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    Öğe
    Evaluation of the relationship between bacterial population and associated gas generation in soaking float of sheep skin using a sensor array system
    (INCDTP: Division Leather Footwear Research Institute, 2014) Kizil, Ünal; Yapici, Ali Nail; Yapici, Binnur Meriçli; Bilgi, Sadi Turgut; Inalpulat, Melis
    In this study it was aimed to design a metal oxide gas sensor array to determine the bacterial load in soaking float of wet-salted domestic sheep skin for garment leather production. The results showed that an array of 4 metal oxide gas sensors employed with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can predict the 2 bacterial population in soaking float of leather manufacturing. The relationship between predicted and observed bacterial populations yielded a R value of 0.95 in model testing. Design procedures, gas sensors and other materials and techniques were explained in this paper.
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    Öğe
    Inhibition of conidia germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea by some alternative chemicals
    (Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Yildirim, Ismet; Yapici, Binnur Meriçli
    Fungal activities of food additives, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, sodium benzoate, propylparaben, sorbic acid and plant activators harpin-protein and potassium dioxide were comparatively examined with ipradion in vitro conditions on two isolates of Botrytis cinerea obtained from strawberry fruits. Food additives and plant activators showed inhibitory effect at different levels on the mycelial growth of fungus isolates. According to the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), sorbic acid (300 ?g mL-1 for each isolate) and comparison fungicide ipradion (10 ?g mL-1 for each isolate) displayed the highest inhibition effect on the radial mycelial growth of fungal isolates. Similar efficacy was obtained at the highest dose (1000 ?g mL -1) from other additives propylparaben (for both isolates), potassium sorbet and methylparaben (for isolate 1) and from plant activator potassium oxide. It was detected that all alternative substances has high inhibition activity according to ED50 values. Methylparaben, harpin-protein and potassium oxide revealed efficacies similar to ipradion. While harpin-protein did not have any effect on B. Cinerea germination, other alternative substances excluding potassium sorbate inhibited germination completely at differing doses. Potassium oxide and food additives except potassium sorbate inhibited the spore germination of isolates by 50% at doses between 25-345 ?g mL-1. MIC value of ipradion on spore germination of isolate-1 and isolate-2 was determined as 10 and 30 ?g mL-1, while ED50 values were determined as 2.9 and 12.5 ?g mL-1, respectively. Data obtained from the research verified that food additives may be used in traditional and organic agriculture individually, or in appropriate combination with each other or with fungicides. Moreover, the study put forth that harpin-protein and potassium oxide not only activate plants against pathogens, but they may also have toxic effect on different growth periods of fungus. Although ipradion works only with two isolates, its MIC and ED50 values were considered noteworthy in terms of the resistance risk of B. cinerea. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
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    Öğe
    Investigation of extracellular protease activity of two different extremely halophilic archaea isolated from raw hide
    (INCDTP: Division Leather Footwear Research Institute, 2017) Kesbiç, Fevziye Işil; Yapici, Binnur Meriçli
    In this study, it was aimed to investigate extracellular protease activity of two different extremely halophilic archaea and to identify them by using phenotypic and molecular methods. The haloarchaea were isolated from salted raw hide. The isolates were screened for production of protease enzyme and two isolates which have extracellular protease activity were selected. To identify the halophilic archaea, Gram staining procedure, antibiotic sensitivity tests and molecular methods were used. According to the 16S r-RNA molecular identifi cation results, isolate 1 identifi ed as Halococcus morrhuae JCM 8876 with ti99 sequence similarities and isolate 2 identifi ed as Natrinema pallidum 153 with %99 sequence similarities. Azocasein was used as a substrate for measuring their proteases activities daily and their optimum activities were determined. H. morrhuae and N. pallidum showed daily maximum proteases activity on 6 and 4 days, respectively. According to the results of the study, it was found that proteases activity was related with different reaction conditions. These conditions were detected as different pH (4-11), temperature (4-70°C) and NaCl concentration (1-5 M) values. H. morrhuae showed the maximum activity at pH 9.5, 2M NaCl concentration and 50°C temperature and N. pallidum displayed the optimum activity at pH 9.0, 2M NaCl concentration and 40°C temperature. © 2017 by the author(s).
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    Phylogenetic identification of two extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from raw hide and investigation of their lipolytic activities
    (INCDTP: Division Leather Footwear Research Institute, 2016) Bilgil, Gözde Turhan; Yapici, Binnur Meriçli; Bilgi, Sadi Turgut
    This research serves two different purposes. Primarily, two extremely halophilic archaeons were isolated from salted raw hide samples and were phylogenetically identified by 16S rRNA sequence analyses. It was determined that isolate 1 shared similarities with Halomicrobium zhouii strain 144 and isolate 2 with Haloarchaeon strain 129. These results were substantiated by some phenotypic analyses. Both strains displayed Gram-negative reactions and they were susceptible to the antibiotics bacitracin and novobiocin. It was qualitatively determined that they have lipolytic activity. Secondly, esterase and lipase enzyme activity conditions of the two archaea were also determined in the current study to evaluate industrial applicability of these enzymes. For the identification of quantitative esterase and lipase activities of both strains, p-nitrophenyl butyrate and p-nitrophenyl laurate substrates were used, respectively, and their activities were measured on a daily basis. After the quantitative and qualitative determination of esterase and lipase activities, esterase and lipase activities were determined at different temperatures (4-60°C), pH levels (4-11pH) and in NaCl concentrations (0-5.5M). According to daily enzyme activity results, the highest esterase and lipase values for isolate 1 were found to be 4 U/ml and 1 U/ml, respectively, on the 4th day and for isolate 2 to be 2.7 U/ml and 1.9 U/ml, respectively, on the 3rd day. Furthermore, the maximum esterase activity for isolate 1 was elicited at 35°C, pH 8 and in 2.5 M NaCl, and for isolate 2 at 35°C, pH 7 and in 3 M NaCl. Moreover, the maximum lipase activity for isolate 1 was explored at 40°C, pH 7.0 and 2.0-3.5 M NaCl, and for isolate 2 at 35°C, pH 7.5 and in 2 M NaCl. Optimal conditions for both extreme halophilic Archaea was determined as the data may be considered for the production of industrial enzymes. Therefore, this research is an exemplary study as well as a small-scoped survey which includes the two goals mentioned above and only focuses on two archaea on salted raw hides.