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A Review on Biosensors for Quantification of MCP-1 as a Potential Biomarker in Diseases
(Wiley, 2025) Bahaabadi, Zahra Jamalizadeh; Javid-Naderi, Mohammad Javad; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as a chemokine is essential for inflammation-related processes. It regulates immunological responses and cell migration, which contribute to inflammation. Many disorders are exacerbated by this chemokine, which attracts or grows other inflammatory cells, including monocytes/macrophages, at the site of infection or tissue injury. The elevated concentrations of MCP-1 are associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and neuroinflammatory disease. Therefore, monitoring this inflammatory biomarker in the body has been recommended and strongly advised to make an accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Although MCP-1 is of great importance in disease processes, few biosensing approaches are specifically designed to detect this molecule. These are often electrochemical and optical techniques. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of inflammatory diseases by identifying biomarkers has had a great effect on the advancement of biosensors. Improved biosensor technology expansion prevents excessive prices and low sensitivity, enabling quick and correct diagnosis and tracking of disease processes. This review will concentrate on the biological functions of MCP-1, its significance in different disorders, and the features and applications of biosensors designed for MCP-1 detection and quantification.
Curcumin as a modulator of IL-18: A promising therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases
(Elsevier, 2026) Kaviani, Maryam; Ghoflchi, Sahar; Disfani, Saba Miri; Jalili-Nik, Mohammad; Sadeghi, Asie; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant
Inflammatory and immune-related pathways act as a central mediator in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disorders, acute lung injury, autoimmune conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a key component of innate immunity, promotes inflammation through the release of interleukin (IL)-18. By enhancing the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferon (IFN)-gamma and facilitating T-helper cell polarization, IL-18 amplifies the inflammatory cascade. Research indicates that curcumin effectively suppresses IL-18 production and modulates signaling pathways that contribute to its activation, including the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. NF-kappa B, a master regulator of inflammation, is directly influenced by curcumin, which inhibits its translocation to the nucleus, thereby downregulating the expression of IL-18 and other inflammatory mediators. By targeting upstream regulators and components of the inflammasome, curcumin reduces pyroptosis, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm-like responses, offering a multifaceted therapeutic approach. The role of curcumin in modulating oxidative stress and immune responses positions it as a promising adjunct or alternative therapeutic agent for diseases linked to IL-18 dysregulation. Preclinical and clinical studies have further demonstrated synergistic effects when combined with conventional therapies. This highlights its potential not only in mitigating disease progression but also in addressing underlying inflammatory processes such as chronic inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Given these attributes, targeting IL-18 with curcumin-based interventions is the way for novel therapeutic strategies that balance efficacy with minimal side effects, addressing both symptoms and underlying disease mechanisms.
Curcumin-based nanofibers: A promising approach for cancer therapy
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2025) Rahiman, Niloufar; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Nanofibers are among the promising platforms for efficient delivery of drugs (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic) through harnessing polymers with different natures as their base. Hydrophobic low-solubility agents such as curcumin could be incorporated in various types of electrospun nanofibers for different aims in drug delivery, such as enhancing its solubility, making this agent sustained release with improved pharmacological efficacy. Through using this nanoplatform, curcumin may become more bioavailable and more efficcious in the field of cancer therapy as well as tissue engineering and wound healing for local delivery of this anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. In this review, the characteristics of curcumin-loaded nanofibers, their targeting potential or stimuli-responsiveness accompanied with therapeutic anti-cancerous applications of them (mostly in local application) are securitized. These nanofibers follow the aim of enhancing curcumin's therapeutic effectiveness and release profile. We laso elaborate on the mechanisms of action through which curcumin exerts its effect on various cancerous cells after its incorporation in various types of nanofibers which have been prepared by exploiting different polymers.
Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides targeting STATs in non-cancer gene therapy
(Elsevier, 2025) Mahjoubin-Tehran, Maryam; Rezaei, Samaneh; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) protein family is crucial for organizing the epigenetic configuration of immune cells and controlling various fundamental cell physiological functions including apoptosis, development, inflammation, immunological responses, and cell proliferation and differentiation. The human genome has seven known STAT genes, named 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, and 6. Aberrant activation of STAT signaling pathways is associated with many human disorders, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), making these proteins promising therapeutic targets. Improved understanding of altered and pathological gene expression and its role in the pathophysiology of various hereditary and acquired disorders has enabled the development of novel treatment approaches based on gene expression modulation. One such promising development is the oligodeoxynucleotide decoy method, which may allow researchers to specifically influence gene activation or repression. Various oligodeoxynucleotide decoys target STATs and affect the expression of its downstream genes. We summarized cell culture and preclinical research, which evaluated the effects of oligodeoxynucleotide decoys target STATs in different types of non-cancer illnesses.
Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides: A promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory skin disorders
(Elsevier Science Inc, 2024) Mahjoubin-Tehran, Maryam; Rezaei, Samaneh; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Chronic inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) impose a significant burden on both the skin and the overall well-being of individuals, leading to a diminished quality of life. Despite the use of conventional treatments like topical steroids, there remains a need for more effective and safer therapeutic options to improve the lives of patients with severe skin conditions. Molecular therapy has emerged as a promising approach to address disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and contact hypersensitivity. One strategy to counteract the disease processes involves targeting the transcriptional process. A novel form of gene therapy utilizes double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), also known as decoys, that contain cis-elements. By introducing these decoy ODNs through transfection, the cis-trans interactions are disrupted, leading to the inhibition of trans-factors from binding to the intrinsic cis-elements and thus regulating gene expression. In this review, we have summarized studies investigating the therapeutic effects of decoy ODNs on inflammatory skin diseases. Various transcription factors, including NF-kB, STAT6, HIF-1 alpha/STAT5, STAT1, and Smad, have been targeted and inhibited using designed decoy ODNs for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, hypertrophic scarring, and contact hypersensitivity. The findings of these studies confirm the significant potential of the decoy approach in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
Enhancing curcumin's efficacy with zinc oxide nanoparticles: A dynamic duo in combatting disease
(Elsevier, 2025) Nejabat, Mojgan; Hadizadeh, Farzin; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
The combination of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and Curcumin (Cur) has garnered significant attention due to its therapeutic potential (e. g., cancer treatment, wound healing, and antioxidant applications). CUR has been highly regarded as a natural compound with pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects; however, its clinical applications are limited due to its low solubility and bioavailability. In this review, the potentials of CUR and ZnO NPs in the case of biomedical applications were taken into consideration. There have been many attempts to integrate ZnO NPs and CUR for enhancing the mentioned drawbacks of CUR. The effectiveness of ZnO-Cur (CUR/ZnO NPs) nanocomposites, particularly in cancer therapies has been very promising. These nanocomposites exhibit selective toxicity towards cancer cells, with their pH-sensitive release mechanism proving advantageous in targeting the acidic tumor microenvironment. In addition to these effects, CUR/ZnO NPs have antioxidant activity, induce apoptosis in cancer cells, and promote wound healing. The use of ZnO and ZnO-Cur composites led to notable improvements across various applications such as osteoblast viability increased by approximately 60%, Cur release improved by 150%, and osteosarcoma inhibition enhanced by 300%. In agricultural use, ZnO NPs increased silybin content and plant yield while sperm cryopreservation studies showed improved post-thaw quality with ZnO-Cur by measurable margins, significantly. The role of ZnO in boosting Cur bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and targeted delivery potential have been confirmed in several studies. However, there are many unsolved challenges such as scalability, cytotoxicity data, and toxicity at higher concentrations that need to be addressed.
