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2D nonlinear inversion of DC resistivity measurements, a case study; southeastern part of Ras El Dabaa, Northwestern coast, Egypt
(Springer, 2024) Zarif, Fardous; Barseem, Mostafa; Elshenawy, Ahmed; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
The southern Mediterranean coast suffers from limited water resources as a result of exploitation of water supply, population growth, and climate change. Spatial lineaments and Seawater Intrusion (SWI) were detected at the southeast portion of Ras El Dabaa, on Egypt's northwest coast, using the direct current resistivity (DCR) method. The Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data were acquired using Schlumberger array along four profiles and inverted both independently and jointly, aiming to obtain Two Dimensional (2D) geoelectrical images. The results of the one Dimensional (1D) inversion of VES data at each profile were stitched to form pseudo-2D sections on which the resistivity values and aquifer thickness in the southwest of the region appeared to be generally increasing, indicating a potential improvement in water quality.However, the results did not fully image the lateral variation but focused on the horizontal boundaries of the subsurface. On the contrary, the results of 2D inversion of the same data sets successfully managed to provide images that depicted resistivity distribution in both lateral and vertical directions. The detected sets of lineaments and fractured zones within the oolitic limestone and fossiliferous limestone units control the occurrence of groundwater in the region. The 2D inversion scheme revealed a low resistivity zone that indicated the presence of SWI and/or the dissolution of marine salts from the marine limestone bedrock of these aquifers in the northern portions of the studied area. Additionally, analysis of the 2D apparent porosity section shows how aquifers are connected by secondary porosity, which is defined by structures that resemble channels. The current approach offers valuable structural information for future planning and development of such complex geological coastal locations, taking into consideration the vulnerability of the groundwater system.
A common point between virtual and conventional education in earth science: E - museum
(International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, 2014) Çalık, Ayten; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Yaşar, Cumali; Altinoluk, Ibrahim
Conventional education in applied science relies on both theoretical studies and handson- experiments while virtual education conveys theoretical information via enhanced visual aid. Visual information can be provided via dynamic web sites broadcasting from both existing laboratories and visual tours of imaginary collections. An example for the fast growing e-museum projects has been proposed and the data warehouse model has been recommended to save the information in the presented example. The linking model is employed for the presentation of objects. The model is able to use an auditing classification between content finding and data fields. The free-of-charge web application has been used to track the visitor activities. Although, both proposed project and its model have been used for creating an emuseum, it can easily be adopted to any learning environment which provides visual educational support to any science. © SGEM2014.
A COMMON POINT BETWEEN VIRTUAL AND CONVENTIONAL EDUCATION IN EARTH SCIENCE: E - MUSEUM
(Stef92 Technology Ltd, 2014) Çalık, Ayten; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Yaşar, Cumali; Altınoluk, İbrahim
Conventional education in applied science relies on both theoretical studies and hands-on-experiments while virtual education conveys theoretical information via enhanced visual aid. Visual information can be provided via dynamic web sites broadcasting from both existing laboratories and visual tours of imaginary collections. An example for the fast growing e-museum projects has been proposed and the data warehouse model has been recommended to save the information in the presented example. The linking model is employed for the presentation of objects. The model is able to use an auditing classification between content finding and data fields. The free-of-charge web application has been used to track the visitor activities. Although, both proposed project and its model have been used for creating an e-museum, it can easily be adopted to any learning environment which provides visual educational support to any science.
An approach to obtain the structural information from the electrical resistivity well logging curses
(Maden Tetkik Ve Arama Genel Mudurlugu-Mta, 2019) Karatas, Dogan Can; Zaman, Ugur; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
In well logging measurements, the effect of the fluid in the well on the resistivity log curves and the investigation depth/distance for 16 and 64 inches logs were investigated in two-dimensional numerical modeling with the assumption that underground structures are symmetrical. Structural information was obtained via recovering the real resistivity values by using the inversion rather than empirical approaches. Generally, in the case of using the conductive fluid (1 ohm.m<) depending on the ratio of unit thickness (k) with respect to the length of log (1) (i.e. k/1), the insulating formations produce an M shaped signs for k/l<1 and appears as the conductive unit that cause fictitious structures in the data. The depth/distance of the research on the other hand causes deviations in the resistivity of structure due to tool length and distance. By the help of the inversion study one of the possible models is obtained. Contribution of this method to such studies is the reveal of compatibility of the resistivity model and data that usually neglected in other approaches.
