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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12428/2205

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From Wastewater to Worth: Eco-Friendly Nanoparticle Synthesis Based on Microalgae Cultivated in Industrial Wastewater
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Kayan, İremsu; Şenol Bahçeci, Dilek; Güleç, Neslihan; Dalgıç, Büşra; Ayman Öz, Nilgün
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in this study through the utilization of microalgae (MA). The bioactive compounds included in microalgae make them natural antibacterial and antifungal agents. However, cultivating microalgae typically necessitates specialized medium, hence elevating expenses. Consequently, to lower costs, this study utilized industrial wastewater, specifically cheese whey wastewater (CWW). Therefore, a form of wastewater recycling has been accomplished, and a sustainable production process has been implemented. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Nannochloropsis sp., a type of microalgae, by the green synthesis process. Silver nanoparticles (MA + AgNPs, CWW + MA + AgNPs) derived from microalgae cultivated in both pure and cheese whey media have been synthesized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurement have been conducted to observe the production of silver nanoparticles. Their biological actions have been compared. The results indicate that silver nanoparticles derived from microalgae exhibit significant antibacterial activity (inhibition zones up to 17 mm and minimum inhibition concentration [MIC] values down to 31.25 mu g/mL). The characteristics of silver nanoparticles derived from microalgae that influence antioxidant activity and DNA damage have been effectively demonstrated. This study reveals the biotechnological potential of microalgae and the environmental advantages of utilizing wastewater. These in vitro findings show that microalgae-derived nanoparticles display wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity even at very low concentrations and when this is considered in terms of sustainable production process, the mentioned nanoparticles may be promising materials that can be used in future medical and industrial application.
Investigating the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Vortioxetine with in vivo and in silico methods
(Nature Portfolio, 2025) Çiçekliyurt, Meliha Merve; İnan, Pınar; Günay, Melih; Akkuş, Gülsüm; Çiçekliyurt, Altuğ
Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant with reported benefits on cognitive functioning, social functioning, and fatigue, however its potential genotoxic risks have not been adequately studied. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of vortioxetine in vivo and in silico. Genotoxic effects were assessed using Chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) assays in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocyte. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through Mitotic index (MI), and DNA interaction was analysed by UV titration and agarose gel electrophoresis. In silico analyses were performed with Attraction Cavities and AutoDock Vina methods. Experimental results demonstrate that vortioxetine binds to Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) through intercalative interactions and cleaves pBR322 DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. DNA binding studies indicated that groove binding is the effective interaction between vortioxetine and CT-DNA (Kb: 6.25 × 105 M− 1). It was also supported by molecular docking results, where binding affinities of vortioxetine and escitalopram were − 7.29 and − 7.69 kcal/mol for Attracting Cavities and − 6.01 and − 6.57 kcal/mol for AutoDock Vina. When comparing vortioxetine to escitalopram, both drugs were found to be potentially genotoxic. These findings suggest a potential genotoxic risk with prolonged use and provide valuable insight for clinicians in evaluating long-term safety.
Hemocytes: Central drivers of antimicrobial peptide expression and immune proteins in both cellular and humoral responses of Galleria mellonella
(Wiley, 2025) Kaya, Serhat; Turgut Genç, Tülay; Günay, Melih
Insects have an effective innate immune system that includes both cellular and humoral responses for defense against pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides like gallerimycin and galiomycin, as well as immune proteins like hemolin, are the important effectors of the humoral immune response in Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). Encapsulation, on the contrary, is one of the important cellular immune responses. This study investigated the tissue-specific expression of an immune effector in G. mellonella larvae after injection with Candida albicans (C.P. Robin) (Ascomycota: Debaryomycetaceae) and silica beads. The gene expression of gallerimycin, galiomycin, and hemolin was examined in total larvae, hemocytes, and fat bodies at 4 and 24 h following injection. Our findings indicate that hemocytes serve as the main site for AMP synthesis, especially after bead injection, implying a more effective immune recognition mechanism relative to pathogen injection. Furthermore, we detected higher hemolin expression in hemocytes than fat tissue, indicating its role in hemocyte-mediated immune responses. Encapsulation rates were also evaluated in bead-injected larvae. At 4 h post-injection, most beads were weakly encapsulated, whereas by 24 h, the majority were strongly encapsulated, reflecting a time-dependent maturation of the immune response. These results show that G. mellonella has a unique immune system, with hemocytes playing a key role in regulating AMP production and immune responses during infection. This study provides deeper insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of insect immunity, positioning G. mellonella as a valuable model for studying host-pathogen interactions.
