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    An Epigenetic Alphabet of Crop Adaptation to Climate Change
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Guarino, Francesco; Cicatelli, Angela; Castiglione, Stefano; Agius, Dolores R.; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Fragkostefanakis, Sotirios; Leclercq, Julie
    Crop adaptation to climate change is in a part attributed to epigenetic mechanisms which are related to response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although recent studies increased our knowledge on the nature of these mechanisms, epigenetics remains under-investigated and still poorly understood in many, especially non-model, plants, Epigenetic modifications are traditionally divided into two main groups, DNA methylation and histone modifications that lead to chromatin remodeling and the regulation of genome functioning. In this review, we outline the most recent and interesting findings on crop epigenetic responses to the environmental cues that are most relevant to climate change. In addition, we discuss a speculative point of view, in which we try to decipher the epigenetic alphabet that underlies crop adaptation mechanisms to climate change. The understanding of these mechanisms will pave the way to new strategies to design and implement the next generation of cultivars with a broad range of tolerance/resistance to stresses as well as balanced agronomic traits, with a limited loss of (epi)genetic variability.
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    Comparison of graphical analyses for maize genetic experiments: Application of biplots and polar plot to line x tester design
    (Inst Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 2016) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Omer; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Alaca, Baris; Avci, Fatma
    Graphical techniques have become important tools to show results of maize (Zea mays L.) breeding experiments in current literature. The present study compared different graphical techniques to determine the best parental lines and cross combinations for yield and kernel quality traits in maize breeding experiments. We measured single plant yield, protein content, oil content, carotenoid content, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in a 5 x 2 line x tester design. Genotype + genotype x environment (GE) biplot, principal component analysis (PCA) biplot, and polar plot were used to analyze data and compare them with conventional line x tester analysis. In the conventional analysis, parents with high means and positive general combining ability (GCA) values were A680 and HYA for single plant yield, IHP for protein content, IHO and HYA for oil content, A680 and Q2 for carotenoid content, IHP for oleic acid content, and A680 for linoleic acid content. The B73 tester exhibited positive GCA values for most investigated traits. The HYA x B73 combination was the best cross in terms of single plant yield, protein, and oil contents. Results showed that biplot methods had both advantages and disadvantages. The PCA biplots can be used alone while the GGE biplot and polar plots are both useful for combining ability, heterosis, and gene action analysis in a line x tester design. Overall, graphical analysis results were very similar to conventional analysis. Consequently, it was assumed that the graphical methods used could be useful to analyze/present data from maize breeding experiments carried out with a line x tester design.
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    Interrelationships among the oil and fatty acids in maize
    (Academic Journals, 2011) Orhun, Gul Ebru; Korkut, Kayihan Z.
    In this study, 28 F(1) maize hybrids obtained by 8x8 half diallel crossing were used, in order for the interrelationships among the oil content and fatty acids to be determined by correlation analyses. The range values for oil content of hybrids varied between 3.34 to 4.95%. The results showed positive correlation meaningfully between most traits, and it showed that oleic acid has the most possitive correlation (r = 0.655**) with oil content.
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    Investigation of Agronomic and Kerne Quality Traits of Registered Maize Varieties using Principal Component Biplot Analysis
    (Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2020) Orhun, Gul Ebru
    The aim of this study was to determine the adaptability and kernel quality of new maize hybrids in Bayramic-Canakkale ecological conditions (West part of Turkey). The field trials were carried out during the 2016 and 2017 planting seasons (spring) with 10 maize hybrids (A49, A9C1, A9C2, B4A, B4C, B4C2, B6C, BA, BC and BC2). Grain yields, some yield components and some grain quality characteristics (yield, protein content, total oil content and content of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) of hybrids maize were examined in this study. All kernel quality traits were mostly determined by the effect of the genotype. There were statistically significant differences among genotypes for all investigated agronomical and compositional quality traits. According to the results, significant differences were found between the genotypes and the years but the interaction of the two factors also had effect on all parameters. The hybrid named BC was outstanding compared to other hybrids for traits such as the thousand kernel weight, ear width, number of kernels per ear, first ear height and ear length. The BA hybrid had the highest values for plant height, day of silking and day of tasseling. In addition, there were positive and significant correlations between traits like ear width, number of kernels per ear and thousand kernel weight.
