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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND PATRONAGE A reappraisal of John Garstang’s archaeological fieldwork at Sirkeli Höyük
    (Peeters Publishers, 2022) Kozal, Ekin; Maloigne, Hélène; Mönninghoff, Hannah; Novák, Mirko
    This article examines the archival and material evidence relating to John Garstang’s short excavations at Sirkeli Höyük from 1936-1937 to contribute to the re-evaluation of the Middle Bronze and Iron Age chronology of the site and the wider region of Cilicia. By re-assessing published as well as newly identified archival material we contextualise the financial, social and political circumstances of the Neilson Expedition to the Near East, funded by Francis and Helen Neilson. Integrating the Old Cilician (Middle Bronze Age) and Neo Cilician (Iron Age) pottery from Trench E into the sequences developed by renewed excavations at the site (since the 1990s) and previous archival research shows the importance of ongoing efforts to refine the chronological and stratigraphical results within a discussion of research progress over the last 40 years. This integrated and interdisciplinary approach to legacy excavations demonstrates the importance of considering the historical and personal factors that influence the often haphazard survival of information on which our current research depends. © 2022 Peeters Publishers. All rights reserved.
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    Arkeometrik Yöntemler Işığında M.Ö. İkinci Binyılda Antik Alalah Kenti'nde Seramik ve Vitrifiye Malların Üretim Teknolojileri
    (2018) Kozal, Ekin; Akar, Murat
    Hatay ili sınırları içerisinde Amik Ovası'nda, Asi nehrinin kenarında yer alan Alalah (Aççana Höyük), M.Ö. 2. Binyılda bölgesel bir güç olan Mukiş Krallığı'nın başkentidir. Bulunduğu stratejik konumu itibariyle krallık sırasıyla Yamhad, Mitanni ve Hitit imparatorluklarının himayesi altında bölgenin ticari, askeri ve politik kontrolü başkent Alalah'tan sağlamıştır. Doğu Akdeniz kara ve deniz ağları içerisindeki rolü sayesinde önemini koruyan krallık, kozmopolit altyapısı ile kültürler arası ilişkilere ışık tutabilecek Orta ve Geç Tunç Çağı kültür tabakalarına sahiptir. 1930 ve 40 lı yıllardaki Sör Leonard Woolley dönemi kazılarından sonra, 2003 yılında başlatılan yeni dönem kazılarıyla birlikte, Aççana Höyük tabakalarının yeniden incelenmesi ve Yakın Doğu'nun M.Ö. 2. binyıl arkeolojisini yakından ilgilendiren kültürler arası senkronizasyon ve kronoloji sorunsallarına cevaplar aranması hedeflenmiştir. Höyüğün farklı bölgelerinde toplamda 36 plan karede kazı yürütülmüş ve çok sayıda buluntuya ulaşılmıştır. Bu buluntular çok sayıda veri sağlayabilmektedir. Bu proje kapsamında seramik ve vitrifiye buluntuların, hammadde elde etme aşamasından başlayarak tüm üretim aşamalarını incelemiştir. Arkeolojik yöntemlere dayanarak (kronoloji, konteks, tipoloji) seçilen örnekler arkeometrik yöntemlerle (jeokimyasal, mineralojik ve elemental) incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmaların sonucunda, Alalah kentinin seramik üretiminde kullandığı killlerin çoğunu ve boya hammaddesi maden oksitlerini yakın çevreden elde ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Kil hammaddesinin üç ayrı kaynaktan elde edildiği anlaşılmıştır. İki kaynağın bölgesi tespit edilmesine rağmen, üçüncü kaynağın lokalizasyonu araştırılacaktır. Vitrifye buluntular üzerinde yapılan analizler sonucunda da, vitrifiye malzemenin ana hammaddesi olan kumun yakın çevreden elde edilmesi yerel üretimi göstermiştir. Boya hammaddesi olarak ise seramiklerde sadece demir oksit kullanılmasına rağmen, vitrifiye malzeme üretiminde renklendirme amaçlı mavi renk için bakır oksit, sarı renk için kurşun oksit, kırmızı ve tonları için demir oksit ve gri tonlar için de mangan oksit tercih edildiği ortaya konmuştur.