A new species of Aphis Linnaeus, 1758 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from the northwestern Türkiye with a key to the species of the subgenus Bursaphis Baker, 1934
(Magnolia Press, 2024) Kök, Şahin; Karabacak, Ersin; Yaşar, İpek; Kasap, İsmail; Barjadze, Shalva
The new aphid species-Aphis (Bursaphis) kazdagensis sp. nov. living on Papaver pilosum subsp. strictum (Papaveraceae) in Çanakkale Province, Türkiye, is described based on the apterous viviparous females. Diagnosis of the subgenus Bursaphis with respect to other species is given. Aphis popovi Mordvilko, 1932 is transferred from the subgenus Aphis to the subgenus Bursaphis. An updated identification key for apterous viviparous females to all Bursaphis species is provided.
Health assessment of fan mussels in the southern part of the Sea of Marmara
(Natl Centre Marine Research, 2025) Karadurmuş, Uğur; Ertürk Gürkan, Selin; Gürkan, Mert; Künili, İbrahim Ender; Turgay, Emre; Sarı, Mustafa
The fan mussel (Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758), a critically endangered species in the Mediterranean Sea, has experienced mass mortality events (MME) due to various pathogens, particularly the protozoan parasite Haplosporidium pinnae. Despite these challenges, the Sea of Marmara (SoM) still has significant populations of fan mussels, with no infection-related MME reported so far. This study aimed to assess the general health status of fan mussels in the SoM and understand the factors that contribute to their survival. The samples were collected on September 25, 2023, around the Kapıdağ Peninsula in the southern part of the SoM, a critical area for fan mussel populations, where a total of 20 live specimens were included in advanced laboratory analysis from four stations. Findings revealed that Haplosporidium and Mycobacterium species were present in P. nobilis across all stations, with higher oxidative stress indicators in the digestive gland tissues. Results also observed different life stages of Haplosporidium in the mantle and digestive gland. Molecular analyses revealed the presence of haplosporidian parasites, Perkinsus sp., and Mycobacterium sp. in some samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Haplosporidium isolates form a distinct clade separate from H. pinnae, suggesting they belong to a different species. The detected Haplosporidium species in the SoM displayed genetic differences from H. pinnae found in the Mediterranean Sea, potentially indicating a less virulent variant. This study raised the question of whether interactions between the detected Haplosporidium parasite and other pathogens or region-specific ecological characteristics were effective in the absence of a mass mortality in fan mussels in the SoM.
Determination of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Atropa belladonna L.
(Kastamonu University, 2025) Sayım, Merve Ülkü; Pala, Ruveyde; Yaman, Cenker; Gül, Gizem; Benek, Atakan; Turu, Dilay; Bozyel, Mustafa Eray
Aim of study: Bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics have become one of the major challenges facing global healthcare systems. This study evaluates the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Atropa belladonna extracts against an extended variety of microbial strains, addressing the urgent need due to increasing resistance. Material and method: In this study, disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration testing, and DPPH antioxidant analyses were conducted on the Atropa belladonna plant. Main results: Using the ethanol extract, antimicrobial activity was tested against 26 bacterial and one yeast strain by disc diffusion, showing inhibitory effects on six microorganisms (four standard strains and two food isolates). MIC assays identified activity against Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, and Enterococcus durans. The DPPH assay demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity at 200 mg/mL concentration, reaching 71.34%. Research highlights: The study results emphasize the need to consider Atropa belladonna's antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities. Therefore, the study should be combined with various doses, strains, or methods.