Exosome/Extracellular Vesicles-Based Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Neuroprotective Roles and Future Perspectives
(Springernature, 2025) Ebadpour, Negar; Abavisani, Mohammad; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is marked by memory loss, cognitive decline, and characteristic pathological features including beta-amyloid (A beta) plaques, tau tangles, and neuroinflammation. Despite extensive research, effective therapies remain elusive. Exosome/EVs-based therapeutics have emerged as a promising avenue for AD treatment. Neuron-derived exosomes/extracellular vesicles (EVs) (NDEs) and stem cell-derived exosomes/EVs exhibit neuroprotective effects by promoting A beta degradation, modulating tau pathology, and reducing inflammation. Notably, NDEs carry insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and cellular prion proteins (PrPC), aiding A beta clearance. However, exosomes also present challenges, such as the potential propagation of pathogenic tau and complement-mediated neurotoxicity. Neural and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes further demonstrate therapeutic efficacy by altering amyloid precursor protein processing and activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling to reduce AD pathology. Despite these advancements, clinical translation requires a deeper understanding of exosome/EVs biology, improved isolation techniques, and personalized strategies. Continued research may establish exosomes as a transformative approach in AD therapy.
Exploring the antioxidant properties of semaglutide: A comprehensive review
(Elsevier Science Inc, 2024) Yaribeygi, Habib; Maleki, Mina; Forouzanmehr, Behina; Kesharwani, Prashant; Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Patients with diabetes commonly experience an aberrant production of free radicals and weakened antioxidative defenses, making them highly susceptible to oxidative stress development. This, in turn, can induce and promote diabetic complications. Therefore, utilizing antidiabetic agents with antioxidative properties can offer dual benefits by addressing hyperglycemia and reducing oxidative damage. Semaglutide, a recently approved oral form of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, has shown potent antidiabetic effects. Additionally, recent studies have suggested that it possesses antioxidative properties. However, the exact effects and the molecular pathways involved are not well understood. In this review, we present the latest findings on the antioxidative impacts of semaglutide and draw conclusions about the mechanisms involved.
Interleukin-1? biosensors: Emerging analytical approaches for precision diagnostics
(Elsevier, 2026) Bahaabadi, Zahra Jamalizadeh; Mahmoudi, Ali; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by activated immune cells that plays a central role in regulating inflammatory responses and immune signaling. Aberrant IL-1 beta expression is strongly associated with numerous pathological conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cancers, and allergic disorders. Accurate and sensitive quantification of IL-1 beta is therefore critical for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic evaluation. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in developing biosensors capable of rapid, precise, and cost-effective IL-1 beta detection. This review critically summarizes recent advancements in electrochemical, optical, and electronic biosensing platforms designed for IL-1 beta measurement. Emphasis is placed on the analytical performance, transduction mechanisms, biorecognition elements, and material innovations that underpin these sensor technologies. Literature published between 2000 and 2024 was systematically analyzed to assess design trends, detection limits, and translational applicability. With continuous improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization, IL-1 beta biosensors are poised to transition from laboratory prototypes to clinically deployable diagnostic tools. These advances highlight the growing potential of biosensor technology in precision medicine and real-time immunological monitoring.
Lipid nanoparticle-based delivery of small interfering RNAs: New possibilities in the treatment of diverse diseases
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Askarizadeh, Anis; Vahdat-Lasemi, Fatemeh; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
RNA interference (RNAi) is a well-known post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism that has garnered significant attention as a potentially powerful therapeutic procedure for combating recalcitrant diseases. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) as an effective RNAi tool mediates gene silencing pathway by mRNA degradation in cells and presents a unique strategy for the treatment of rebellious diseases. However, the low stability and suboptimal pharmacokinetic behavior of naked siRNAs have made it necessary to employ a delivery vehicle to protect siRNA against degradation and allow for its intracellular delivery. Among a plethora of available delivery platforms, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have received significant research attention and are currently recognized as the most advanced delivery system for RNA-based therapeutic agents. This is exemplified by the approval of Onpattro (R) for treating amyloidosis in the US and the European Union in 2018, as well as the development of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the potential effectiveness of lipid-based nanoparticles as a delivery system for siRNA in treating a wide array of diseases.
