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Öğe A comparative toxicity study between small and large size zinc oxide nanoparticles in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Organ pathologies, osmoregulatory responses and immunological parameters(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Kaya, Hasan; Aydin, Fatih; Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ates, Mehmet; Demir, Veysel; Arslan, ZikriTilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was exposed to different sizes of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to evaluate their organ pathologies (kidney, liver, gill, and intestine), osmoregulatory responses and immunological parameters. Sub-chronic exposure was conducted in fresh water with 1 and 10 mg/L concentrations of the small (10-30 nm) and large-size ZnO (100 nm) particles for 7 and 14 days. In this study, it is found that small and large forms of ZnO-NPs cause various pathologic findings in the target organs at all concentrations. These findings are increased of melanomacrophage aggregates, tubular deformations, necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolations in the kidney, oedema, mononuclear cell infiltrations, fatty changes, pyknotic nuclei and hepatocellular vacuolations in the liver, hyperplasia, aneurysms, and epithelial liftings in the gills, and hyperplasia, swelled of goblet cells, villus deformations in the intestine. Results showed that respiratory burst and potential killing activity at the small-size ZnO concentration significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05) but significant reductions of these parameters at the large-size ZnO concentrations compared to control (p < 0.05) were measured. These findings demonstrate the potential of each particle size to cause significant damage to the immune system. Moreover, because ZnO NPs inhibit the Na, K-F-ATPase activity at all concentrations and increase serum Ca2+ and Cl- levels especially in gill, these particles are osmoregulatory and toxicant for tilapia fish. As a summary, both sizes of the particles have led to organ damage, osmoregulatory changes and immune disorder in tilapia fish. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A skeletochronological analysis of a population of the Anatolia Newt, Neurergus strauchii (Steindachner, 1887) (Caudata: Salamandridae), in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Yakin, Batuhan Yaman; Cicek, Kerim; Koyun, Mustafa; Gurkan, Mert; Hayretdag, Sibel; Tok, Cemal VarolThis study presents data on age, growth and longevity of a population of Neurergus strauchii in Eastern Anatolia (Bingol, Turkey) based on skeletochronological data. The phalangeal diaphyseal cross-sections of 54 individuals studied (12o, 42f) showed that females are on average older than males: the ages ranged from 6 to 14 years, with an average age of 8.8 years in males and 10.9 years in females. Sexual maturity is reached at an age of 4-5 years in both sexes. The slow growth and the longevity make the species vulnerable.Öğe Acute toxic effects of cadmium in larvae of the green toad, Pseudepidalea variabilis (Pallas, 1769) (Amphibia: Anura)(Inst Medical Research & Occupational Health, 2014) Gurkan, Mert; Cetin, Ayse; Hayretdag, SibelThe environmental impact of cadmium use and its accumulation in nature have increased to alarming levels. This study aimed to morphologically and histologically investigate the acute toxic effects of cadmium on green toad, Pseudepidalea variabilis (Pallas, 1769) larvae. Embryos were obtained from specimens collected in amplexus from nature and kept under laboratory conditions until stage 26, when they were exposed to cadmium (0, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mu g L-1) for 96 h. The LC10, LC50, and LC90 values of cadmium were calculated to be 26.98, 35.35, and 46.31 mu g L-1, respectively. Our results showed that cadmium had a negative effect on the body size of P. variabilis larvae (over 1 mu g L-1). Histological examination detected a fusion of gill lamellae, liver haemorrhage, oedema in the abdominal cavity, and deformations of pronephric tubules (over 10 mu g L-1). Our findings suggest that the green toad was sensitive to the cadmium treatment, with LC50 values lower than those reported by other studies. Thus, this species could be considered a reliable indicator species of environmental stress in aquatic ecosystem.Öğe Acute toxicity of maneb in the tadpoles of common and green toad(Inst Medical Research & Occupational Health, 2015) Gurkan, Mert; Hayretdag, SibelPesticides used in agriculture can have hazardous effects on aquatic organisms, and amphibians are even more threatened than other aquatic vertebrates. Maneb is widely used to control fungal diseases on crops, fruits, and vegetables. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxic effects of maneb on the common (Bufo bufo) and green toad (Pseudepidalea viridis) tadpoles. Tadpoles at the development stage 21 were exposed to maneb (0-5 mg L-1) for 120 h. Maneb LC50 values at hour 120 were 1.966 mg L-1 for B. bufo and 0.332 mg L-1 for P. viridis. