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Adsorption of Nitrogen Dioxide on Nitrogen-Enriched Activated Carbons
(Mdpi, 2024) Bazan-Wozniak, Aleksandra; Nosal-Wiercinska, Agnieszka; Cielecka-Piontek, Judyta; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Pietrzak, Robert
The aim of this study was to obtain nitrogen-enriched activated carbons from orthocoking coal. The initial material was subjected to a demineralisation process. The demineralised precursor was pyrolysed at 500 degrees C and then activated with sodium hydroxide at 800 degrees C. Activated carbon adsorbents were subjected to the process of ammoxidation using a mixture of ammonia and air at two different temperature variants (300 and 350 degrees C). Nitrogen introduction was carried out on stages of demineralised precursor, pyrolysis product, and oxidising activator. The elemental composition, acid-base properties, and textural parameters of the obtained carbon adsorbents were determined. The activated carbons were investigated for their ability to remove nitrogen dioxide. The results demonstrated that the ammoxidation process incorporates new nitrogen-based functional groups into the activated carbon structure. Simultaneously, the ammoxidation process modified the acid-base characteristics of the surface and negatively affected the textural parameters of the resulting adsorbents. Furthermore, the study showed that all of the obtained carbon adsorbents exhibited a distinct microporous texture. Adsorption tests were carried out against NO2 and showed that the carbon adsorbents obtained were highly effective in removing this gaseous pollutant. The best sorption capacity towards NO2 was 23.5 mg/g under dry conditions and 75.0 mg/g under wet conditions.
Adsorption of Selected Amino Acids at the Mercury/Aqueous Solution Interface from the Chlorate (VII) and Its Dependence on the Supporting Electrolyte Concentration
(Sage Publications Inc, 2015) Nosal-Wiercinska, Agnieszka; Grochowski, Mariusz; Wisniewska, Malgorzata; Tyszczuk-Rotko, Katarzyna; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Yagmur, Sultan; Saglikoglu, Gulsen
In this study, we compared the adsorption of methionine, cysteine and cystine at the mercury/chlorate (VII) interface. Changes in the surface tension with the potential of the zero charge gamma(z) and relative surface excess Gamma' of methionine, cysteine and cystine as a function of their concentration indicate that the adsorption of the studied amino acids increases in the order of methionine > cystine > cysteine. For all the systems examined, linear dependences ln[x(1-Theta)/Theta = f(Theta)] (Frumkin isotherm) and ln (Gamma'/c) = f (Gamma') (virial isotherm) were obtained. Changes in the adsorption parameters as a function of the supporting electrolyte concentration indicate the competitive adsorption of amino acids and ClO4- ions and electrostatic interactions between the water dipoles and adsorbates in the double layer.
Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of zopiclone in tablet dosage forms and human urine
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2009) Yilmaz, Selehattin
Adsorptive stripping voltammetric(AdSV) techniques were proposed for the direct quantitative determination of zopiclone (ZP) in spiked human urine and tablet dosage forms for first time. The electrochemical oxidation and determination of ZP were easily carried Out on glassy carbon electrode (CGE) using a variety of voltammetric techniques. Different conditions were investigated to optimize the analytical determination of ZP. The dependence of the intensities of currents and potentials oil pH, concentration, scan rate, deposition time, deposition potential, and nature of the buffer were investigated. Oxidation of ZP was found to be adsorptive-controlled and irreversible. The best results for the determination of ZP were obtained by using differential pulse adsorptive stripping (DPAdSV) and osteryoung square wave voltammetric (OSWAdSV) techniques in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 7.08 after a pre-concentration period of 120s at 0.60V. The peak Current showed a linear dependence oil the ZP concentration in the range of 6 x 10(-7) to 2 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) for both techniques. The achieved limits of detection and quantitation were 2.78 x 10(-7) and 5.28 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) for DPAdSV; 1.70 x 10(-7) and 5.78 x 10(-7) mol L(-1) for OSWAdSV, respectively. The proposed techniques were successfully applied to direct determination of ZP in tablet dosage form and spiked human urine samples. Excipients did not interfere with the determination. Precision and accuracy of the developed method were checked by recovery studies in tablet dosage forms and spiked urine samples. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITON OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF MOSSES GATHERED FROM TURKEY