Designing of Self-sustain Electrokinetic Experiment for Saline Soil Treatment
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Karaca, Öznur; Cameselle, Claudio; Çalık, Ayten; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
The lands stretching at the shorelines suffer from salinization which is one of the main environmental problems. Removing harmful salt contaminants requires an excessive amount of effort. The electrokinetic remediation (EKR) of soils away from urbanization is challenging since it requires a constant power supply. This research investigates the field scale effect of imposed electrical gradient (IEG) for the removal of salts from the soil with EKR using a solar panel-driven power supply. The testing soil was sampled in the Çanakkale-Dardanos Campus (CDC) area, in northwest Turkiye. The land in the CDC suffers from extreme saline water intrusion due to the excessive pumping of fresh water from multiple wells scattered in a relatively small area. The initial concentrations of salt ions were determined. Ca2+ showed the highest concentration (60,300 mg/kg) followed by Mg2+ (16,000 mg/kg), K+ (13,800 mg/kg), and Na+ ions (12,600 mg/kg). The most abundant anionic salt concentrations were Cl? (674 mg/kg) and SO4 2? (118 mg/kg). Lab-scale EKR studies showed that the EKR requires a minimum of 5-days to achieve satisfactory results. Therefore, we propose a mobile solar panel system and EKR as an innovative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative to apply the EKR technology to saline soil. We will focus on designing the power supply system and fluid circulated electrodes. The results will be presented in due course. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2023.
Electromagnetic imaging of Santos basin constrained by well log induction data
(Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009) Pinto, Vinicius R.; Fontes, Sérgio L.; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
Summary: In this work, we investigated the resistivity distribution of the subsurface on Santos basin in southeast coast of Brazil. We utilized marine magnetotelluric data and geophysical well log information to construct a resistivity model. Ninety one stations along the three profiles (P01, P02 and P03) covered 270 km long profile. Frequency range is from 10 Hz to 0.0003 Hz approximately. The borehole data consists of four Depth Induction Logs (DIL) located in the region of the magnetotelluric profiles. We show 2 models, one obtained by integration of the 2D magnetotelluric model together with ILD data and other obtained by magnetotelluric data only. In both models the basement topography (? 250 W.m) was delimited clearly in position and depth and some conductive bodies (? 0.75 W.m and ? 3 W.m) were delimited in the central and southeast portion of the profile.
Elektrik özdirenç kuyu logu eğrilerinden yapısal bilginin eldesi için bir yaklaşım
(2019) Karataş, Doğan Can; Zaman, Uğur; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
Kuyu logu ölçümlerinde, kuyu içindeki akışkanın özdirenç log eğrilerine etkisi ile 16 ve 64 inchloglar için araştırma derinliği/uzaklığı yer altı yapılarının bakışımlı olduğu varsayımı ile iki boyutlusayısal modelleme ile incelenmiştir. Gerçek özdirenç değerlerinin eldesinde ampirik yaklaşımyerine ters çözüm kullanılması ile yapısal bilgiye ulaşılmıştır. Genel olarak, birimin kalınlığının(k) log boyuna (l) oranına (k/l) bağlı olarak, iletken akışkan (1 ohm.m <) kullanılması durumundayalıtkan formasyonlar k/l < 1 için “M” biçimli belirti üretmekte veride sanal yapılara neden olarakiletken birim olarak görünmektedir. Araştırma derinliği /uzaklığı ise log boyuna ve uzaklığa bağlıolarak yapı özdirencinde sapmalara neden olmaktadır. Ters Çözüm çalışması ile olası modellerdenbiri elde edilmektedir. Bu tür çalışmalara katkısı ise, diğer yaklaşımlarda ihmal edilen, elde edilenözdirenç modellinin veriye uyumunun ortaya konmasıdır.
