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    An Epigenetic Alphabet of Crop Adaptation to Climate Change
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Guarino, Francesco; Cicatelli, Angela; Castiglione, Stefano; Agius, Dolores R.; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Fragkostefanakis, Sotirios; Leclercq, Julie
    Crop adaptation to climate change is in a part attributed to epigenetic mechanisms which are related to response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although recent studies increased our knowledge on the nature of these mechanisms, epigenetics remains under-investigated and still poorly understood in many, especially non-model, plants, Epigenetic modifications are traditionally divided into two main groups, DNA methylation and histone modifications that lead to chromatin remodeling and the regulation of genome functioning. In this review, we outline the most recent and interesting findings on crop epigenetic responses to the environmental cues that are most relevant to climate change. In addition, we discuss a speculative point of view, in which we try to decipher the epigenetic alphabet that underlies crop adaptation mechanisms to climate change. The understanding of these mechanisms will pave the way to new strategies to design and implement the next generation of cultivars with a broad range of tolerance/resistance to stresses as well as balanced agronomic traits, with a limited loss of (epi)genetic variability.
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    Boron-depleted geothermal water as an alternative irrigation source: Effects on the germination and nutritional composition of edible seed sprouts
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2025) Orhun, Gul Ebru; Bektas, Tijen Ennil; Orhun, Eda; Yilmaz, Damla
    This study aims to evaluate the usability of boron-depleted geothermal resources as irrigation water for the cultivation of seed sprouts intended for food consumption. Initially, high concentrations of boron in the Tuzla geothermal resources were reduced using cost-boron selective resin Resinex BR.1. Subsequently, the water obtained from this process was used to grow wheat, pea, and corn seed sprouts. The primary objective is to assess the impact of irrigation with boron-depleted geothermal water on germination properties, as well as on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of the sprouts. According to t-test results, almost all examined features showed significant differences (p < 0.01). Irrigation water with boron- depleted geothermal fluid containing less than 1 ppm boron resulted in a decrease in the germination rate of wheat and maize seeds compared to their control groups. But the water resulted in an increase on the germination rate of pea seeds compared to their control groups. Significant variations were observed in the responses of different species to this irrigation water. Ultimately, using boron-depleted geothermal fluid as irrigation positively affected the phenolic compounds, total phenolic content, and vitamin C levels in the sprouts, enhancing their nutritional value.
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    Comparison of graphical analyses for maize genetic experiments: Application of biplots and polar plot to line x tester design
    (Inst Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 2016) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Omer; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Alaca, Baris; Avci, Fatma
    Graphical techniques have become important tools to show results of maize (Zea mays L.) breeding experiments in current literature. The present study compared different graphical techniques to determine the best parental lines and cross combinations for yield and kernel quality traits in maize breeding experiments. We measured single plant yield, protein content, oil content, carotenoid content, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in a 5 x 2 line x tester design. Genotype + genotype x environment (GE) biplot, principal component analysis (PCA) biplot, and polar plot were used to analyze data and compare them with conventional line x tester analysis. In the conventional analysis, parents with high means and positive general combining ability (GCA) values were A680 and HYA for single plant yield, IHP for protein content, IHO and HYA for oil content, A680 and Q2 for carotenoid content, IHP for oleic acid content, and A680 for linoleic acid content. The B73 tester exhibited positive GCA values for most investigated traits. The HYA x B73 combination was the best cross in terms of single plant yield, protein, and oil contents. Results showed that biplot methods had both advantages and disadvantages. The PCA biplots can be used alone while the GGE biplot and polar plots are both useful for combining ability, heterosis, and gene action analysis in a line x tester design. Overall, graphical analysis results were very similar to conventional analysis. Consequently, it was assumed that the graphical methods used could be useful to analyze/present data from maize breeding experiments carried out with a line x tester design.
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    EVALUATION OF BORON-REMOVED GEOTHERMAL WATER FOR WHEAT IRRIGATION: EFFECTS ON SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT IN DIFFERENT WHEAT VARIETIES
    (Publ House Bulgarian Acad Sci, 2025) Orhun, Gul Ebru; Yilmaz, Damla
    The need for water has been increasing day by day with the growing industry and increasing population. Since global climate change and environmental problems have caused the depletion of water resources, it is necessary to make all kinds of water resources usable. Geothermal water resources, which are considered an alternative water source for this study, cannot be used directly in agricultural irrigation because they contain high levels of boron and heavy metals that are toxic for plants. For this reason, the usability of boron-removed geothermal resources in wheat agriculture was investigated. The irrigation water required for growing wheat has been brought to the desired limit values. The emergence and seedling development characteristics of the grown wheat were examined by using seeds of bread wheat and durum wheat which are two different wheat varieties as plant materials. According to the results of the study, decreases in the emergence percentages and seedling growth were observed in the comparisons made between the experiment and the controls. According to the comparison between varieties, bread wheat variety (Pehlivan) was more affected than durum wheat variety (Mirzabey-2000).