(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2017) Yayintas, Ozlem Tonguc; Sogut, Ozlem; Konyalioglu, Sibel; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Tepeli, Burcu
Recent pharmacological investigations of bryophytes have proven that the active principles present in these plants are quite unique and having potential chemical application and antioxidant capacity. The mosses of Oxytegius tenuirostris, Eurhynchium striatum W. P. Schimper and Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Schimp. were collected from different locations of Turkey, and dried and exracted with different solvents. Volatiles were isolated from the samples by solid phase microextraction. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify volatile compounds. Antioxidant activities of moss were tested by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH center dot assay), Trolox equivalent (TEAC) and Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Antioxidant activities were found for mossesas 24.67-67.12 mg/g from chloroform extract, 18.83-35.83 mg/g from ethanol extract, 7.78-46.09 mg/g from methanol extract and 12.56-34.13 mg/g from water extract by DPPH center dot assay method. Antioxidan activities were found as 562.07-2060.52 mg/g from chloroform extract, 597.44-1765.77 mg/g from ethanol extract, 2506.23-7454.92 mg/g from methanol extract and 676.41-5631.23 mg/g from water extract by Trolox method. Antioxidant activities were found as 9.78-64.60 mg/g from chloroform extract, 5.62-28.37 mg/g from ethanol extract, 4.23-30.54 mg/g from methanol extract and 4.92-27.77 mg/g from water extract by Cuprac method. On the basis of the results it is suggested that the extract of mosses species determined here could be of use as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant for the treatment.
Characterization of Heavy Metal Fractions in Agricultural Soils by Sequential Extraction Procedure: The Relationship Between Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Fractions
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Erkan; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, Hasan
The present research was conducted to determine heavy metals in agricultural soils from canakkale, Turkey, using a sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) as proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the European Commission. Soil samples were taken from 12 different cultivated sites and analyzed for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The results revealed an order of Mn > Cd > Pb > Co > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr for the heavy metals based on the sum of the first three fractions (acid soluble + reducible + oxidizable). The relationships between soil properties and each metal fraction were identified through Pearsons's correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the behaviors and similarities of metals in each fraction. While Mn, Pb, and Zn exhibited subjective behaviors in the acid-soluble fraction, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni exhibited similar behaviors with each other.
Determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor activity of bryophytes from Mount Ida (Canakkale, Turkey)
(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2019) Yayintas, Ozlem Tonguc; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Sokmen, Munevver
In this study, active components of bryophytes were extracted from the samples collected from Mount Ida (Canakkale-Turkey). Three different extraction methods (Soxhlet, supercritical fluid extraction-SFE, Soxhlet after SFE) were employed for 2016 samples while direct Soxhlet extraction was carried out for 2017 samples using methanol as extracting solvent. Initially, antioxidant activity tests of the crude extracts were performed for all the samples. Antioxidant properties were determined to be fairly weak or moderate in the majority of the species studied. Marchantia polymorpha (T1), a liverwort, showed high extraction yield and antioxidant activity. Similarly, high activity was detected in Hypnum cupressiforme (T9) and Neckera complanata (T10) species. The antioxidant capacity of the tested species often sheds light on other activities. Antimicrobial properties were also tested for all extracts obtained in 2017. Thuidium tamariscinum (T8) was positive against Acinetobacter haemolyticus ATCC 19002 bactericin; T1 and Isothceum myurum (T11) were positive against Bacillus subtilis TCC6633 bacteria and all other species were negative. Following these results, we have concentrated on the most active species and carried out antitumoral tests. Again, fractioned polar isolate of T1 was the only antiproliferative species against HeLa and A549 lung cancer cells.
Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Tablet Dosage Forms and Some Fruit Juices by DPV
(Esg, 2008) Yilmaz, Selehattin; Sadikoglu, Murat; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Yagmur, Sultan; Askin, Gokce
Ascorbic acid, a water-soluble vitamin, is the most common electroactive biological compound found in some fruit species. The electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid was investigated at glassy carbon electrode in various aqueous solutions in the pH range of 0.64-10.15 (in Britton-Robinson, acetate, phosphate buffers and 0.5 mol L-1 sulphuric acid solutions) by cyclic (CV) and differential pulse (DPV) voltammetry. For the quantitative purposes, a very well-resolved diffusion-controlled voltammetric peak was obtained in 0.2 mol L-1 acetate buffer (pH 3.49) at 0.342 V by DPV technique. The linear response was obtained in the concentration range of 6x10(-6)-8x10(-4) mol L-1 with a detection limit (LOD) of 5.17x10(-7) and quantitative limit (LOQ) of 1.72x10(-6) mol L-1. Ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms and some fruit juices were determined by DPV. The reliability of the proposed voltammetric technique was established by recovery studies.
Determination of heavy metals in sediments of the Ergene River by BCR sequential extraction method
(Springer, 2014) Sungur, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ozcan, Hasan
Utilizing the sequential extraction procedure (acid soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) proposed by The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), the trace metals present in the sediments of the Ergene River, Turkey, were determined. The sediment samples were collected from 10 sampling sites and analyzed to identify the concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc. The flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used for metal determination. The validation of the results was checked by the analysis of the BCR-701 standard reference material. The relationship existing between the sediment characteristics and metal fractions was identified using the correlation analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to find out the grouping of the sampling sites based on the similarities of the heavy metals in the bioavailable fraction. When the extractable amounts of heavy metals are considered, the quantity of the mobile fractions (viz., acid soluble, reducible, and oxidizable) of the heavy metals is observed to be higher when compared with that of the immobile fraction (residual). This might be caused by the anthropogenic sources. Besides, it was statistically discovered that the organic matter, pH and clay contents could influence the bonding of the analyte metals in various forms. The cluster analysis revealed three clusters of the sampling stations, with group I (S5-8) and group II (S3, S4 and S9) showing higher environmental risks. The risk assessment code indicated that the highly mobile soluble fractions of Mn, Zn, Cd and Co created a high environmental risk which could result in negative impacts on the aquatic biota.
Determination of total Cr in wastewaters of Cr electroplating factories in the I.organize industry region (Kayseri, Turkey) by ICP-AES
(Springer, 2010) Yilmaz, Selehattin; Ture, Melike; Sadikoglu, Murat; Duran, Ali
The wastewater pollution in industrial areas is one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metal pollution, especially chromium pollution in the wastewater sources from electroplating, dyeing, and tannery, has affected the life on earth. This pollution can affect on all ecosystems and human health directly or by food chain. Therefore, the determination of total chromium in this study is of great importance. In this study, accurate, rapid, sensitive, selective, simple, and low-cost technique for the direct determination of total Cr in wastewater samples collected from the some Cr electroplating factories in March 2008 by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry has been developed. The analysis of a given sample is completed in about 15 min by this technique applied. As the result of the chromium analysis, the limit of quantification for the total Cr were founded to be over the limit value (0.05 mg L (-aEuro parts per thousand 1); WHO, EPA, TSE 266, and inland water quality classification) as 1,898.78 +/- 0.34 mg/L at station 1 and 3,189.02 +/- 0.56 mg/L at station 2. The found concentration of total Cr has been determined to be IV class quality water according to the inland water classification. In order to validate the applied method, recovery studies were performed.
Direct Determination of Zn Heavy Metal in Tap Water of Canakkale (TURKEY) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Technique
(Electrochemical Science Group, 2009) Yilmaz, Selehattin; Yagmur, Sultan; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Sadikoglu, Murat
In this work, the direct determination of zinc heavy metal in the tap water was carried out by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique at the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The zinc ions were deposited by reduction at -1.5 V on a bare glassy carbon surface. Then, the deposited metal was oxidized by scanning the potential of the electrode surface from -1.5 to -0.8 volt using a differential puls mode. The stripping current arising from the oxidation of metal was connected with the concentration the metal in the sample. The concentration of zinc heavy metal found in tap water sample was determined to be 180 mu g L(-1) using 0.2 mol L(-1) acetate buffer (pH: 3.50).
