed were sown in these mixtures. The effects of factors (salt, TB, S × biochar dose (DB) and S × holding time (PT) interactions) on germination parameters such as shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW) and dry weight (RDW), germination capacity (GC), seedling vigor index (SVI), germination rate index (GRI) and some ratios were evaluated at the end of germination period. Besides overcoming the stressful effects of salt, positive effects were observed clearly for all treatments with TB application. GC, SVI, GRI, SL, RL, SFW, RFW, SDW, RDW values increased with TB application 14%, 107%, 13%, 78%, 27%, 82%, 36.5%, 70%, 27%, respectively, in non-saline conditions while they increased with TB application by 18%, 300%, 18%, 222%, 57%, 193%, 64%, 130%, 25%, respectively, compared to control treatment in saline conditions. Furthermore, TB80 was observed effective in S, while TB20 was effective in NOS conditions. Also, TB application at the rate of 0.5% in NOS and 2% in S showed better results for many of the values investigated compared to other application rates.
Geochemical fractionation, source identifcation and risk assessments for trace metals in agricultural soils adjacent to a city center (Çanakkale, NW Turkey)
(Springer, 2021) Sungur, Ali; İşler, Mehmet
Agricultural lands around city centers are exposed to trace metal pollution through urbanization especially and industrialization-related human activities. This study investigates potential sources of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) in agricultural lands surrounding Çanakkale city center (NW Turkey) and estimates their environmental impacts with the sequential extraction procedure. Soil samples were taken from agricultural felds adjacent to the city center that represent all types of land use. The aqua regia wet digestion method was used to determine trace metal contents and the sequential extraction procedure was used to determine geochemical fractions of trace metals. Multivariate analysis was applied for source identifcation of trace metals. Contamination factors and risk assessment codes were used to assess current pollution. Trace metal contents were in the order: Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd. Recorded values were greater than the values specifed for agricultural land. Trace metal mobility based on totals for the frst three fractions was in the order: Cd (62%)>Pb (57%)>Cu (40%)>Ni (32%)>Cr (15%) and these fndings indicate that Cd and Pb exist mostly in mobile phases. These mobile phases were mostly attributed to anthropogenic sources. These fndings comply with the outcomes of statistical analysis. It was concluded that the soils were contaminated with Pb and Cd. While Pb poses moderate risks for the environment, Cd poses high risks. Considering the present fndings, it was observed that primarily Cd and partially Pb reached soils near urban areas, exhibited accumulation and may be easily incorporated into water and plants through the mobile phases. Therefore, it is concluded that the relevant metals, especially Cd, should be controlled and monitored.
An important tool against combat climate change: Land suitability assessment for canola (a case study: Çanakkale, NW Turkey)
(Springer, 2022) Everest, Timuçin; Koparan, Hakan; Sungur, Ali; Özcan, Hasan
Authorities working to combat climate change should consider land suitability studies for crop-based energy crops rather than broad and categorical land assessments, particularly over macro-areas, to facilitate decisions and policy-making. The primary objective of the present study was to identify suitable productive lands in canakkale province, NW Turkey for canola, which may constitute an alternative energy crop to fossil fuels and aid in combating climate change. Literature findings, land observations, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to generate a land suitability model for canola farming in arable lands of canakkale province. Within the scope of the study, 12 physical, chemical and topographic parameters (soil texture, pH, EC, depth, organic matter, N, P, K, CaCO3 contents, aspect, slope and elevation) were assessed. Analyses revealed that 5798.28 ha were highly suitable (S1), 18,647.11 ha were moderately suitable (S2), 9342.71 ha were marginally suitable (S3) and 3070.92 ha were not suitable (N) for canola farming. The topographic parameters of slope and soil depth were identified as the primary effective factors and chemical parameters of soil pH and EC were identified as the secondary effective factors. Climate change, alternative searches for energy resources and increasing land demands make it necessary to use land resources more effectively. The combination of GIS and AHP techniques provided useful results in the canola example for the utilization of land resources in accordance with increasing demands. Widespread use of this approach for different energy crops will provide a significant tool to the authorities for carbon management.