Micropropagation and Acclimatization of Hypericum aucheri
(Mdpi, 2025) Cambaz, Ebru; Çördük, Nurşen
Hypericum aucheri is a Hypericum species distributed in T & uuml;rkiye as well as Greece and Bulgaria with notable pharmacological potential. Its medicinal importance underlines the need for effective propagation strategies. This study developed an in vitro micropropagation protocol using nodal explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins-6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0, 1, 2 mg L-1) or kinetin (KIN) (0, 1, 2 mg L-1)-combined with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 0.5, 1 mg L-1) for shoot induction. The highest shoot induction and multiplication (100% and multiplication coefficient of 10.0) were achieved with KIN (2 mg L-1). Rooting was most successful on MS medium supplemented with alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (1 mg L-1) and activated charcoal (AC) (1 mg L-1), resulting in 100% rooting. Acclimatized plantlets showed an 80% survival rate under ex vitro conditions. This study presents the first efficient micropropagation system for H. aucheri, contributing to its ex situ conservation and providing a foundation for future pharmacological and biotechnological research.
IV. International Eurasian Mycology Congress (EMC’24) Book of Proceedings
(Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2024) Bican Süerdem, Tülay; Özcan Ateş, Gülçin; Demirel Zorba, Nükhet N.; Asan, Ahmet; Bican Süerdem, Tülay; Özcan Ateş, Gülçin; Demirel Zorba, Nükhet N.; Asan, Ahmet
[No Abstract Available]
Effects of Different Doses of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) on Pubertal Development and Hormones in Male Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
(Wiley, 2025) Balkan, Emine İnci; Kıral, İlke Ceren; Gündüz, Bülent
AIM:The effects of lavender, known for its calming effect, on the nervous system and reproductive system are being investigated. This study examines the development of male offspring exposed to different doses of lavender extract from the pregnancy period onwards. METHODS:Eight adult female and forty adult male offspring Syrian hamsters in a long photoperiod (16L) were assigned to four groups: the control group, the groups that received 50 mg/kg, the groups that received 100 mg/kg, and the groups that received 200 mg/kg lavender extract applied. Lavender extract was injected to the pregnant females in the experimental group during the last week of pregnancy and throughout the lactation period. From the 15th day after birth, male offspring were separated into groups of 5, with blood samples taken at midday and midnight. The doses were injected for 40 days. Weekly testis measurements were taken. Changes in serum leptin and testosterone hormones taken at the end of the experiment were determined. Testis histology was examined. RESULTS:The experimental groups showed no significant difference in leptin levels (p>0.05), although testosterone levels remained lower than in the control group (p<0.05). Testicular weights in the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05). Additionally, there was a decrease in Leydig cells and spermatogenesis in testicular histology in these groups. CONCLUSIONS:The physiological effects of plant extracts are not well studied, despite the fact that lavender is being used more and more in various fields. However, it is also known that higher dosages lower testosterone hormone levels and suppress the reproductive system in mature animals. This study evaluated the effects of various doses of lavender on the reproductive development of pubertal offspring from pregnancy onward, and for the first time, it was found to have negative impacts on development.
Discrepancies in the number of lines of arrested growth (LAG) in the tissues of the humerus and phalanx of sea turtles
(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Sandık, Emre; Sönmez, Bektaş; Yalçın Özdilek, Şükran
Information on the age of vertebrate species such as sea turtles is crucial for planning management and conservation actions. The age of sea turtles has been estimated by skeletochronological analysis using skeletal growth marks in different bones. This study focused on the consistency of the number of visible lines of arrested growth (LAG) observed from the humerus and phalanx bone used for age estimation in Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta. We collected 67 humeri and phalanges of C. mydas (n = 47) and C. caretta (n = 20) from Samanda & gbreve; beach, eastern Mediterranean in 2020-2022. LAG in the humerus and phalanx of the same individual were counted by two readers, and their consistency with each other was determined by percent agreement (PA), average percent error (APE), and coefficient of variation (CV). The significance of the difference between them was determined by the McNemar test. The mean number of visible LAG counted from the humerus is greater than the mean number of visible LAG counted from the phalanx, i.e., the humerus contains more growth marks than the phalanx. However, in individuals up to 15 LAG in C. mydas and 10 LAG in C. caretta, the mean number of visible LAG observed in both bone tissues is compatible. This was supported by the differences in the resorption rates calculated in both bones, indicating that the number of LAG lost due to resorption may also differ between these two bone types. It is recommended that the back calculation and/or correction factor applied for the humerus be avoided for the phalanx.