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    Buffles et Zébus au Proche-Orient Ancien
    (2006) Casabonne, Olivier; Kozal, Ekin
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Further work at Kilise Tepe, 2007-2011: refining the Bronze to Iron Age transition
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2014) Bouthillier, Christina; Colantoni, Carlo; Debruyne, Sofie; Glatz, Claudia; Hald, Mette Marie; Heslop, David; Kozal, Ekin
    The excavations at Kilise Tepe in the 1990s inevitably left a range of research questions unanswered, and our second spell of work at the site from 2007 to 2011 sought to address some of these, relating to the later second and early first millennia. This article gathers the architectural and stratigraphic results of the renewed excavations, presenting the fresh information about the layout and character of the Late Bronze Age North-West Building and the initial phases of the Stele Building which succeeded it, including probable symbolic practices, and describing the complex stratigraphic sequence in the Central Strip sounding which covers the lapse of time from the 12th down to the seventh century. There follow short reports on the analyses of the botanical and faunal materials recovered, a summary of the results from the relevant radiocarbon dating samples and separate studies addressing issues resulting from the continuing study of the ceramics from the different contexts. Taken together, a complex picture emerges of changes in settlement layout, architectural traditions, use of external space, artefact production and subsistence strategies during the centuries which separate the Level III Late Bronze Age settlement from the latest Iron Age occupation around 700 BC.
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    Long-distance trade relations in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age: An archaeometric study of Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW) using petrographic, elemental and Sr-Nd isotope analysis
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kozal, Ekin; Monien, Patrick
    The Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1600–1200 BCE) was a period characterized by intensive intercultural connectivity and long-distance exchange. In understanding these networks through material remains, ceramic plays a crucial role. From this perspective, Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW), a distinctive ceramic assemblage marked by its fine red fabric, well-burnished lustrous surfaces, and unique forms, is of significant importance in understanding material culture exchange among the major polities of Anatolia, Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt. Despite its vast geographical distribution, the production place of this ware has been the subject of scholarly debate, with differing hypotheses suggesting regions such as Northern Cyprus and Rough Cilicia in Southern Anatolia. This study aimed to contribute to the debate on the origin of RLW and to enhance our understanding of Late Bronze Age connectivity in the Eastern Mediterranean by employing a multi-analytical approach, integrating petrographic, geochemical (elemental), and isotopic (Sr-Nd) analyses. Archaeometric analysis of RLW ceramic samples (n = 58) from key archaeological sites, including Kilise Tepe, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša, and Tell Atchana/Alalakh in Anatolia, was compared with reference clay samples (n = 84) collected from Cyprus and Southern Anatolia, including the Göksu Valley. in Sothern Anatolia, particularly those from the Göksu Valley, show strong compositional affinities with the RLW samples, providing convincing evidence to support the hypothesis of a Rough Cilician origin. This archaeometric evidence underlines the Göksu Valley’s pivotal role in Late Bronze Age trade networks in the Eastern Mediterranean. The historical harbor town of Ura, mentioned in textual sources, may have served as a central hub for the trade of RLW, linking Anatolia with Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt.
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    New evidence on the provenance of Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW): Petrographic, elemental and Sr-Nd isotope analysis
    (Elsevier, 2019) Kibaroglu, Mustafa; Kozal, Ekin; Kluegel, Andreas; Hartmann, Gerald; Monien, Patrick
    The Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware (RLW) is a distinctive Late Bronze Age ware produced from high quality red clay with an array of particular forms and a polished red surface. It has a wide distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean, mainly including central Anatolia, Cilicia, Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt, indicating the important role of the ware in displaying possible cultural, commercial, and political interconnections. Its unique and identical character throughout its distribution area still complicates the identification of its provenance. Therefore, it has been the subject of numerous archaeological and archaeometric studies. In previous archaeological studies, a Cypriot origin for the ware has been proposed and generally accepted. In comparison to archaeological research, Cyprus and/or Anatolia are suggested as the origin of RLW in previous archaeometric studies. However, the latest discoveries from Anatolia suggests that the production place of RLW could be located in Rough Cilicia in southern Anatolia, as new RLW forms have been identified at Kilise Tepe level III (1500-1300 BCE). This study focuses on the newly identified RLW forms of jar and its subgroups excavated at Kilise Tepe, level III (c. 1500-1300 BCE). We report archaeometric results of petrographic, trace element and Sr (Sr-87/ Sr-86) and Nd (Nd-143/Nd-144) isotopic analysis of RLW samples, not only from Kilise Tepe in southern Anatolia but also from Bogazkoy/Hattusa in central Anatolia, and Tell Atchana/Alalakh in the Amuq Plain as comparative material. Archaeometric results suggest that the new RLW forms with their subgroups belong to the main chemical and mineralogical corpus of RLW. These results support the thesis that Kilise Tepe is the site with the largest variety of RLW forms, and also the hypothesis that the origin of RLW might be in Rough Cilicia in southern Anatolia. A few samples from each site were defined as outliers, indicating that there are small amounts of RLW produced from other clays, the sources of which remain unidentified.
