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    A Facile Strategy for Preparing Flexible and Porous Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds from Silk Sericin/Wool Keratin by In Situ Bubble-Forming for Muscle Tissue Engineering Applications
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Demiray, Elif Beyza; Sezgin Arslan, Tuğba; Derkuş, Burak; Arslan, Yavuz Emre
    In the present study, it is aimed to fabricate a novel silk sericin (SS)/wool keratin (WK) hydrogel-based scaffolds using an in situ bubble-forming strategy containing an N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N '-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling reaction. During the rapid gelation process, CO2 bubbles are released by activating the carboxyl groups in sericin with EDC and NHS, entrapped within the gel, creating a porous cross-linked structure. With this approach, five different hydrogels (S2K1, S4K2, S2K4, S6K3, and S3K6) are constructed to investigate the impact of varying sericin and keratin ratios. Analyses reveal that more sericin in the proteinaceous mixture reinforced the hydrogel network. Additionally, the hydrogels' pore size distribution, swelling ratio, wettability, and in vitro biodegradation rate, which are crucial for the applications of biomaterials, are evaluated. Moreover, biocompatibility and proangiogenic properties are analyzed using an in-ovo chorioallantoic membrane assay. The findings suggest that the S4K2 hydrogel exhibited the most promising characteristics, featuring an adequately flexible and highly porous structure. The results obtained by in vitro assessments demonstrate the potential of S4K2 hydrogel in muscle tissue engineering. However, further work is necessary to improve hydrogels with an aligned structure to meet the features that can fully replace muscle tissue for volumetric muscle loss regeneration. A novel hydrogel-based bioengineered scaffold with a porous and flexible ultrastructure is fabricated via in situ crosslinking of sericin and keratin. In chorioallantoic membrane analysis, the bioengineered scaffold not only shows angiogenic potential but also promotes the biological behavior of C2C12 muscle cells. These results highlight the potential of the sericin/keratin scaffold for future applications in repairing volumetric muscle tissue loss. image
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    Development of Ductile-Sticky Bone Fillers from Biodegradable Hydrolyzed Wool-Keratin and Silk Fibroin
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Bekar, Şerife; Sezgin Arslan, Tuğba; Arslan, Yavuz Emre
    In the present study, a method is proposed for preparing novel ductile-sticky materials that can be used as bone void fillers using hydrolyzed wool-keratin (WK) and silk fibroin (SF). This methodology uses citric acid as a cross-linking agent in preparing keratin paste (KP) owing to its non-toxicity and plasticizing properties. The Keratin paste-silk fibroin structure (KPSF) is obtained by adding SF, which possesses biocompatible and superior mechanical properties. Methanol treatment is employed on the KPSF mixture to convert the Silk I structure in the SF to Silk II, resulting in a water-insoluble and tightly packed proteinaceous structure. The physicochemical properties of both bioscaffolds are investigated and discussed in detail by comparison. Based on the findings, the presence of SF in the KPSF structure contributed to properties such as flexibility and porosity. In ovo CAM analysis reveals that both materials exhibit proangiogenic properties and are biocompatible. KP and KPSF bioscaffolds can be converted into ductile-sticky forms by adding water. It believes that these forms can easily apply to bone defect areas, particularly cavitary bone defects. Furthermore, KPSF bioscaffolds, with better mechanical properties, can be considered candidates for use in non-load-bearing bone tissue engineering applications. This study introduces a strategy using citric acid as a crosslinker and plasticizer to create ductile-sticky Keratin Paste (KP) and Keratin paste-silk fibroin (KPSF) bone fillers. This study proposes that moldable ductile-sticky KP and KPSF materials are suitable for cavitary bone defects, while lyophilized forms of KPSF bioscaffolds, offering flexibility and robustness, are ideal for non-load-bearing bone tissue engineering applications. image