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    Investigation of agronomic and kernel quality traits of registered maize varieties using principal component biplot analysis
    (Crea Journals, 2020) Orhun, Gul Ebru
    The aim of this study was to determine the adaptability and kernel quality of new maize hybrids in Bayramic-Canakkale ecological conditions (West part of Turkey). The field trials were carried out during the 2016 and 2017 planting seasons (spring) with 10 maize hybrids (A49, A9C1, A9C2, B4A, B4C, B4C2, B6C, BA, BC and BC2). Grain yields, some yield components and some grain quality characteristics (yield, protein content, total oil content and content of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) of hybrids maize were examined in this study. All kernel quality traits were mostly determined by the effect of the genotype. There were statistically significant differences among genotypes for all investigated agronomical and compositional quality traits. According to the results, significant differences were found between the genotypes and the years but the interaction of the two factors also had effect on all parameters. The hybrid named BC was outstanding compared to other hybrids for traits such as the thousand kernel weight, ear width, number of kernels per ear, first ear height and ear length. The BA hybrid had the highest values for plant height, day of silking and day of tasseling. In addition, there were positive and significant correlations between traits like ear width, number of kernels per ear and thousand kernel weight. © 2020, Crea Journals. All rights reserved.
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    Metabolic Engineering to Increase the Corn Seed Storage Lipid Quantity and Change Its Compositional Quality
    (Wiley, 2017) Alameldin, Hussien; Izadi-Darbandi, Ali; Smith, Scott A.; Balan, Venkatesh; Jones, A. Daniel; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Sticklen, Mariam
    Given limited global food supplies and the fact that the global population is expected to double by 2050, there is an urgent need for the development of high-calorie foods, including culinary oils. The seeds of oil crops contain high-energy density oil composed of triacylglycerides (TAGs) at up to 80% by dry mass. However, maize (Zea mays L.) seeds are relatively poor in calorie and nutritional values. Therefore, in this report, we address this constraint via metabolic engineering to improve maize seed lipids including TAG and seed TAG nutritional values by overexpression of three major genes, including: (i) the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (AtDGAT1), a gene that catalyzes the TAG biosynthesis final step prior to packaging of TAGs into oil bodies; (ii) the transcription factor WRINKLED 1 (WRI1), which promotes the regulation of the expression of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis; and (i) the A. thaliana oleosin (AtOleosin) gene, a gene coding for a protein that protects TAGs from degradation. The overexpression of the above three genes, and probably certain unintentional in vitro culture genetic variabilities, resulted in 117% increase of seed TAGs and 25% increase in total oil contents when compared with the wild-type control corn seeds. In addition, the above genetic modifications led to major shifts in the fatty acid profiles in favor of human health.
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    Traditional European Breads: An Illustrative Compendium of Ancestral Knowledge and Cultural Heritage
    (Springer International Publishing, 2023) Garcia-Vaquero, Marco; Pastor, Kristian; Orhun, Gul Ebru; McElhatton, Anna; Rocha, João Miguel F.
    This text comprehensively covers the rituals, traditions and receipts of ancestral processes of bread making from multiple countries, including the scientific and technological character of the science of bread making and sourdough biotechnology. Individual chapters cover the scientific aspects of bread making in different cultures and traditions as well as the technological phenomena occurring during the bread making process, utilizing the full network of SOURDOMICS from the COST initiative. Pictures and illustrations are used to explain the science behind bread making processes and the cultural, historical and traditional elements associated with bread making in multiple countries. Authored by bread making experts from the breadth of Europe, the process of bread fermentation in each country and region is covered in detail. The traditions surrounding bread making are simply the empirical know-how passed between generations, and this book's main purpose is to perpetuate these traditions and know-how. • Provides a description of the culture of European peoples with respect to the technology of bread making and sourdough biotechnology; • Explains the process of bread fermentation using simple language combined with scientific rigor; • High quality pictures and illustrations enrich the scientific and cultural elements mentioned in each chapter. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.