Direct Quantitative Determination of Total Arsenic in Natural Hotwaters by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at the Rotating Lateral Gold Electrode
(Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2009) Yilmaz, Selehattin; Baba, Baris; Baba, Alper; Yagmur, Sultan; Citak, Meryem
A simple, rapid, selective and sensitive differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (DPASV) technique for the direct quantitative determination of inorganic total arsenic in natural hotwater was developed. The electrochemical determination of total arsenic has been carried out at the novel rotating lateral gold electrode in hydrochloric acid solution (37 % w/w). The analysis was performed with a special gold electrode whose active surface was located on the side. Reproductivity of measurement was achieved by the conditioning of the gold electrode. This was done every day before the measurements as well as when the background current varied strongly from measurement to measurement. The determination limit of 0.5 mu g L-1 was achieved with 10 mL sample solution. The total arsenic concentration was made by appropriate selection of the deposition potential. During the deposition step, the total arsenic content was reduced at -1200 mV by nascent hydogen to As degrees. During the subsequent voltammetric determination, the preconcentration As degrees was again oxidized to determine the level. The method was applied successfully to the direct quantitative determination of total inorganic arsenic in hotwater. In order to show the accuracy of the results developed from voltammetric technique, the values obtained were compared with those obtained from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Electroanalytical and HPLC Methods for the Determination of Oxcarbazepine in Spiked Human Urine and Tablet Dosage Form
(Croatian Chemical Soc, 2014) Nosal-Wiercinska, Agnieszka; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Binel, Sevcan; Yagmur, Sultan; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Sadikoglu, Murat; Yıldız, Mustafa
In this study, the electrochemical reduction and determination of oxcarbazepine were easily realized in various buffer solutions in the pH range of 4.50 to 11.15 in real samples using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) techniques. The influence of pH on the cathodic peak current and peak potential was investigated. Scan rate studies were also completed. The diffusion controlled nature of the peak was established. The best results for the quantitative determination of oxcarbazepine were obtained by DPV technique in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer (pH 8.05). In this basic medium, one irreversible and sharp cathodic peak was observed. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the oxcarbazepine concentration range of 8x10(-6) to 1x10(-4) M. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 1.65x10(-6) and 5.51x10(-6) M, respectively. Repeatability, reproducibility, precision and accuracy of the developed technique were checked in spiked human urine and tablet dosage forms by recovery studies and results of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. A reduction mechanism for the electrode reaction was proposed.
Electroanalytical determination of metronidazole in tablet dosage form
(Serbian Chemical Soc, 2013) Yilmaz, Selehattin; Baltaoglu, Esra; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Yagmur, Sultan; Polat, Kamran; Sadikoglu, Murat
In this study, the electrochemical reduction and determination of metronidazole were easily realized in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 4.01) using an UTGE by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) techniques. In this acidic medium, one irreversible and a sharp cathodic peak were observed. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the metronidazole concentration range 3 x10(-6)-9x10(-5) mol L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.42x10(-7) and 4.76x10(-7) mol L-1 respectively.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Acyclovir on Poly(p-Aminobenzene Sulfonic Acid) Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2015) Can, Saide; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Sadikoglu, Murat; Menek, Necati
Acyclovir is an antiviral effective drug active compound. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with an electropolymerized film of p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (p-ABSA) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The polymer film-modified electrode was used to electrochemically detect acyclovir. Polymer film showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of acyclovir. The anodic peak potential value of the acyclovir at the poly(p-ABSA) modified glassy carbon electrode was 950mV obtained by DPV. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the acyclovir concentration range 2x10(-7)-9x10(-6)molL(-1). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 5.57x10(-8) and 1.85x10(-7)molL(-1) respectively. The proposed method exhibits good recovery and reproducibility.
Electrochemical behaviour of 5-benzyl-4-(4'-methylphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol by voltammetry
(Indian Chemical Soc, 2007) Dilgin, Yusuf; Koparir, Metin; Cetin, Ahmet; Cansiz, Ahmet; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Giray, Didem
The electrochemical study of a thiotriazole compound, 5-benzyl-4-(4'-methylphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thioI (TTA) was made with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in the Britton- Robinson buffer. The best results for electrooxidation of TTA were obtained in basic media (in 10% ethanol-0.2 M NaOH). This compound display one irreversible oxidation peak, which is attributed to a dimerization process involving the formation of disulphide derivative (EC mechanism).