Mechanisms, Modulation, and Mitigation: Dietary-Gut Microbiome Strategies Against Antibiotic Resistance
(Springer, 2025) Abavisani, Mohammad; Khoshroo, Niloofar; Tafti, Pourya; Foroushan, Sobhan Karbas; Ebadpour, Negar; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant
Antibiotic resistance seriously compromises world health by affecting the effectiveness of therapies and greatly raising morbidity, death, and healthcare expenditures. Particularly in hospital environments, the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant organisms hampers the treatment of bacterial infections and challenges the efficacy of current medicines. Antibiotic resistance has multiple mechanisms: biofilm development, horizontal gene transfer, and genetic alterations. To address this developing issue, studies have focused on alternative strategies, including new antimicrobial medicines, combination treatments, and non-traditional remedies. Additionally, dietary therapies, probiotics (the live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host), and phytochemicals have garnered interest due to their ability to alter the gut microbiota, the complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive tracts, thus potentially limiting the dissemination of resistant bacteria. These approaches, meanwhile, have difficulties, including limits in clinical translation and the adaptation of bacterial populations. This study aims to comprehensively review the current understanding of the connections between the gut microbiome and the development of antibiotic resistance by investigating the probable underlying mechanistic effects and also highlights the possibility of targeting host-microbiome interactions as a new intervention option.
Modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by curcumin: Therapeutic implications in cancer
(2025) Torghabe, Shima Yahoo; Alavi, Parisa; Rostami, Sara; Davies, Neal M.; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
By the ubiquitin-proteasomes, cellular proteins are structurally degraded and turnover. Many essential functions and regulations of cells are regulated and controlled by these proteins. Recent studies indicated that many cancer types have been associated with aberrations in the ubiquitination pathway, which involves three enzymatic steps. Dietary phytochemicals have been identified as having the potential to inhibit carcinogenesis recently. As part of this group of phytochemicals, curcumin can play a crucial role in suppressing carcinogenesis by changing many reactions affected by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Due to its ability to change some biological processes such as NF-κB, inhibit some cyclins, and induce apoptosis, it can be used as a drug in cancer treatment.
Nano-phytoconstituents: Recent advances, regulatory insights, challenges, and future horizons
(Elsevier, 2025) Beygi, Mohammad; Oroojalian, Fatemeh; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Phytoconstituents possess therapeutic potency in human diseases, including antioxidant, antitumor, antiinflammatory, and anti-microbial impacts, as well as cardioprotective and neuroprotective capabilities. Nonetheless, they suffer from shortcomings like low solubility and bioavailability, fast degradation upon administration, and elevated doses required to exert therapeutic effects, culminating in potential adverse effects. As a solution to these, nanoscale drug delivery systems (DDSs) such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), lipid-based NPs, protein-based NPs, etc. are currently devised to realize intended goals in herbal medicine, which critically are sustained release and targeted delivery of phytomedicines to affected sites. Current DDSs are formulated to encapsulate diverse phytochemicals, including curcumin, berberine, resveratrol, quercetin, baicalin, and rosmarinic acid. The ultimate nanoassembly affords superior properties such as protracted circulation time, sustained release, site-specific delivery, synergistic effects (with antitumor agents), and measurable diseasealleviating effects. This article covers recent progress in nanophytomedicines and explores how DDSs can enrich the therapeutic properties of these phytochemicals. Further, the present article covers the regulatory aspects and ethical issues to be reflected when devising such DDSs, as well as the current standing of nanophytoconstituents in clinical trials.