Fake and Synthetic Minerals; A Way to Sustain the Gem Supply
(Springer-Verlag Singapore Pte Ltd, 2019) Çalık, Ayten; Karaca, Öznur; Yaşar, Cumali; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
High demand for some rare gems creates pressure on the production line and some gems are consumed quickly in some countries. In order to sustain the gem supply to the most demanding markets, man-made minerals may be considered as an alternative to expensive genuine ones. Non-genuine precious and semiprecious stones can be found as enhanced, reproduced, and counterfeited gems. The former is extremely common among precious gems, while the last one is usually for semiprecious stones. Enhancement methods transform (or recycle) very low-quality (waste) gems into unique jewelry. Fabricated crystals are obtained (or recycled) from different or even irrelevant materials. The identification of such materials is getting harder due to continuous improvement in production technologies. Governing bodies have begun to issue regulations to their members so that misleading information given in retail can be reduced. In addition to limited regulation and enforcement, the buyers will also need some sort of education provided by trustworthy foundations such as reputable labs, mineral museums, and academic institutions. Although the internet provides a vast amount of information about fake minerals, most of which is also fictitious, especially, earth science-related museums should have a special duty in this regard and educate the public through hands-on experiments.
Geoelectrical survey over perched aquifers in the northern part of Upper Sakarya River Basin, Turkiye
(Groundwater Science & Engineering Ltd, 2022) Ertekin, Can; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
In this study, a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity (DCR) method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer. DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section was recovered using conventional four-electrode instruments with a Schlumberger array and a two-dimensional (2D) inversion scheme. The proposed scheme was tested over a synthetic three-dimensional (3D) subsurface model before deploying it in a field situation. The proposed method indicated that gathering data with simple four-electrode instruments at stations along a line and 2D inversion of datasets at multiple stations can recover depth intervals of the studied aquifer in the hydrogeological setting even if it has a 3D structure. In this study, 2D inversion of parallel profiles formed a pseudo-3D volume of the subsurface resistivity structures and mapped out multiple resistive (>25 ohm center dot m) bodies at shallow (between 50-100 m) and deep sections (>150 m). In general, the proposed method is convenient to encounter geological units that have limited vertical and spatial extensions in any direction and presents resistivity contrast from groundwater-bearing geologic materials.
Imaging karstic cavities in transparent 3D volume of the GPR data set in Akkopru dam, Mugla, Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2012) Kadioglu, Selma; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
The use of geophysical methods, particularly ground-penetrating radar (GPR), in the environmental sites has taken very important approximation in locating potential environmental hazards such as landslides and cavities. Generally, slices of a three-dimensional (3D) GPR data set can be used to monitor changes in the surface locations and depth of the environmental hazards through the iterative slices. The aim of this study is to introduce volume imaging of subsurface cavities with a transparent half bird's-eye view within a 3D data set. Transparency is obtained by a constructed opaque function of the amplitude-colour range. The half bird's-eye view is achieved by observing angles of the x-, y-and z-directions to the 3D block. A GPR study was conducted at a reservoir area (696m x 100 m) in Akkopru dam and hydroelectric power station in Mugla (Turkey) to determine the existence and abundance of karstic cavities. The study revealed the presence of 283 cavities of various size and depth. Borehole data encouraged the results with given depths.
Naşa sokulumu (Batı Anadolu) ve teknotik anlamı: gravite ve deprem verilerinin birlikte analizi
(2018) Toker, C. Ertan; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Kılıç, Ali R.
Batı Anadoluda bulunan Simav grabeni ve civarında toplanan gravite verileri, standart sapmasüzgeci ve Euler evrişimi kullanılarak yeniden işlenmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Gravite verilerinin vesismolojik çalışmaların sonuclarının birlikte yorumu Simav yakınlarında yeni sokulum yapılarınınvarlığına işaret etmektedir. Sokulum grabenin doğu kenarında yeralmakta ve kalınlıgı 12-15 km veyüzeyden derinliği 2.5-3 km dir. Grabenin doğusunda kayıt edilen çok sayıda deprem bu sokulumlailintilidir. Ayrıca, gravite verisinin çok boyutlu modellemesi ile Simav Grabeni, Simav Fayınınbüklümü, Naşa adı verilen Sokulum ve deprem odakları aynı tektonik karede görüntülenmiştir. Üçboyutlu kabartma modeli üzerinde tüm tektonik yapılar işaretlenmiştir.
On the determination of marine magnetotelluric receiver orientation using land magnetic observatory data
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2016) Miquelutti, Leonardo G.; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Nascimento, Deivid; Fontes, Sergio L.