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first published LC50 findings for the two species. Visceral oedema and tail deformations were observed in both species. We also observed liver necrosis, pronephric tubule deformations, somite deteriorations, and visceral oedema at maneb concentrations >= 0.1 mg L-1 for B. bufo and >= 0.05 mg L-1 for P. viridis. Our results show that B. bufo tadpoles have a much higher resilience to maneb than P. viridis tadpoles. This resilience seems to be related to the larger size of the B. bufo tadpoles and their ability to metamorphose faster in adverse conditions. Future research should look into the mechanisms of toxic action of maneb in anurans.Öğe Effects of dietary protein level on growth, histology and digestive enzyme activities of ornamental fish Ancistrus cirrhosus(Wiley, 2022) Sahin, Tolga; Gurkan, MertRegardless of the developmental stage of the cultured organism, proper nutritional care is essential. A significant number of aquacultural species rely on protein as their main energy source and protein feeds sold in the ornamental market are formulated with widely varying protein inclusion levels. As Ancistrus cirrhosus is one of the most popular ornamental fish species, this study aimed to determine the effects of different protein levels on growth, digestive enzyme activities and liver and intestinal histopathology. Therefore, 450 fry (98.5 +/- 3.1 mg [mean +/- SE]), 5-6 weeks old, were fed six different experimental diets containing 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% and 55% crude protein in triplicate groups for 60 days. The results demonstrated that no significant differences were observed in the final lengths, whole-body protein levels, body condition indices and lipase and alkaline phosphatase activities of fish between groups. The fish fed with a 40% protein diet differed positively from other experimental groups in terms of final weight, FCR, SGR, proteolytic enzyme activities and histopathological findings. Lower proteolytic activity was ascertained in fish fed feed containing lower levels of protein (30%, 35%) and increased histopathological defects in the intestine and liver of fish fed feed containing over 40% protein (45%, 50% and 55%). Based on our results, a diet with a 40% protein level is most beneficial for the rearing of A. cirrhosus fry. Further research is required to determine optimal ratios, which are predicted to be between 35 and 40.Öğe Effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters, carbonic anhydrase, and Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme activities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Kaya, Hasan; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gurkan, Mert; Hisar, OlcayIn this study, the effects of environmental hypercapnia on hemato-immunological parameters and the activities of respiratory enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na+, K+-ATPase were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues (gill, liver and kidney). Batches of 12 fish were exposed to 4.5mg L-1 (control) and 14mg L-1 CO2. No mortalities occurred during the 14days of the experimental period. Red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) levels, and innate immune parameters such as nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), lysozyme, and myeloperoxidase activities, and the melano-macrophage frequency were negatively affected by elevated CO2 levels. Patterns of change in CA activity differed among the gill, liver, and kidney. Compared with the activities of CA in the control group, the CA enzyme was significantly stimulated at day 7 in the gill tissue, whereas it was stimulated at day 14 of the experiment in the liver tissue of fish exposed to 14mg L-1 CO2 (P < 0.05). In contrast to the pattern of CA enzyme activities, the Na+, K+-ATPase enzymes were stimulated significantly in the liver after day 7 but inhibited in the kidney and gill (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a subchronic exposure to hypercapnia of rainbow trout tissues may lead to adaptive changes in the respiratory enzymes and negatively affects hemato-immunological parameters.Öğe EFFECTS OF SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PHOSALONE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2013) Kaya, Hasan; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Akbulut, MehmetIn this study, possible oxidative stress, biomarkers, and histopathological alterations were investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L., 1758) that were exposed to various phosalone concentrations in vivo. Fish were exposed to 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/L phosalone concentrations in a semistatic regime for 14 d. Biomarkers, including Na+, K+-ATPase, reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and histopathological changes, were determined in gills, liver, and kidney tissues of fish. Sublethal phosalone concentrations produced lipid peroxidation and impairment in the antioxidant defense system by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. While GSH increased in all groups at d 7 compared to control, GSH fell significantly at medium and high doses at d 14. Reduced GSH levels were diminished in all tissues and a significant induction in lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was observed. Na+,K+-ATPase enzyme activity was significantly inhibited especially in gills. No histopathological effects were observed in the control group. Lamellar aneurysm, lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, and hemorrhages were observed in gill tissues exposed to phosalone. Histopathological effects in the liver tissues of fish exposed to phosalone were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation, congestion, hypertrophy, and nuclear degeneration. Hypertrophy, tubule degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltration, and dilation of glomerular capillaries were noted in kidney tissues exposed to phosalone. The results indicate that phosalone exposure adversely affected the health of the fish, attributable to oxidative stress.