Nanozymes: A novel approach to upgrade atherosclerosis treatment
(Elsevier Gmbh, 2025) Mahjoubin-Tehran, Maryam; Kesharwani, Prashant; Alamahmeed, Wael; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Atherosclerosis has become a global health concern, contributing to the rise in cardiovascular diseases and causing significant morbidity and disability. The development of atherosclerosis begins with the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the subendothelial space. As LDL becomes trapped in the arterial walls, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, resulting in oxidative stress, impaired endothelial function, and oxidative modification of the retained LDL, forming oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). The oxidation of LDL to form ox-LDL is considered one of the most important factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, there has been a growing interest in nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics called nanozymes in the field of biomedicine. The use of nanozymes has become increasingly popular because they offer solutions to the limitations associated with natural enzymes, including high costs, low stability, and challenging storage requirements. Nanozymes with anti-oxidative activities, such as catalase-, SOD-, and GPx-like nanozymes, have been extensively studied for various disease therapies, including atherosclerosis. Furthermore, nanozymes can be designed to have multiple enzyme-like activities. In this review, we aim to summarize studies that have used nanozymes as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The results of this study have shown that nanozymes have a significant impact in reducing atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE- /- mice. This effect is mainly achieved through ROS scavenging, which leads to the suppression of foam cell formation and inflammation.
Neuroprotective and cognitive benefits of Semaglutide: Insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Yaghmayee, Shayan; Moazzeni, Atefeh Sadat; Jamialahmadi, Tannaz; Karav, Sercan; Yaribeygi, Habib; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Neuronal injury is a common complication in patients with diabetes. These injuries include a wide range of neurobehavioral complications that significantly reduce the neuronal network efficiency and quality of life in affected individuals. Currently, diabetes-induced neuronal complications are a major global health challenge, and many studies have been performed to prevent or slow their progression. Semaglutide is a novel form of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist agents that has recently been approved for diabetic patients to normalize glucose metabolism. However, some evidence indicates that it has extra-glycemic effects in some tissues as well as in the central nervous system. This evidence suggests that semaglutide can suppress some pathophysiological pathways involved in diabetes-induced neuronal complications and thus improve neuronal network efficiency. However, there is limited evidence to support all the pathways involved in mediating these benefits. In the current review, we aim to present the latest clinical and experimental findings on the possible benefits of semaglutide on major neuronal complications and to determine the possible molecular mechanisms involved.
Recent advances in copolymeric systems for Curcumin delivery: enhancing solubility and bioavailability
(Springer, 2025) Nejabat, Mojgan; Hadizadeh, Farzin; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Curcumin (CUR) has been introduced as a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound found extractable from turmeric with advantageous effects for brain health, heart health, immunity, and digestion. Ample evidence has demonstrated CUR's effects on preventing cancer, controlling diabetes, and improving skin health. The recent studies on CUR) as a bioactive polyphenol with therapeutic usages demonstrated major challenges such as poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and limited bioavailability. Hence, many scholars have concerned these disadvantages and suggested promising carriers to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of CUR. However, researches on understanding long-term safety, large-scale production, and clinical translation are limited. The present review paper explored recent advancements in copolymeric based CUR delivery systems with a special concentrate on its potentials and the further research possibilities. In vivo and in situ studies on CUR-leaded copolymer as well as the evaluation of full-scale applications are the most important issues that has been addressed less. [GRAPHICS]
RNA-based antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, functional insights, and challenges in therapeutic development
(Elsevier Science Sa, 2025) Abavisani, Mohammad; Sajjadi, Seyed Mohammad; Ebadpour, Negar; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Antibacterial resistance is a vivified worldwide problem of health care. RNA-based antibacterial agents, on the other hand, present a new method of using mechanisms such as RNA interference (RNAi), riboswitch regulation, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)- CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to the max. CRISPR-Cas systems allow opportunity to cure targeted region of a resistant gene or cut it out completely, which is a highly adaptable method for treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. ASOs, along with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), are substances that stop bacterial gene expression, thus, minimizing the pathogenicity. Nevertheless, their promise is put down because of problems such as delivery efficiency, molecular stability, and off-target effects that come with these. Innovations in chemical changes and delivery technologies have resulted in the development of the stable and targeted delivery of RNA-based agents. This study takes a close look at the mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and challenges of RNA-based antibacterials and stresses their ability to be the most successful tools in combating antibiotic resistance. The combination of these strategies with the existing antibiotics could increase their efficacy, make it possible for us to address resistance and open new ways for antibacterial therapies.