Marine magnetotelluric measurements using “free-fall’’ instruments without effective compasses suffer from the problem of unknown orientation of the receivers at the seafloor. While past works indicate that marine magnetotelluric orientation of the instruments can be estimated by reference to land deployments of known orientation using the transfer tensor method, there is limited published information on how this is implemented in practice. We document this method and propose a set of new time- and frequency-domain approaches to solve this orientation problem of the seafloor receivers. We test these methodologies in onshore and offshore magnetotelluric data whose orientations are well known and apply these techniques to marine magnetotelluric data with unknown orientation. For the controlled tests, both time- and frequency-domain approaches produce overall comparable results. To investigate the effects of the subsurface structure distribution on the orientation process, a dimensionality analysis of a controlled dataset is carried out. In subsequent analysis using the available disoriented marine magnetotelluric data from offshore Brazil and from the Vassouras magnetic observatory on the mainland for remote referencing, frequency-domain methods yield approximate orientation angles among themselves with low standard deviation each. Time-domain results are consistent for most cases but differ from frequency-domain results for some situations. © 2016 European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers
Quality control of compacted grounds using seismic velocities
(Wiley, 2008) Uyanik, Osman; Ulugergerli, Emin U.
The speed-up plaque load experiment and a seismic refraction survey were used in quality-control tests of compaction in the runway grounds of the Suleyman Demirel Airport, Isparta, located to the north of Burdur Lake, Turkey. The straight-line correlation between plaque load experiments and seismic velocities (V-P and V-S) has shown that compaction is sufficient when both the V-P and V-S values exceed 590m/s and 379rn/s, respectively. In addition, two-dimensional velocity models for both P- and S-waves map out the level of compaction along the profiles.
Signal and noise detection in magnetotelluric data by the artificial neural network method
(Hacettepe Universitesi Yerbilmleri, 2013) Uluocak, Ebru Şengül; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Göktaş, Hilal
In this study artificial neural network method was used to classify noisy components in the MT method data. For this purpose a multi-layered, feed-foorward and back propagation model was employed. Noisy time windows were determined to an accuracy of 89% depending on the training data set. In addition, when all types of noise in the data are defined (synthetic data), all noisy time windows can be sellected and eliminated by artificial neural network method.Test results from synthetic and field data indicate that artificial neural network classification is succesfull in identifying and eliminating the noisy data windows compared to both visual inspection and conventional assessment methods.
Statistical correlations between seismic wave velocities and SPT blow counts and the relative density of soils
(Amer Soc Testing Materials, 2007) Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Uyanik, Osman
The relation between seismic P and S-wave velocities, standard penetration test blow counts (SPT-N) and relative density are the subject of our research. We focused especially on variations of SPT-N versus seismic velocities and relative density versus seismic velocities. Contrary to the traditional approach, the scattered nature of the graphs led us to define the empirical relations as upper and lower bounds instead of single average curves. The values, calculated from the upper and lower limits, have large ranges and, therefore, span whole observable values of the site and geological unit. The wideness of the range between the upper and lower limit recommends that if a geotechnical parameter is required for the assessment of the soil condition; direct gathering from the field or core sample must be employed for a realistic evaluation.
The assessment of geothermal potential of Turkey by means of heat flow estimation
(General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), 2014) Akin, U?ur; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Kutlu, Semih
In this study, the heat şow distribution of Turkey was investigated in the interest of exploring new geothermal fields in addition to known ones. For this purposes, the geothermal gradient was estimated from the Curie point depth map obtained from airborne magnetic data by means of power spectrum method. By multiplying geothermal gradient with thermal conductivity values, the heat şow map of Turkey was obtained. The average value in the heat şow map of Turkey was determined as 74 mW/m2. It points out existence of resources of geothermal energy larger than the average of the world resources. in terms of geothermal potential, the most significant region of Turkey is the Aydin and its surrounding with a value exceeding 200 mW/m2. On the contrary, the value decreases below 30 mW/m2 in the region bordered by Aksaray, Ni?de, Karaman and Konya. The necessity of conducting a detailed additional studies for East Black sea, East and Southeast Anatolia is also revealed.