Investigation of the probiotic effects of Lactobacillus sakei 2-3 and Candida zeylanoides Y12-3 strains in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792)
(Springer, 2025) Taha, Mohanad Dheyaa; Didinen, Behire Işıl; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gürkan, Mert; Kenanoğlu, Osman Nezih
This study aimed to assess individual and combined effects of candidate probiotic strains C. zeylanoides Y12-3 and L. sakei 2-3 on growth, hematological parameters, serum immunological parameters, serum biochemistry, histopathology, histomorphology, expression of immune and antioxidant enzyme genes, and disease resistance against L. garvieae in rainbow trout. The fish were fed four different feeds (control, L. sakei 2-3, C. zeylanoides Y12-3, and L. sakei 2-3 + C. zeylanoides Y12-3) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth parameters, serum glucose levels, serum lysozyme activity, and expression of immune and antioxidant enzyme genes were significantly increased in the probiotic groups. Additionally, triglyceride levels decreased in the probiotic groups compared to the control group, whereas serum ALT levels did not change. The villus width and the number of goblet cells increased in the proximal intestines of the fish in C. zeylanoides and L. sakei + C. zeylanoides groups. L. sakei 2-3 showed higher superoxide anion production, expression of immune genes (IgM, IL-B1, lysozyme, TNF-alpha, HSP70) in the kidney, antioxidant enzyme genes (GPX, GST, SOD) in the liver compared to C. zeylanoides. TNF-alpha, HSP70), and antioxidant enzyme genes (GPX, GST, SOD) compared to C. zeylanoides. L. sakei and the combination of L. sakei + C. zeylanoides provided resistance to L. garvieae compared to the control group. However, C. zeylanoides was similar to the other two probiotic groups regarding disease resistance against L. garvieae. However, histopathological examinations revealed reversible changes in the proximal intestine, anterior kidney, and liver of fish in the C. zeylanoides and L. sakei + C. zeylanoides groups. Hence, future studies are still required to explore the effects of shorter-term use of the C. zeylanoides strain in rainbow trout to prevent undesirable effects on tissues. In brief, the findings, as mentioned above, showed that L. sakei 2-3 and C. zeylanoides Y12-3 could be potential probiotic candidates for use in rainbow trout farming. Moreover, the probiotic effects of both strains on different fish species should also be studied.
Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on human lymphocytes: A comprehensive analysis
(Elsevier, 2025) Berber, Ahmet Ali; Akıncı Kenanoğlu, Nihan; Demir, Şefika Nur; Aksoy, Hüseyin
A growing amount of plastic waste is finding its way into natural ecosystems as a result of the widespread usage of plastics in modern society. These wastes degrade physically and biologically over time, transforming into microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). MPs and NPs emissions from the terrestrial environment then mix with rivers and eventually the seas, forming garbage. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of 50 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PsNP) on human lymphocytes were assessed using the in vitro mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and comet assays. Both 24 and 48-h applications were performed for MI, and it was determined that 50 nm PsNP provided a statistically significant decrease in MI compared to the control at all concentrations and application times (except 0.001 and 0.1 mu g/mL at 24 h). According to the MN test results, the MN frequency increased significantly at all concentrations when compared to the negative control. In the comet test, a statistically significant increase of comet tail length was observed at 0.001, 10 and 100 mu g/mL concentration with 50 nm PsNP exposure. Tail moment also showed a statistically significant increase at the lowest concentration of 0.001 mu g/mL and the highest concentration of 1, 10, 100 mu g/mL compared to the negative control. All test results show that PsNP has both genotoxic and cytotoxic potential.
