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    24-Epibrassinolide promotes arsenic tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana L. by altering stress responses at biochemical and molecular level
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2019) Surgun-Acar, Yonca; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye
    In this study, the effect of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on antioxidant system in Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated under arsenate [As(V)] stress. The enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), total antioxidant status, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and free proline content, as well as the expression levels of SOD isoforms (Cu-ZnSODs, FeSODs and MnSOD), CAT isoforms (CAT1, CAT2 and CAT3), some heat shock proteins (Hsp70-4 and Hsp90-1) and proline biosynthesis (P5CS1 and P5CS2) genes were determined in rosette leaves of eight-week old plants under exposure of 100 and 200 mu M As(V) and/or 1 mu M EBL treatments for 24 h. Total SOD and CAT enzyme activities increased as a result of 100 mu M As(V) + EBL treatments compared to 100 As(V) treatment. Total antioxidant and proline levels increased in plants subjected to As(V), and the treatment of EBL together with stress caused further increase. As the MDA level increased in As-treated plants, 100 mu M As(V) + EBL treatment decreased MDA level. Transcript levels of CSD1, CSD2, FSD1, FSD2, MSD1 and CAT2 genes increased as a result of combined treatment of EBL and As(V) compared to control and alone stress treatments (except CSD1 gene). Expression level of CSD3, CAT1 and CAT3 genes were downregulated in response to As(V) and/or EBL treatments. EBL application alone and in combination with As(V) elevated the expression level of P5CS1 gene dramatically. Treatment with 100 mu M As(V) and EBL increased the transcript level of Hsp70-4 and Hsp90-1 genes in leaves compared to 100 mu M As(V) treatment. To our best knowledge, this is the first detailed study to evaluate the improving effect of EBL on antioxidant defense system at biochemical and transcriptional level in A. thaliana plants under As(V) stress.
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    Dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract enhances growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and growth related genes expression in common carp Cyprinus carpio
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2020) Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye; Acar, Umit; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    It is not desirable to use synthetic chemicals as growth promoters in aquaculture. Therefore, phytogenic compounds have been extensively studied in fish diets due to their growth promoter effects. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is widely distributed around the world and has been reared in Asia for several centuries. This study was conducted to determine the effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.50 and 1%) on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity in the intestine and the expression levels of some growth-related genes in the brain. liver, head kidney and mucsle tissue of common carp C. carpio. At the end of the 60-day feeding period, there was a significant increase in growth performance in the OLE0.1 and OLE0.25 groups. Similar trends have been obtained for digestive enzyme activities such as a-amylase, protease and lipase. Morover, the expression of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was regulated by OLE supplemented by up to 0.25% in brain, liver, head kidney and muscle tissue. This study confirms that dietary OLE may enhance the growth performance of the common carp by activating the digestive enzyme activity in the intestine and increase the expression of genes (GH and IGF-I) related with growth in brain, liver, head kidneys and muscle tissue of common carp up to use 0.10% in diets.
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    Dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract increases haematological, serum biochemical parameters and immune related genes expression level in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye; Acar, Umit; Yılmaz, Sevdan
    The present study investigated the effects of dietary olive leaf (Olea europea L.) extract (OLE) on some blood parameters and immune (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-8) related genes in different tissues (head kidney, liver and spleen) and resistance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio to Edwardsiella tarda. Five diets were prepared for fed fish (mean body weight 15.90 +/- 0.93 g) with different rates of OLE (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.0%). A control diet was prepared non-supplemented with OLE. Increased haematocrit ratio, serum myeloperoxidase activity, immune response gene levels (IL-1 beta in head kidney tissue and TNF-alpha in spleen tissue) and survival rate against E. tarda particularly in the 0.1% OLE treatment group. In conclusion, results of the present study show that feeding common carp with a diet containing 1 g/kg OLE over a period of 60 days might be adequate to improve fish immune parameters, and survival rate against E. tarda. Therefore, OLE can be used as a dietary additive to prevent E. tarda in common carp.