The Nasa intrusion (Western Anatolia) and its tectonic implication: A joint analyses of gravity and earthquake catalog data
(Maden Tetkik Ve Arama Genel Mudurlugu-Mta, 2018) Toker, C. Ertan; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Kilic, Ali R.
The gravity data gathered in and around the Simav Graben in Western Anatolia were reprocessed and reinterpreted by using the standard deviation filter and the Euler deconvolution. The joint evaluation of results from the interpretation of gravity data and seismological studies indicates the presence of new intrusive structures in the vicinity of Simav. The intrusion is located in the eastern margin of the graben and has a thickness of 12-15 km at 2.5-3 km depth below the surface. Numerous earthquakes recorded in the eastern part of the graben are associated with this intrusion. Besides, the multi-dimensional modelling study of the gravity data allowed us to display the Simav Graben, the fold of the Simav Fault, the intrusion named as Nasa, and the epicenters of earthquake within the same tectonic frame. All tectonic structures were marked on the three dimensional relief model.
Türkiye jeotermal potansiyelinin isi akisi hesaplamasiyla değerlendirilmesi
(2014) Akına, Uğur; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Kutlu, Semih
Bu çalışma da, Türkiyedeki bilinen jeotermal sahaların dışındaki yeni sahaların belirlenmesine yönelik olarak Türkiyenin ısı akısı dağılımı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, havadan manyetik verilerinden güç spektrumu yöntemiyle elde edilen Curie noktası derinliğinden yararlanılarak jeotermal gradient hesaplanmıştır. Jeotermal gradient değerleri ile kayaç ısı iletim değerleri çarpılarak Türkiyenin ısı akısı haritası elde edilmiştir. Türkiye geneli ısı akısı haritasında ortalama değerin 74 mW/m2 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu değer, Türkiyede, dünya ortalamasının üzerinde bir jeotermal enerji kaynağının varlığına işaret etmektedir. Türkiyenin jeotermal açıdan en önemli bölgesi 200 mW/m2 aşan değeri ile Aydın ve çevresini kapsayan alandır. Buna karşın, Aksaray, Niğde, Karaman ve Konya ile sınırlanan alanda bu değer 30 mW/m2 değerin altına kadar düşmektedir. Doğu Karadeniz, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgeleri için ise ayrıntılı ek çalışma yapılması gerekliliği görülmüştür.
Two dimensional combined inversion of short- and long-normal dc resistivity well log data
(Elsevier, 2011) Ulugergerli, Emin U.
A method is presented for the two-dimensional combined inversion of short- and long-normal tool direct current resistivity data with symmetry. The forward problem is solved using the finite element method in the cylindrical coordinates system. The inverse problem is solved using a conjugate gradient technique with the partial derivatives obtained using reciprocity. The parameters were obtained by means of both conjugate gradient relaxation and conventional conjugate gradient method. The solution of this highly under-determined inverse problem is stabilized using Tikhonov regularization and the scheme yields a blurred image of the subsurface. The scheme is tested using synthetic data and field data. Tests using synthetic data suggest that traces of the horizontal boundaries are delineated in the range of the exploration distance while the resolution of vertical boundaries depends upon the solution regularization. Application to field data shows that additional information is necessary for resolving the resistivity structure when there are low resistivity contrasts between formation units. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Virtual learning and contribution from E - Museum an example for earth sciences
(International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, 2016) Çalık, Ayten; Ulugergerli, Emin U.; Yaşar, Cumali; Taşpınar, Kerem
Targeting to convey reliable and adequate information from academic sources to non-academic community, a fast growing low-cost e-museum project has been executed. Our effort to seeking solution to solution to some of the problems, e.g., on selecting development model, on deciding to structural architecture and on maintenance of the web site and museum itself provide some real-life experience that could be taken as a reference to develop similar applications for both academic and non-academic purposes for even presenting site-specific artifacts or products in developing countries. Visiting statistic pointed out that number of visitor is reciprocal to display technologies. The more static the exhibition environment is, the less attractive it becomes. Web applications are the recent technology that can be adapted to conventional museum and convey vast amount of the information to the visitors and help them to digest it much effectively. A prototype web application, which uses QR code to access predefined web sites, has been developed and tested in our museum. Both animation and web based additional information from well-established web sites are used wherever possible to improve the technicality and attractiveness of the displays. Overall test results indicate that the application is successful. © SGEM2016.

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