Targeted delivery of phytochemicals via nanocarriers: Emerging strategies for psoriasis and acne
(Elsevier, 2026) Darbandy, Zahra Jalayeri; Oroojalian, Fatemeh; Kesharwani, Prashant; Karav, Sercan; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Psoriasis and acne are prevalent dermatological disorders often managed with conventional therapies, which present limitations in efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes. Recently, increasing attention has been directed toward the integration of phytoconstituents, bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants, into nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems as a novel therapeutic strategy. Phytochemicals possess well-documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, and generally offer favorable a safety profile compared to synthetic agents. Incorporated of these natural compounds into nanocarriers enhances their therapeutic potential by improving skin penetration, enabling controlled drug release, facilitating targeted delivery, and reducing dosing frequency. This review highlights recent advances in the use of nanotechnology to optimize the delivery and efficacy of phytoconstituents for treating psoriasis and acne. It also discusses the mechanistic insights, therapeutic outcomes, formulation challenges, and translational hurdles associated with the clinical application of these nano-herbal systems. Continued research and development are essential to address formulation stability, scaling processes, regulatory compliance, and clinical validation, thereby facilitating the commercialization of effective and safe phyto-nanocarrier therapies in dermatology
Targeting mitophagy in the heart: Exploring the therapeutic potential of MicroRNAs
(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2025) Javadifar, Amin; Tahani, Masoud; Khayat, Sorousha; Nasab, Shiva Rakhshani; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, plays an indispensable role in preserving mitochondrial integrity by eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby sustaining cellular homeostasis. This process is particularly critical in cardiomyocytes, which rely heavily on high-quality mitochondria to meet their substantial energy demands. Impaired mitophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs)-small non-coding RNA molecules-in modulating mitophagy by targeting key genes such as PINK1, Parkin, and FUNDC1, which are integral to mitochondrial quality control. This review comprehensively examines the dual capacity of miRNAs to either enhance or suppress mitophagy and evaluates the implications of these regulatory actions for cardiovascular health. For instance, miRNAs such as miR-24-3p and miR-125a-5p modulate mitophagy pathways, influencing cardiac function in distinct ways. Additionally, miRNAs like miR-34a and miR-330-3p may exert broader effects on mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiac tissue. This paper further explores the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs to restore mitophagy equilibrium and mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, offering novel avenues for cardiovascular disease management. By synthesizing recent findings, this review underscores the promise of miRNA-based interventions and identifies critical directions for future research.
The Emerging role of lipoprotein(a) in diabetic kidney disease: possible pathophysiological links and unresolved mechanisms
(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2026) Yaribeygi, Habib; Maleki, Mina; Karav, Sercan; Kesharwani, Prashant; Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Although hyperglycemia and hypertension are well-established drivers of DKD, accumulating evidence suggests that additional factors, such as lipoprotein(a) [Lp (a)], may contribute to its pathogenesis. Lp(a) is a genetically determined lipoprotein with pro-atherogenic, proinflammatory, and pro-thrombotic properties, and elevated circulating levels have been associated with increased cardiovascular and renal risk in diabetic individuals. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the relationship between Lp(a) and DKD, with a focus on the proposed molecular mechanisms. These include activation of TGF-beta/Smad signaling leading to fibrosis, induction of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, impaired fibrinolysis, and direct injury to podocytes resulting in proteinuria. While several clinical and experimental studies support the involvement of Lp(a) in these pathways, the precise molecular mediators remain largely undefined. Understanding these mechanisms may offer novel insights into the pathophysiology of DKD and identify new therapeutic targets. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential role of Lp(a) in DKD and to highlight areas requiring further investigation.

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