Deciphering the genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of teicoplanin: a combined laboratory and computational investigation
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Berber, Ahmet Ali; Alıravcı, Işıl Deniz; Akıncı Kenanoğlu, Nihan; Demir, Şefika Nur
In this study, the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the teicoplanin antibiotic were first investigated using the Vega Hub and Toxtree software through in silico prediction. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were evaluated using in vitro assays, including the mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), nuclear division index (NDI), and Comet Assay (CA) in human lymphocytes. In the in vitro studies, both 24-hour and 48-hour exposures were conducted for MI, and teicoplanin significantly decreased MI compared to the control at all concentrations. In addition, a significant increase was detected in the MN frequency compared to the negative control at all concentrations. In the Comet assay, tail length significantly increased compared to the control at all concentrations except for 5.6 mu g/mL, while tail moment and comet tail intensity significantly increased at all concentrations compared to the control. In conclusion, within the concentration range used in this study, teicoplanin was found to have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.
Use of Chitosan-Coated Conductive Copper/Nanoparticle Polymer in Drug Delivery System by Encapsulation Method
(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2024) Şenol Bahçeci, Dilek; Kocaeren, Aysel Aydın; Demir, Neslihan; Dalgıç, Büşra
In this study, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid was polymerized by the oxidative polymerization method. Copper nanoparticles of the synthesized PSa were prepared with copper sulfate solution. Structural analysis of the synthesized compounds were determined by FTIR, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR measurements. Its optical properties were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, thermal analysis by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) device, morphological properties by scanning electron microscope (SEM) device, and crystallographic properties by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) device. Additionally, HOMO-LUMO band gaps were calculated by determining oxidation-reduction peak potential values with the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) device. Since CuNPs@PSa shows very good antimicrobial properties against some yeasts and bacteria, its usability in drug release was investigated. For this, Ch-CuNPs@PSa encapsulation study was carried out by coating CuNPs@PSa with chitosan (Ch). Encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and in vitro release kinetics were calculated. As a result, it was observed that chitosan encapsulation increased the antimicrobial effect against bacteria and yeasts and achieved the release in a controlled manner. It has been determined that Ch-CuNPs@PSa can be used in drug delivery systems as it has an Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) of 98.70%, a Loading Capacity (LC) of 78.96% and a cumulative release of 98.84%. In this case, it can be said that the obtained Ch-CuNPs@PSa can be evaluated as effective in drug release studies.
Assessment of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in COVID-19 patients
(Cukurova Univ, Fac Medicine, 2025) Alıravcı, Işıl Deniz; Berber, Ahmet Ali; Akıncı Kenanoğlu, Nihan; Ertekin, Yusuf Haydar
Purpose: The objective of our study was to ascertain whether the SARS-CoV-2 virus exerts direct cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human blood defence cells. Materials and Methods: An in vitro analysis was conducted to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the virus using three established tests: the mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and comet assay (CA). These tests were applied to blood samples from 101 patients. The blood samples were simultaneously analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The study population included patients of all ages and genders who presented to the outpatient clinic with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory tract infection and fever. Results: The frequency of MN in the human lymphocytes of COVID-19-infected patients (1.06) was higher compared to COVID-19-negative patients (0.68). Similarly, in COVID-19-positive individuals, parameters such as tail length (3.67), tail moment (1.786), and tail intensity in the comet assay showed a significant increase compared to the negative control, indicating DNA damage. In the cytotoxicity assessment, the MI frequency of COVID-19-positive individuals (0.041) was significantly lower than that of negative controls (0.051). Gender did not influence the cyto/genotoxicity (except for tail length) in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Among age groups, the SARS-CoV-2 virus increased MI frequency and tail intensity only in middle-aged individuals (26-36 years). Conclusion: The SARS-CoV-2 virus has the potential to induce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the human lymphocytes of infected individuals.
