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    Belief in a just world, perceived control, perceived risk, and hopelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a globally diverse sample
    (Springer, 2022) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Donat, Matthias; Bartholomaeus, Jonathan; Thomas, Kendra; Nartova-Bochaver, Sofya
    The purpose of this study was to understand the complex relationships between belief in a just world (BJW), perceived control, perceived risk to self and others, and hopelessness among a globally diverse sample during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The just-world hypothesis suggests that people need to believe in a just world in which they get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Studies have shown that believing in a just world has an adaptive function for individuals. Samples from six countries completed an online questionnaire. A total of 1,250 people participated (934 female) and ages ranged from 16 to 84 years old (M = 36.3, SD = 15.5). The results showed that, when controlling for gender, age, country of residence, and being in a risk group for COVID-19 (e.g., smoker, old age, chronic disease etc.), a stronger personal and general BJW and higher perceived control over the COVID-19 pandemic predicted lower levels of hopelessness. How at-risk participants perceived themselves to be for COVID-19 positively predicted hopelessness, but how risky participants perceived the disease to be for others negatively predicted hopelessness. This study highlights how the distinction between self and others influences hopelessness and how BJW, especially personal BJW, can serve as a psychological resource during times of historic uncertainty.
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    Cross-cultural generalisability of the belief in a just world: Factor analytic and psychometric evidence from six countries
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2023) Bartholomaeus, Jonathan; Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Donat, Matthias; Nartova-Bochaver, Sofya; Thomas, Kendra
    The belief in a just world (BJW) is theorised to be a universal personality disposition. In this study we contrast this notion with that of Justice Capital, which suggests that BJW varies based on the individual's justice expe-rience. We achieve this comparison via a psychometric analysis of the BJW scales across cultural and de-mographic groups. Invariance; equivalence of reliability metrics; differences in latent means; and consistency in construct validity-differential associations with perceived control, hopelessness, and optimism-were analysed across Germany, Russia, Australia, Brazil, Turkey, the USA, sex, age, income type, and economic status (n = 1250). Findings provide support for both the universality and malleability of BJW. We discuss how these findings advance BJW theorising and their important implications for BJW measurement.