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    Painted pottery traditions at Sirkeli Höyük in the 2nd Millennium BC
    (Archaeopress, 2022) Kozal, Ekin
    This article presents the painted pottery traditions at Sirkeli Höyük throughout the 2nd millennium BC. Since the excavations and material studies in Sirkeli Höyük are ongoing, only a preliminary overview can be given. Although found in every assemblage, painted pottery constitutes a small proportion of the assemblages both in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Represented painted wares/styles/decorations include the so-called Syro-Cilician Painted Ware in the Middle Bronze Age and Red Slip/Red-edged/Red- banded, Monochrome or Bichrome Painted Wavy-line, and Cross-hatched Wares of the Late Bronze Age. © the authors and Archaeopress 2022. All rights reserved.
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    Technological continuity and change in Late Bronze and Iron Age Plain Ware pottery from Sirkeli Ho?y?k (Cilicia, southern Anatolia)
    (Elsevier, 2022) Haciosmanoglu, Sinem; Kibaroglu, Mustafa; Kozal, Ekin; Moenninghoff, Hannah; Opitz, Joachim
    The period from the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550-1190 BCE) to the Iron Age (c. 1190-330 BCE) in the eastern Mediterranean is characterized by upheavals in political and socio-economic structures, accompanied by changes in material culture such as pottery production. Plain Ware is one of the most common pottery types found in Plain Cilicia in southern Anatolia during the Late Bronze and the Iron Ages and displays typological and stylistic variations during these periods. In this work, we examined the Plain Ware from Sirkeli Ho center dot yuk, one of the key settlements in Plain Cilicia, using petrographic, mineralogical (XRPD), microtextural (SEM-EDX), and chemical analysis (LA-ICP-MS). The main objective is to determine the source of raw materials and to investigate Plain Ware production including clay procurement, clay processing, and firing techniques. Our archaeometric results suggest that the vessels were produced from calcareous clay available in the Ceyhan Plain. We have observed continuity in the methods of Plain Ware production from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age with a minor change in the Iron Age.
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    The Development of the Southeast Lower Town of Sirkeli Höyük A Preliminary Assessment based on the 2013-2019 Campaigns
    (De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2020) Sollee, Alexander E.; Mönninghoff, Hannah; Kozal, Ekin; Karakaya, Do?a; Heim, Joëlle; Gür, Selin
    The site of Sirkeli Höyük in the province of Adana in modern Turkey is one of the largest settlement mounds in Plain Cilicia. In 2012, a geophysical survey revealed that the ancient settlement was not confined to the höyük, but also encompassed an extensive lower town to the southeast of the main mound. To gain information on the dating and development of this part of the settlement, an excavation area ("Sector F") was opened at a spot where the magnetometry survey suggested the presence of a city gate. Since then, archaeological work in this area has continuously produced new discoveries that help us understand how this residential area and its inhabitants developed throughout the periods of its occupation. Especially the Iron Age (Neo Cilician period) levels, which cover approximately the 11th-7th centuries B.C., provide important information on how this urban center of the Neo Hittite kingdom Hiyawa/Que changed over time and to which extent historical events impacted the people living in one of its residential areas. This contribution discusses the stratigraphic sequence, the pottery, and the archaeobotanical remains discovered in Sector F during the 2013-2019 campaigns, and concludes with a synthesis of the development in this area from a historical perspective. © 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston 2020.
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    The dualistic nature of a Red Lustrous Wheelmade bowl from Bogazkoy with a depiction of a victorious armed warrior
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2019) Kozal, Ekin
    A bowl with an incised heroic combat scene was found at the Hittite capital of Bogazkoy and dates to the end of the 15th/beginning of the 14th century BC. This article reconsiders this previously published bowl, its production history and the message it conveys. The warrior is usually identified as Mycenaean, and in previous studies the bowl has been considered only for its incised decoration without evaluation of the bowl itself, its context and associated finds. This article argues that the bowl had a physical journey from Rough Cilicia to Hattusa and a non-physical journey from being a simple everyday object to a unique artwork through the secondary carving of an image, which reflects dualistic aspects.
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