Morphological Assessment and Head Plate Variation of Lebanon Lizard, Phoenicolacerta laevis (Gray, 1838) from Osmaniye, Türkiye
(Folium Publ Co, 2025) Yakın, Batuhan Yaman; Selçuk, Ahmet Yesari; Günay, Ulvi Kerem; Tok, Cemal Varol
In this study, the sexual variations of the dorsal, ventral and lateral head plates of P. laevis specimens collected from Osmaniye, T & uuml;rkiye (southern Anatolia) were examined and various body measurements were measured by classical morphometric methods and sexual variations were determined by both methods. According to the classical morphometrics, male specimens were found to be larger than female specimens in terms of PL, PW, HW but not SVL (P-PL <0.05; P-PW <0.05; P-HW <0.05; P-SVL = 0.4741). On the other hand, Ax-In averages were found be larger in female specimens than in male specimens. In addition, statistically significant differences were found for all ratios. Geometric morphometric analyses showed sexual dimorphism was detected between the dorsal, ventral and lateral head plates. The parietals were wider in males, and the prefrontal narrowed laterally from posterior to anterior. The rostrale was smaller in males, suboculare was backward and higher positioned in females. Inframaxillary positioned more angled in males. All result showed males has a head; wider at posterior and sharpened in anterior. Also, for dorsal (P < 0.0001) and, lateral (P < 0.0001) head plates allometric shape changes were observed but not for the ventral (P: 0.1196) head plates.
Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Four Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars at Different Drought Stress Levels
(MDPI, 2025) Teker Yıldız, Müge; Akı, Cüneyt
Drought, one of the abiotic stress factors that threatens world food security, destructively limits the growth and development of agricultural plants. Therefore, determining drought-resistant cultivars is of vital importance against increasing climate change. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important economic agricultural plants grown worldwide. In this study, different drought stress tolerances (10% PEG (Polyethylene Glycol 6000) and water scarcity) were applied to four commercial tomato cultivars (Rio Grande, Falcon, H-2274, Tyfrane F1) and the effects of drought stress were evaluated within the scope of physiological (germination percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, total chlorophyll content, relative water content) and biochemical (protein amount, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase activity (POX), catalase activity (CAT), hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation activity (TBARs)) parameters. According to the research results, it was determined that drought stress leads to decreased root-shoot lengths, chlorophyll content, relative water content, fresh and dry weights, and antioxidant enzyme activities in Falcon and H-2274 cultures, increasing TBARs and H2O2 amounts. While the relative water content, which is an indicator of drought stress, shows the water status of the plant, antioxidant enzyme systems are evidence of the resilience of the defense mechanisms of the cultures. In this context, the Falcon cultivar had significantly reduced shoot length (21%, 37%), relative water content (20%, 30%), chlorophyll content (7%, 23%), fresh weight (51%, 49%) and dry weight (9%, 29%) under PEG and water scarcity application; in contrast to these reductions, TBARs (2%, 14%) and H2O2 content (3%, 15%) were significantly increased compared to the control, proving that it is a susceptible cultivar. On the other hand, a slight decrease in relative water content (1%, 3%), a slight increase in total chlorophyll content (6%), intense CAT activity (50%, 67%) and SOD activity (30%), but a decrease in lipid peroxidation level (5%, 22%) and a decrease in H2O2 content (11%, 15%), were detected in the Rio Grande cultivar in PEG and water scarcity treatment compared to the control, proving that this cultivar is resistant to drought and can be effectively grown in water-scarce areas. It was determined that four tomato cultivars had different perception and antioxidant defense systems against drought stress. As a result, when four tomato cultivars under different drought stress levels were evaluated in terms of physiological and biochemical parameters, the tolerance levels were determined as Rio Grande > Tyfrane F1 approximate to Tyfrane F1 > H-2274 > Falcon. In this context, the different responses of tomato cultivars to PEG and water scarcity are important for the selection of drought-resistant cultivars and the development of strategies to increase plant productivity under abiotic stress conditions.