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    Interrelationships among the oil and fatty acids in maize
    (Academic Journals, 2011) Orhun, Gul Ebru; Korkut, Kayihan Z.
    In this study, 28 F(1) maize hybrids obtained by 8x8 half diallel crossing were used, in order for the interrelationships among the oil content and fatty acids to be determined by correlation analyses. The range values for oil content of hybrids varied between 3.34 to 4.95%. The results showed positive correlation meaningfully between most traits, and it showed that oleic acid has the most possitive correlation (r = 0.655**) with oil content.
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    Investigation of Agronomic and Kerne Quality Traits of Registered Maize Varieties using Principal Component Biplot Analysis
    (Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2020) Orhun, Gul Ebru
    The aim of this study was to determine the adaptability and kernel quality of new maize hybrids in Bayramic-Canakkale ecological conditions (West part of Turkey). The field trials were carried out during the 2016 and 2017 planting seasons (spring) with 10 maize hybrids (A49, A9C1, A9C2, B4A, B4C, B4C2, B6C, BA, BC and BC2). Grain yields, some yield components and some grain quality characteristics (yield, protein content, total oil content and content of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) of hybrids maize were examined in this study. All kernel quality traits were mostly determined by the effect of the genotype. There were statistically significant differences among genotypes for all investigated agronomical and compositional quality traits. According to the results, significant differences were found between the genotypes and the years but the interaction of the two factors also had effect on all parameters. The hybrid named BC was outstanding compared to other hybrids for traits such as the thousand kernel weight, ear width, number of kernels per ear, first ear height and ear length. The BA hybrid had the highest values for plant height, day of silking and day of tasseling. In addition, there were positive and significant correlations between traits like ear width, number of kernels per ear and thousand kernel weight.
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    Investigation of agronomic and kernel quality traits of registered maize varieties using principal component biplot analysis
    (Crea Journals, 2020) Orhun, Gul Ebru
    The aim of this study was to determine the adaptability and kernel quality of new maize hybrids in Bayramic-Canakkale ecological conditions (West part of Turkey). The field trials were carried out during the 2016 and 2017 planting seasons (spring) with 10 maize hybrids (A49, A9C1, A9C2, B4A, B4C, B4C2, B6C, BA, BC and BC2). Grain yields, some yield components and some grain quality characteristics (yield, protein content, total oil content and content of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) of hybrids maize were examined in this study. All kernel quality traits were mostly determined by the effect of the genotype. There were statistically significant differences among genotypes for all investigated agronomical and compositional quality traits. According to the results, significant differences were found between the genotypes and the years but the interaction of the two factors also had effect on all parameters. The hybrid named BC was outstanding compared to other hybrids for traits such as the thousand kernel weight, ear width, number of kernels per ear, first ear height and ear length. The BA hybrid had the highest values for plant height, day of silking and day of tasseling. In addition, there were positive and significant correlations between traits like ear width, number of kernels per ear and thousand kernel weight. © 2020, Crea Journals. All rights reserved.
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    Metabolic Engineering to Increase the Corn Seed Storage Lipid Quantity and Change Its Compositional Quality
    (Wiley, 2017) Alameldin, Hussien; Izadi-Darbandi, Ali; Smith, Scott A.; Balan, Venkatesh; Jones, A. Daniel; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Sticklen, Mariam
    Given limited global food supplies and the fact that the global population is expected to double by 2050, there is an urgent need for the development of high-calorie foods, including culinary oils. The seeds of oil crops contain high-energy density oil composed of triacylglycerides (TAGs) at up to 80% by dry mass. However, maize (Zea mays L.) seeds are relatively poor in calorie and nutritional values. Therefore, in this report, we address this constraint via metabolic engineering to improve maize seed lipids including TAG and seed TAG nutritional values by overexpression of three major genes, including: (i) the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (AtDGAT1), a gene that catalyzes the TAG biosynthesis final step prior to packaging of TAGs into oil bodies; (ii) the transcription factor WRINKLED 1 (WRI1), which promotes the regulation of the expression of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis; and (i) the A. thaliana oleosin (AtOleosin) gene, a gene coding for a protein that protects TAGs from degradation. The overexpression of the above three genes, and probably certain unintentional in vitro culture genetic variabilities, resulted in 117% increase of seed TAGs and 25% increase in total oil contents when compared with the wild-type control corn seeds. In addition, the above genetic modifications led to major shifts in the fatty acid profiles in favor of human health.