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    Belief in a just world, perceived control, perceived risk, and hopelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a globally diverse sample
    (Springer, 2022) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Donat, Matthias; Bartholomaeus, Jonathan; Thomas, Kendra; Nartova-Bochaver, Sofya
    The purpose of this study was to understand the complex relationships between belief in a just world (BJW), perceived control, perceived risk to self and others, and hopelessness among a globally diverse sample during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The just-world hypothesis suggests that people need to believe in a just world in which they get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Studies have shown that believing in a just world has an adaptive function for individuals. Samples from six countries completed an online questionnaire. A total of 1,250 people participated (934 female) and ages ranged from 16 to 84 years old (M = 36.3, SD = 15.5). The results showed that, when controlling for gender, age, country of residence, and being in a risk group for COVID-19 (e.g., smoker, old age, chronic disease etc.), a stronger personal and general BJW and higher perceived control over the COVID-19 pandemic predicted lower levels of hopelessness. How at-risk participants perceived themselves to be for COVID-19 positively predicted hopelessness, but how risky participants perceived the disease to be for others negatively predicted hopelessness. This study highlights how the distinction between self and others influences hopelessness and how BJW, especially personal BJW, can serve as a psychological resource during times of historic uncertainty.
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    Cross-cultural generalisability of the belief in a just world: Factor analytic and psychometric evidence from six countries
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2023) Bartholomaeus, Jonathan; Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Donat, Matthias; Nartova-Bochaver, Sofya; Thomas, Kendra
    The belief in a just world (BJW) is theorised to be a universal personality disposition. In this study we contrast this notion with that of Justice Capital, which suggests that BJW varies based on the individual's justice expe-rience. We achieve this comparison via a psychometric analysis of the BJW scales across cultural and de-mographic groups. Invariance; equivalence of reliability metrics; differences in latent means; and consistency in construct validity-differential associations with perceived control, hopelessness, and optimism-were analysed across Germany, Russia, Australia, Brazil, Turkey, the USA, sex, age, income type, and economic status (n = 1250). Findings provide support for both the universality and malleability of BJW. We discuss how these findings advance BJW theorising and their important implications for BJW measurement.
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    Personality and pro-environmental engagements: The role of the Dark Triad, the Light Triad, and value orientations
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Malatyali, Meryem Kaynak; Planali, Gamze Ozdemir; Kanik, Betul
    This study aims to investigate the associations between the Dark Triad personality (DTP), the Light Triad personality (LTP), and pro-environmental behavior (PEB), and the mediating roles of value orientations (biospheric, egoistic, and altruistic values) in these relationships. A total of 312 individuals aged between 18 and 56 (M = 27.45; SD = 9.32) participated in this study. Path analysis showed that DTP was associated with an increase in the egoistic and with a decrease in the altruistic and biospheric value orientations. Additionally, LTP was associated with increased altruistic and biospheric value orientations. Last, LTP and DTP predicted proenvironmental behavioral intentions and past PEB via biospheric value orientation. Implications are discussed.
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    Social identities, climate change denial, and efficacy beliefs as predictors of pro-environmental engagements
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Yalcin, Meral Gezici; Planali, Gamze Ozdemir; Reese, Gerhard
    Climate change is a large-scale environmental crisis humanity faces. However, research shows that a considerable amount of people deny climate change. In this research, we suggest a social identity perspective on how climate change denial may exert its effects on pro-environmental engagements. To do so, we conducted a crosssectional survey (N = 361) in which we assessed different (social) identities, efficacy beliefs, climate change denial, and pro-environmental actions. Results suggest that while environmentalist and global identities significantly predicted climate change denial, country identity did not. Environmentalist and country identities predicted collective efficacy, however, only environmentalist identity predicted participatory efficacy. Private pro-environmental behaviour was positively predicted by environmentalist and country identities; participation in collective action was positively predicted by environmentalist identity and negatively predicted by country identity. In addition, identification with environmentalist and global identities was positively associated with collective action through climate change denial and also participatory efficacy belief. These findings suggest that our consideration of climate change and behavioural choices might be shaped by our social environment.
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    Students' Personal Belief in a Just World, Well-Being, and Academic Cheating: A Cross-National Study
    (Springer, 2020) Muenscher, Susan; Donat, Matthias; Kiral Ucar, Gozde
    A cross-national study with university students from Germany (n = 1135) and Turkey (n = 634) tested whether personal belief in a just world (PBJW) predicts students' life satisfaction and academic cheating. Based on the just-world theory and empirical findings in the school context, we expected university students with a stronger personal BJW to be more satisfied with their lives and cheat less than those with a weaker BJW. Further, we investigated the mediating role of justice experiences with lecturers and fellow students in these relations. Differences in PBJW directly and indirectly predicted undergraduates' life satisfaction. Students' justice experiences with peers mediated the relationship between PBJW and life satisfaction. Differences in PBJW indirectly predicted undergraduates' academic cheating. Students' justice experiences with lecturers mediated the relationship between PBJW and academic cheating. The results did not differ between German and Turkish students and persisted when we controlled for gender, start of studies, socially desirable responding, general BJW, and self-efficacy. We discussed the importance of personal BJW's adaptive functions and their relevance for international university research and practice.