Electrochemical behaviour of 5-benzyl-4-(4?-methylphenyl)-4H-1,2,4- triazole-3-thiol by voltammetry
(Indian Chemical Society, 2007) Dilgin, Yusuf; Koparir, Metin; Çetin, Ahmet; Cansiz, Ahmet; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Giray, Didem
The electrochemical study of a thiotriazole compound, 5-benzyl-4-(4?- methylphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (TTA) was made with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode in the Britton- Robinson buffer. The best results for electrooxidation of TTA were obtained in basic media (in 10% ethanol-0.2 M NaOH). This compound display one irreversible oxidation peak, which is attributed to a dimerization process involving the formation of disulphide derivative (EC mechanism).
Electrochemical Determination of Phenazopyridine Hydrocloride using Poly(p-Aminobenzene Sulfonic Acid) Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
(Esg, 2015) Demirtas, Cigdem; Yilmaz, Selehattin; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Sadikoglu, Murat
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is an antiviral effective drug active compound. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with an electropolymerized film of p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (p-ABSA) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The electrochemical properties of the polymer film were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The polymer film-modified electrode was used to electrochemically detect phenazopyridine hydrochloride. Polymer film showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of phenazopyridine hydrochloride. The catodic peak potential value of the phenazopyridine hydrochloride at the poly(p-ABSA) modified glassy carbon electrode was -334 mV obtained by DPV. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the phenazopyridine hydrochloride concentration range 6x10(-6)-1x10(-5) mol L-1. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 2.1x10(-7) and 7x10(-7) mol L-1 respectively. The proposed method exhibits good recovery and reproducibility. The mechanisms of electropolymerization of p-ABSA are also suggested.
Electrochemical Investigation of Isoniazid on Poly (p-Aminobenzene Sulfonic Acid) Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
(Esg, 2015) Demirbilek, Esra; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Yilmaz, Selehattin
Isoniazid is a tuberculostatic agent effective active compound. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with an electropolymerized film of p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (p-ABSA) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The electrochemical properties of isoniazid on modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The polymer film-modified electrode was used to electrochemically detect isoniazid. The polymer film had excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of isoniazid. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the isoniazid concentration range 2x10(-5) - 1x10(-4) mol L-1. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 3.05x10(-6) and 1.01x10(-5) mol L-1 respectively. Isoniazid was determined in tablet dosage form. The proposed method exhibits good recovery and reproducibility. The mechanisms of electropolymerization were also suggested.
Electrochemical investigation of isoniazid on poly (p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) film modified glassy carbon electrode
(Electrochemical Science Group, 2014) Demirbilek, Esra; Saglikoglu, Gulsen; Yilmaz, Selehattin
Isoniazid is a tuberculostatic agent effective active compound. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with an electropolymerized film of p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (p-ABSA) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The electrochemical properties of isoniazid on modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The polymer film-modified electrode was used to electrochemically detect isoniazid. The polymer film had excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of isoniazid. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the isoniazid concentration range 2x10-5- 1x10-4 mol L-1. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were obtained as 3.05x10-6 and 1.01x10-5 mol L-1 respectively. Isoniazid was determined in tablet dosage form. The proposed method exhibits good recovery and reproducibility. The mechanisms of electropolymerization were also suggested. © 2015 The Authors.
Electrochemical Reduction of Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride in Dimetyl Sulfoxide
(Gazi Univ, 2012) Yagmur, Sultan; Yilmaz, Selehattin
In the present work, the electrochemical reduction of phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PAP) was carried out on glassy carbon (GCE) electrode in different supporting electrolyte/solvent systems by cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique. The best results for PAP were obtained in 0.1 M tetrabutyammonium iodide/dimetyl sulfoxide (TBAI/DMSO) non-aqueous system by CV technique. In this media, three irreversible cathodic peaks were observed about -0.7 V, -1.7 V and -2.0 V for PAP. With the scan rate measurements the process was found diffusion controlled. The possible reduction mechanism of PAP was also discussed.

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