Comparison of Two Bacillus Strains Isolated from the Coastal Zone in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Under Salt Stress
(MDPI, 2025) Teker Yıldız, Müge; Acar, Okan
Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that negatively affects sustainable crop production, agricultural productivity, and microbial life. Increasing salt stress negatively affects the growth and development of barley, posing a threat to global food security. It is now known that inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has significant potential in increasing stress tolerance and yield in agricultural products. This study focused on the effects of Bacillus cereus CUN6 and Bacillus thuringiensis SIRB2, isolated from the coastal zone and tested for their PGPR capacities, on physiological (root length, shoot length, biomass, dry weight) and biochemical (total chlorophyll, total protein, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, peroxidase activity (POX), catalase activity (CAT)) analyses in Hordeum vulgare L. seedlings under salt stress. The results showed that the two bacterial inoculations alleviated the negative effects of salt stress by increasing the root-shoot length, biomass, dry weight, chlorophyll content, and total protein content in barley plants. However, B. thuringiensis increased growth and development especially in root length, biomass, and dry weight compared to B. cereus. On the other hand, B. cereus significantly increased root length, biomass, and chlorophyll content under salt stress; these increases were 17%, 5%, and 7%, respectively. B. thuringiensis chlorophyll content increased by 4% in 300 mM NaCl compared to the control. When compared in terms of the antioxidant defense system, B. thuringiensis inoculation was more effective on CAT activity, while B. cereus inoculation was more effective on POX activity. Under salt stress, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis inoculation significantly decreased H2O2 content in barley; these decreases were 16% and 10%, respectively. Additionally, TBARs content was significantly decreased by B. cereus and B. thuringiensis inoculation under salt stress; these decreases were determined as 8% and 9%, respectively, compared to the control. These results indicated that both bacterial inoculations can alleviate the salt tolerance of barley seedlings by regulating antioxidant metabolism. This research focused on the potential of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis as biofertilizers against salt stress in barley based on physiological and biochemical analysis.
Spatial Variation of Soft Bottom Arthropoda and Echinodermata Fauna in the Aegean Sea
(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2024) Aslan, Herdem
A study was conducted on the community of the arthropod and echinoderm fauna in the Aegean Sea of Turkish coast between August 12th and 19th, 2014. Sampling was obtained utilizing a van Veen grab at 16 stations between Edirne-Enez and Marmaris by the R/V TUBITAK Marmara at depths ranging from 11.5 to 69 m. In the study area, an average of 79 individuals m-2 of 68 arthropod species with an average weight of 1.3 g m-2; a total density of 18 individuals m-2 of 13 echinoderm species with a weight of 22 g m-2 were obtained. Amphipod Gammaropsis sophiae and ophiuroid Amphiura cherbonnieri are new record species for the Aegean coast of Turkiye. The frequency index indicates that tanaid Apseudopsis latreillii and Ophiroid Amphipholis squamata are the most common taxa. The quantitative dominance results for all study areas demonstrate that tanaid Chondrochelia savignyi and ophiroid Amphiura chiajei were the most dominant species. The highest number of species (33 species), abundance (373 ind m-2) and biomass (247 g m-2) were found in the station & Ccedil;e & scedil;me while no species could be obtained at station outer Izmir Bay. In the implementation of ecosystembased management strategies, the presentation of qualitative and quantitative information regarding fauna is of great importance
Prevention of Browning during in vitro Cultures of Verbascum scamandri
(World Researchers Associations, 2025) Cambaz, E.; Çördük, Nurşen
Browning, a common problem in plant tissue cultures, can hinder callus production and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. This study investigates browning in the in vitro callus culture of Verbascum scamandri, a plant species with significant medicinal potential. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of various browning inhibitors. In the study, leaf explants from 15-week-old plants grown in vitro were used to investigate browning in callus cultures. Explants were cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.7% phyto agar and 2 mg/L Kinetin, which was chosen for its high callus proliferation. Treatments included various concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and combinations of browning inhibitors (PEG, PVP, AA, CA, AC and AA+CA), as well as dark culture conditions. The density of browning and callus was recorded and calculated after 28 days including texture and color data of induced calli. According to the results, it was found that the most effective treatment for the prevention of browning is culturing in dark conditions. Additionally, it was observed that in this treatment, the density of callus induction was higher and the induced calli did not brown and had a compact texture. © 2025 World Researchers Associations. All rights reserved.

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