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    Ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on common carp: Insights into blood parameters, DNA damage, and gene expression
    (Wiley, 2024) Acar, Umit; Inanan, Burak Evren; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye
    Plastics are ubiquitous in modern society due to their cost-effectiveness, lightweight nature, and versatility. However, their extensive use and inadequate recycling have led to a significant environmental challenge, with plastic waste accumulating rapidly and causing ecological and health problems, especially in aquatic environments. Nanoplastics, particles ranging from 1 to 100 nm, have emerged as a particularly concerning subset due to their ability to easily penetrate biological barriers and accumulate in tissues. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of carboxylate-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a species often used in ecotoxicology research due to its ability to accumulate pollutants. The PS-NPs were characterized, and their effects on DNA damage gene expression related to oxidative stress and immunity were examined. PS-NPs with a diameter of 20-30 nm were found to possess a spherical shape and negatively charged surfaces. Exposure to PS-NPs led to significant DNA damage in the blood and brain cells of common carp, with higher concentrations resulting in more severe damage. Additionally, PS-NP exposure influenced the expression of genes related to antioxidative defense and stress response in the liver. Specifically, genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) showed upregulation, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) exhibited downregulation at higher PS-NP concentrations. Furthermore, the immune-related genes interleukin-1 ss (IL-1 ss), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) displayed dose-dependent downregulation in the liver tissue. These findings suggest that exposure to PS-NPs induces oxidative stress, disrupts immune responses, and causes DNA damage in common carp. The results highlight the need for further research on the environmental impacts of PS-NPs and underscore the importance of proper waste management and recycling practices to mitigate plastic pollution. Plastics are widely used because of their affordability, versatility, and lightness. However, their inadequate recycling has led to environmental challenges, notably in aquatic ecosystems. Nanoplastics pose significant concerns due to their ability to accumulate in tissues. In this study on common carp, exposure to PS-NPs resulted in DNA damage, altered gene expression related to oxidative stress and immunity, and disrupted immune responses. These findings emphasize the urgent need for better waste management and recycling practices to combat plastic pollution.
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    Effects of Essential Oil Derived from the Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium) on Growth Performance, Histology and Gene Expression Levels in Common Carp Juveniles (Cyprinus carpio)
    (MDPI AG, 2021) Acar, Ümit; Kesbic, Osman Sabri; Yılmaz, Sevdan; İnanan, Burak Evren; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye; Terzi, Funda; Fazio, Francesco; Parrino, Vincenzo
    The aim of this study was to detect effects of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) essential oilcommonly called neroli oil (NO) (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, and 1.5% referred to as NO0 NO0.25, NO0. 05, NO1 and NO1.5, respectively) on growth performance output and expression levels of some growth-related genes in the muscle tissue and some immune-related genes in the head kidney and pathologicadifferences in digestive system organs of common carp Cyprinus carpio. The NO0.25 group had a large improvement in growth efficiency at the end of the 60-day feeding cycle. Real-time PCR (Bio RAD, USA) system was used to detect variations in gene expression levels. Furthermore, NO supplementation of up to 0.25% in muscle tissue controlled the release of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Furthermore, in the NO0.25 treatment category, immune response gene levels TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-1ß increased in head kidney tissue. In the histological examination of the liver and intestine, there were significant differences between fish fed with N1 and N1.5 dietsThis study confirms that dietary supplementation of NO up to 0.25% can improve common carp growth efficiency and increase the expression of genes (GH and IGF-I) related to muscle growthTNF-α, IL-8 and IL-1ß genes related to immune status, and liver and intestine histological status ocommon carp.