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    The longitudinal associations between personal belief in a just world and teacher justice among advantaged and disadvantaged school students
    (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2020) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Dalbert, Claudia
    The Just World Hypothesis states that people need to believe in a just world in which they get what they deserve and deserve what they get. This study examines the longitudinal associations between personal belief in a just world (BJW), the belief that events in one's own life are just and teacher justice in different status groups. It is posited that the more individuals believe in a personal just world, the more they feel they are treated justly by others, and this should be particularly true for students with a low-status background. Longitudinal questionnaire data were obtained from students with German and Turkish/Muslim backgrounds over a period of 3-4 months. The pattern of results revealed that personal BJW was important for the Turkish/Muslim students in evaluating teachers as more just over a given period of time, but not for the German students. That is, the buffering effect of personal BJW was crucial for the disadvantaged students.
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    The mediating role of perceived control and hopelessness in the relation between personal belief in a just world and life satisfaction
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Hasta, Derya; Kaynak Malatyali, Meryem
    This study investigates the mediating role of perceived control and hopelessness in the relation between personal belief in a just world (BJW) and life satisfaction. Cross-sectional questionnaire data were obtained from 353 Turkish university students. Results of the study were consistent with our expectations that personal BJW was associated with increased life satisfaction. The results also showed that as personal BJW increased, perceived control of an individual also increased but hopelessness decreased. In addition, increased perceived control and decreased hopelessness were associated with increased life satisfaction. Moreover, personal BJW was significantly associated with increased life satisfaction after controlling for perceived control and hopelessness. Further, both perceived control and hopelessness uniquely mediated the association between personal BJW and life satisfaction. Personal BJW tended to increase life satisfaction uniquely through both increased perceived control and decreased hopelessness. Finally, personal BJW increased perceived control, which in turn decreased hopelessness and subsequently increased life satisfaction. Implications are discussed.
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    The Relationship Between Belief in a Just World and Antisocial Behavior Through Anticipated Guilt, Victim Deservedness, and Punishment Frame
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Kiral Ucar, Gozde; O'Neill, Alex; Sutton, Robbie M.
    According to the just world hypothesis, people need to believe that they deserve what they get and get what they deserve. This belief in a just world (BJW) seems to be related to antisocial behavior. However, the mechanisms that underlie this relationship have not been fully explored. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between BJW for others (BJW-Other; the belief that people, other than themselves, get what they deserve) and BJW for the self (BJW-Self; the belief that people feel they get what they deserve) with intentions to commit everyday crimes, victim deservedness, and anticipated guilt. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 364 undergraduate students (79.1% female, 18.7% male, 2.2% diverse) aged between 19 and 54 (M = 19.87; SD = 3.02) (Study 1). It was replicated in a further study that also measured perceptions of everyday crime as just punishment of its victims (e.g., for their privilege or complacency) in a sample of 302 (57.6% female, 41.4% male, and 1% diverse) non-university students aged between 20 and 99 (M = 41.76; SD = 13.12) (Study 2). In both studies, results indicated that the negative relationship between BJW-Self and intentions to commit everyday crimes was mediated by increased anticipated guilt. The more the participants in both samples endorsed BJW-Self the more they felt anticipated guilt, and in turn, the less they intended to offend. The results suggest that BJW-Self may play a role in fostering anticipated guilt and in turn deterring them from committing everyday crimes.
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    The role of environmental identity and individualism/collectivism in predicting climate change denial: Evidence from nine countries
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Nartova-Bochaver, Sofya K.; Donat, Matthias; Kiral Ucar, Gozde; Korneev, Aleksei A.; Heidmets, Mati E.; Kamble, Shanmukh; Khachatryan, Narine
    Climate change is a global problem which requires a global response. However, climate change denial in many countries inhibits the ability to respond effectively. This cross-cultural correlational study investigates some global, cultural, and personal predictors of climate change denial. The sample included 2,751 respondents from nine countries: Armenia, China, Cuba, Estonia, India, Poland, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine (Mage = 20.7, SDage = 4.0; 868 men, 1,883 women). The Environmental Identity scale, the Individualism-Collectivism scale, and the Denial of climate change scale were used. We found that, overall, climate change denial weakly negatively correlated with the country's individualism but environmental identity did not, and that climate change denial was negatively predicted by environmental identity, gender (lower in women), horizontal collectivism and individualism, and positively by vertical individualism. However, these links varied across countries, forming specific patterns. The results obtained may be helpful in guiding ecological education and social policy.