Trace metal fractions, sources, and risk assessment in sediments from Umurbey Stream (Çanakkale?Turkey)
(Springer, 2021) Eren, Sadiye Tuğçe; Sungur, Ali; Ekinci, Hüseyin
Trace metal contamination has become a worldwide problem for aquatic systems, as sediments act as a sink for trace metals. This study was conducted to assess geochemical fractions, sources and potential risks of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediments of Umurbey stream (Canakkale-Turkey). Sediment samples were taken from seven different locations of Umurbey stream. Aqua regia wet digestion procedure was applied to determine total contents of trace metals and BCR sequential extraction procedure was applied to determine geochemical fractions of trace metals. Trace metal total values were ordered as Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd. Just because of topography, geology, and agricultural practices, S4, S5, S6, and S7 sampling points had greater total trace metal concentrations than the other locations. Potential mobility of trace metals in sediment samples was ordered as Cd (62.1%) > Zn (60.8%) > Pb (54.8%) > Cu (46.1%) > Cr (43.0%) > Ni (29.7%). Cd, Zn, Pb, and partially Cu were encountered mostly in mobile phases. Multivariate analyses revealed that pollution in sediment samples was originated from not only anthropogenic but also natural factors. Except for Zn, trace metal concentrations were found to be at tolerable levels of biota. When the contamination factor and risk assessment code results were assessed together, it was observed that Cd, Zn, and partially Pb were weakly adsorbed onto sediments, thus might pose risks on environment in the long run.
Gübrelemenin Temel İlkeleri
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2008) Müftüoğlu, Nuray Mücella
GİRİŞ Bu kitap, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bölümünde okutulmakta olan “Gübrelemenin Temel İlkeleri” adlı ders kapsamında yazılmış olup bölüm öğrencileri ve ilgilenenlerin yararlanmasına sunulmuştur. Kitapta; günümüz şartlarında özellikle topraktan uygulanılarak kullanılan kimyasal gübreler ve bunların gübrelenmesi ile ilgili pratik bilgilerin verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kitaptaki konular, açık alan ve fertigasyon olmak üzere iki ana başlık altında incelenmiştir. Organik gübreler ve gübrelemelerine kitapta yer verilmemiştir. Yararlı olması dileği ile.
Çanakkale Koşullarında Andezitlerde Toprak Oluşumu
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2021-06-30) Ekinci, Hüseyin; Yüksel, Aykut
Çanakkale’nin Çan (Muratlar Köyü) ve Ayvacık (Bektaş Köyü) İlçelerinde yürütülen bu çalışma, yörede yaygın olarak bulunan andezitik kayaçlar üzerinde oluşmuş iki toprak profilinin fiziko-kimyasal ve minerolojik özelliklerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.Toprak örneklerinde fiziksel ve kimyasal analizler ve bazı mineralojik analizleri (XRD, SEM-EDX ve major oksit) yapılmış ve kimyasal ayrışma indeksi –CIA, plajioklas alterasyon indeksi – PIA ve SİO2/Al2O3 gibi bazı ayrışma oranları hesaplanmıştır Profil 1 yüzeyde kumlu kil tın, yüzey altında ise kil tın - kil, profil 2 ise genellikle kil tın ve kil bünye sınıfındadır. Profil 1 de CIA ve PIA ayrışma indeksleri profil 2 ye göre çok yüksek bulunmuştur. Buna göre feldspatların optimum ayrışma değerine yaklaştığı ve ileri derecede bir ayrışmanın gerçekleştiği saptanmıştır. Belirlenen yüksek değerdeki ayrışmada hidrotermal alterasyon etkili olmuştur. X-Işını difraksiyon (XRD) analiz sonuçlarında profil 1de yüzey horizonlarında kaolinit belirlenmiş, profilin alt katlarında ise yüksek oranda montmorillonite rastlanmıştır. Profil 2 de başat mineraller olarak özellikle feldspatlar ve muskovit belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, profil 1’in profil 2 ye göre ileri derecede ayrışma gösteren, daha farklı horizonlara sahip yaşlı bir profil olduğunu göstermektedir. Toprak profilleri toprak taksonomisine göre sırasıyla Ultic Haplustalf ve Mollic Haploxeralf, WRB sınıflamasına göre ise Leptic Luvisol (chromic clayic) ve Leptic Luvisol (chromic) olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.
Çanakkale Yöresindeki Granitik Toprakların Genesisi ve Bazı Özellikleri
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2021-06-30) Ekinci, Hüseyin; Tunç, Uğur
Bu çalışmada Namazgah (Yenice), Evciler (Bayramiç) ve Uluköy (Ezine) Köyü civarında granitler üzerinde oluşmuş üç adet toprak profili incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, farklı bölgelerden açılan toprak profillerinden alınan toprak numunelerinin kimyasal analizleri fiziksel analizleri, oksit analizleri, mineralojik (SEM, XRD) analizleri yapılarak açılan profile ait toprakların özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, topoğrafik değişimlerin ve farklılıkların granit kayaçların üzerinde oluşan toprağa ve bu toprakların sınıflandırılması üzerine olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerinin incelenerek ortaya koyma gayesi ile yapılmıştır. Toprak profillerinde genel olarak tınlı kum ve kumlu bünyenin baskın olduğu görülmüştür. Toprak asitliği (pH) genellikle 5 ile 6,9 arasında değişmekte olup asidik ve hafif asidik olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katyon değişim kapasitesi (KDK) değerleri kum içeriğinin yüksek olması nedeni ile düşüktür. İncelenen topraklarda X-Işını difraksiyon (XRD) analiz sonuçlarına göre, kuvars ve feldispatlar dominant minerallerdir. Toprak profillerinde toprak oluşumunun incelenmesinde SiO2/Al2O3 gibi ayrışma oranları ve kimyasal alterasyon indeksi (CIA) gibi indeksler kullanılmıştır. Bu indekslere göre, en yüksek kimyasal ayrışma indeksi 66 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma profilleri, analiz sonuçlarına ve morfolojik gözlemlere bağlı olarak toprak taksonomisi ve WRB sınıflandırma sistemine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Toprak taksonomisine göre profil 1 ve 2 Entisol, profil 3 ise Inceptisol ordolarında, WRB sistemine göre profil 1 ve 2 Arenosol, profil 3 ise Cambisol referans toprak gruplarında sınıflandırılmıştır.