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    Exogenous Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improves Manganese Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana L. via the Modulation of Antioxidant System
    (Springer, 2022) Surgun-Acar, Yonca; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye
    The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) hormone in supporting adaptation of plant to manganese (Mn) stress. For this purpose, changes in antioxidant system and stress-related gene expression were determined in rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana following 24-h exposure to Mn (0.5 and 1.0 mM) and/or EBL (1 µM). Decreased chlorophyll level in the rosette leaves of seedlings due to Mn stress increased consequent to exogeneous EBL application. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities alongside transcript level of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (CSD1), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 2 (CSD2), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 3 (CSD3), Fe superoxide dismutase 2 (FSD2), Fe superoxide dismutase 3 (FSD3), and catalase 2 (CAT2) genes were found to increase depending on Mn concentration; however, co-exposure of EBL and Mn led to a further improvement in enzyme activities and gene expressions (except CSD1 and CSD2 genes). The mRNA level of Fe superoxide dismutase 1 (FSD1) gene was downregulated following Mn and/or EBL treatments. Exogenous treatment of EBL improved the total antioxidant and proline level, while it decreased the lipid peroxidation under Mn stress. EBL treatment upregulated transcript level of delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 1 (P5CS1) and delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 2 (P5CS2) genes in seedlings treated with Mn. Co-treatment of Mn and EBL enhanced expression level of A. thaliana detoxification 1 (AtDTX1) and A. thaliana detoxification 3 (AtDTX3) genes when compared to the seedlings treated with Mn. Biochemical and molecular results from the current study revealed that EBL regulates antioxidant system in a coordinated manner under A. thaliana Mn stress.
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    Mercury toxicity affects oxidative metabolism and induces stress responsive mechanisms in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (Springer, 2022) Iskil, Rabia; Surgun-Acar, Yonca; Catav, Sukru Serter; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye; Erden, Yavuz
    Mercury (Hg) toxicity is an increasing problem worldwide, with a negative impact on the environment and living organisms including both animals and plants. In this study, we analyzed molecular and biochemical changes related to Hg toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Seven-day-old seedlings were exposed to various concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mu M) of HgCl2 for 24 and 48 h. Our results showed that HgCl2 treatments led to an increase in the Hg content of wheat leaves in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, significant increases were observed in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and proline contents in response to Hg toxicity. While all HgCl2 treatments decreased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the level of catalase (CAT) was reduced only in seedlings exposed to 5 mu M of HgCl2. Mercury stress caused a decline in the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD, TaWRKY19, and TaDREB1 genes at both exposure times. On the other hand, 10 and 20 mu M HgCl2 treatments caused significant induction (1.9 to 6.1-fold) in the expression of the CAT gene in wheat leaves. The mRNA level of the Mn-SOD and TaWRKY2 genes showed different patterns depending on the concentration and exposure period of HgCl2. In conclusion, the findings of this work demonstrate that Hg toxicity causes oxidative damage in wheat seedlings and changes the expression of some genes encoding WRKY and DREB transcription factor families, which have important functions in abiotic stress response.
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    Physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of wheat seedlings to salinity and plant-derived smoke
    (Elsevier, 2021) Çatav, Şükrü Serter; Surgun-Acar, Yonca; Zemheri-Navruz, Fahriye
    There is great interest in developing strategies to reduce the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and crop yield. Plant-derived smoke containing many promotive and inhibitory compounds is known to influence seed germination and plant growth in a concentration-dependent manner. It has been suggested that smoke can also alleviate abiotic stress-induced growth inhibition in several plants. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding smoke-mediated biochemical and molecular changes in plants grown under stress conditions. Here we show that smoke regulates the expression of some genes encoding transcription factors and antioxidant enzymes in wheat seedlings subjected to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). We found that smoke-water (0.1%) increased the expression levels of TaDREB1, TaWRKY2, TaWRKY19, CAT, and Cu/Zn-SOD in salt-treated seedlings. Smoke-water also enhanced the transcription of TaWRKY19 and Cu/Zn- SOD genes under normal growth conditions. In addition, smoke was found to modulate physiological responses of wheat seedlings to salinity. The results demonstrate that smoke-water increases total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity under salt stress but it leads to a significant decrease in proline accumulation. In conclusion, the current study reveals that smoke, although not having a remarkable effect on growth at the concentration tested, can affect physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in wheat seedlings exposed to short-term salt stress. Our data also indicate the need for long-term field experi- ments for a better understanding of the effect of smoke on plant growth in the presence of salinity.