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  • Küçük Resim
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    Detection of einkorn flour adulteration in flour and bread samples using Computer-Based Image Analysis and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Ayvaz, Hüseyin; Korkmaz, Fatma; Polat, Havva; Ayvaz, Zayde; Tuncel, Necati Barış
    Einkorn (Triticum monocum L.) is an old variety of wheat and is considered an ancient grain. Currently, limited amounts of einkorn are produced within a few regions of Europe and the US, and therefore it is sold at higher prices than common wheat. Either for unfair economic gain (adulteration) or to compensate its weaker gluten structure, einkorn flour tends to be adulterated with bread wheat flour, which is frequently encountered in commercial einkorn flour or einkorn baked products. In this study, einkorn and bread wheat flours were initially analyzed for their common quality properties following the traditional analytical methods. Then, two rapid methods, Computer-Based Image (CBI) Analysis and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), were evaluated to rapidly estimate the % level of bread wheat flour in both einkorn-wheat flour mixtures and the bread made of those mixtures. For this purpose, binary mixtures of einkorn flour and the adulterating bread wheat flour were prepared for calibration (46 samples) and external validation (18 samples) sets, with wheat flour content in the mixtures ranging between 5 and 95% (w/w). Then, for each binary mixture, a loaf of conventional bread was produced. Flour mixtures and loaves of bread samples produced were analyzed by both CBI and NIRS. Our results suggested that CBI could only yield high correlation levels between the wheat flour content and some color properties in bread samples (>0.96), while no sufficient correlations were observed in flour mixtures. Regarding the NIRS, highly accurate models were developed for both flour mixtures (correlation coefficients > 0.99, standard errors < 1.39% and RPD level of 19.3) and bread samples (correlation coefficients > 0.94, standard errors < 2.64% and RPD level of 10.1). Our results indicate that both NIRS and CBI may be implemented in the rapid and easy screening of wheat flour adulteration in einkorn bread, while only NIRS is suggested to be used for the same purpose in flour mixtures.
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    Monitoring starch hydrolysis with micro visco-amylo-graph for the production of chickpea milk and optimization of the parameters with response surface methodology
    (Springer, 2021) Yılmaz Tuncel, Neşe; Korkmaz, Fatma; Polat, Havva; Tuncel, Necati Barış
    Plant-based milk products are gaining attention since it has been demonstrated that the consumption of animal-derived foods had to be reduced to combat global climate change. The production of plant-based milk includes a starch hydrolysis step for raw materials with high starch content such as cereals and pulses, since the gelatinized starch forms a thick slurry which causes an unsuitable consistency for a drinkable product. The objectives of this work were to investigate the effects of slurry concentration (solid to solvent ratio), enzyme including temperature, enzyme amount and mixing (rotation) speed on the pasting properties especially final viscosity of a crude chickpea milk and also to investigate the potential use of Micro Visco Amylo-Graph for monitoring starch hydrolysis. Response surface methodology, based on Box Behnken Design, was used to assess the parameters and to optimize the hydrolysis conditions for the minimum f inal viscosity. In conclusion, it was observed that slurry concentration and enzyme including temperature were the most critical factors that affect either the pasting properties or the final viscosity of the crude chickpea milk. Briefly, lower final viscosities were obtained from samples which were prepared at lower beginning concentrations and treated with higher enzyme amounts at lower temperatures.
  • Küçük Resim
    Öğe
    Sürdürülebilir et üretimi
    (Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2021) Polat, Havva; Yılmaz Tuncel, Neşe
    Et, özgün lezzeti ve besleyici değeri nedeniyle insan soyu tarafından yüzyıllardır önemli miktarda tüketilenbir gıda maddesidir. Son yıllarda dünya nüfusunun artışı ve et endüstrisinin gelişmesine bağlı olarak et tüketimmiktarı da önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Küresel ısınmanın başlıca sebebi olarak gösterilen sera gazı emisyonlarınındikkate değer bir kısmından özellikle canlı hayvan üretimi ve süreçleri sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Artan miktardaet üretimi; zoonoz hastalıklar, antimikrobiyel kalıntılar, hayvan hakları ve hayvan refahı gibi konularda tüketiciendişelerine neden olmakta ve bazı etik sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Çözüm olarak, et veürünlerine alternatif bitki esaslı et benzeri ürünler üretilmektedir. Ayrıca, laboratuvar ortamında in vitroşartlarda et üretiminin ticarileşmesine yönelik çalışmalar da kapsamlı olarak devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada,et üretiminin geleceği ve sürdürülebilirliğinin yanı sıra hayvansal ete alternatif olarak üretilen et benzeriürünlerin özellikleri ve üretim teknolojileri konuları derlenmiştir.