Hidrotermal Akışkanlarca Etkilenen Toprakların Ağır Metal İçeriği ve Jeokimyasal Ayrışma Düzeyleri (Sarayköy-Denizli Örneği)
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2020-06-29) Özcan, Hasan; Soluk, Özcan
Jeotermal akışkanların kimyasal bileşimleri ve asidite değerlerindeki farklılaşmalar etkileşim halinde bulundukları topraklarda kimyasal reaksiyonlarda değişime neden olarak birikimlere ve/veya yıkanmalara neden olabilmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, Büyük Menderes grabeninde yer alan Denizli ili Buharkent-Sarayköy bölgesinde buhar çıkışı şeklinde görülen hidrotermal akışkanlarca etkilenen topraklarda, toprak profilindeki ağır metal içeriği ve jeokimyasal ayrışma düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Büyük Menderes Grabeninde 7 farklı noktada 0- 30cm, 30-60cm, 60-90cm ve 90-120 cm derinliklerinde alınan toprak örneklerinde ağır metal (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb ve Zn) analizleri ICP-OES, oksit analizleri ise XRF cihazında belirlenmiştir. Oksit analiz sonuçlarında jeokimyasal ayrışma düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesinde 8 farklı ayrışma indeksi uygulanmıştır. Tüm örnekleme noktalarındaki ortalama ağır metal analiz sonuçları değerlendiğinde Ni>Cr>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>Cd sıralaması belirlenmiştir. Ortalamalara göre en düşük ağır metal konsantrasyonu T1, en yüksek konsantrasyon ise T5 ve K2 noktasında bulunmuştur. Uygulanan ayrışma indekslerinden CIA, CIW, PIA ve V indeksine göre ayrışma sıralaması T3>T4>T5>K2>K1>T1-T2 şeklinde olup, en yüksek ayrışma T3-T4 noktalarındadır.
Farklı Ana Materyaller Üzerinde Oluşmuş Toprakların Ağır Metal İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi (Kırklareli, Türkiye)
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2020-06-29) Sungur, Ali; Tuğyan, Gökhan
Toprak sistemine ağır metaller, doğal ortamlarda kayaçların ayrışması sonucu ulaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma Kırklareli ilinde orman örtüsü altında farklı litolojilere sahip alanlarda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın amacı, farklı ana materyaller ve benzer bitki örtüsü-iklim etkisi altında oluşmuş toprakların ağır metal konsantrasyonlarını belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda dört farklı ana materyal (granit, şist, kireç taşı ve karasal kırıntı) üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda 0-20 cm derinlikte toplam 20 adet yüzey örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Toprak örnekleri kral suyu yaş yakma yöntemi ile ekstrakte edilmiş, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb ve Zn konsantrasyonları alevli atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi ile tayin edilmiştir. Farklı ana materyallerden oluşan topraklar arasındaki farkları belirlemek için deneysel verilerde varyans analizi (ANOVA) yapılmıştır (p<0,05). Ağır metal değişkenlerinin ortalamaları Tukey çoklu aralık testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Farklı ana materyaller üzerinde oluşmuş toprakların Cd içerikleri istatistiksel olarak bir farklılık göstermemiştir. Co, Ni, Pb ve Zn şist üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda en yüksek ve istatistiksel olarak bu farklılık önemli bulunmuştur. Co, Ni ve Pb kireç taşı üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda da ikincil düzeyde yüksek çıkmış ve bu farklılık yine istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Cu en fazla granit üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda (ortalama 90,25 ± 22,09 µg/g) olup bu farklılaşma istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde en düşük metal konsantrasyonları karasal kırıntı üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda ve en yüksek konsantrasyonları (Cu hariç) ise şist üzerinde oluşmuş topraklarda olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Güncel Gönderiler