Öğe Effects of three different nanoparticles on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, osmoregulatory, and immune responses of Carcinus aestuarii(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Gurkan, MertIn this study, the toxicity of CuO (40 nm), alpha-Al2O3 (40 nm), and alpha-Fe2O3 (20-40 nm) nanoparticles was comparatively investigated on Carcinus aestuarii. Crabs were semi-statically exposed to 1mg/L of each for 14 days and their accumulation and distribution in tissue and hemolymph, potential oxidative stress mechanism, total hemocyte counts and types, and the osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory responses were determined. The tissue distribution of CuO nanoparticles was hepatopancreas > hemolymph >= gill > muscle, for alpha-Fe2O3 gill > hepatopancreas > muscle > hemolymph, and for alpha-Al2O3 gill > muscle >= hemolymph > hepatopancreas. While alpha-Al2O3 and alpha-Fe2O3 NPs, induced lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas tissue, the oxidative damage caused by the CuO nanoparticles was minimal. All three nanoparticles, copper in particular, elicit osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory toxicity at this concentration, due to the inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the gill and depletion of hemolymph and carcass ion concentrations.Öğe Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in different organs of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Kaya, Hasan; Aydin, Fatih; Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ates, Mehmet; Demir, Veysel; Arslan, ZikriNano-size zinc oxide particles (ZnO NPs) are used in diverse industrial and commercial fields. However, the information from existing studies is not sufficient in evaluating the potential toxic effects of ZnO NPs. In this study, tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to different concentrations of small and large ZnO NPs in vivo. Accumulation in various organs/tissues (liver, gill, intestine, kidney, brain and muscle) and possible oxidative stress mechanisms were investigated comparatively. Fish were exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L concentrations of small (10-30 nm) and large (100 nm) ZnO NPs semi-statically for 14 days. Both small and large ZnO NPs accumulated substantially in the tissues. Accumulation for the small ZnO NPs was significantly higher compared to larger NPs under same exposure regimes. Significant fluctuations were observed in antioxidant defense system biomarkers, including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione (GSH) levels depending on particle size, exposure time and concentration. Lipid peroxidation measured with TBARS levels were higher in groups exposed to the suspensions of small ZnO NPs than that of large ZnO NPs and controls. These results imply that colloidal suspensions of small ZnO NPs induce elevated oxidative stress and toxic effects on tilapia compared to the larger NPs. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Boulenger, 1895) under laboratory conditions(Wiley, 2012) Celik, Ihsan; Celik, Pinar; Cirik, Sukran; Gurkan, Mert; Hayretdag, SibelThe embryonic and larval development of black skirt tetra, Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, are described under controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, major histomorphological changes and the allometric growth patterns during larval development have been described. The laboratory-reared broodstock, that is 1 similar to year of age, were spawned. Hatching occurred 2021 similar to h after spawning at 24 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The cleavage was finished in 2 similar to h and the early blastula stage occurred at 2:04 hours after spawning. The gastrulation started at 3:20 similar to hours and 30% epiboly was observed at 3:34 similar to hours after spawning. Eight-somite stage was observed at 08:33 hours. And embryonic developmental stage was completed at 21 similar to h after spawning. The newly hatched larvae were 1442 +/- 14.3 similar to mu m in mean total length (TL). The mouth opened at 3 days after hatching (DAH). The yolk sac had been totally absorbed and the larvae started to swim actively within 34 similar to days. Notochord flexion began at 11 DAH. The metamorphosis was completed and the larvae transformed into juveniles at 32 DAH. In this paper, the full developmental sequence from egg to juvenile of G. ternetzi is described for the first time.Öğe Histopathology and Blood Parameters of Bogue Fish (Boops boops, Linnaeus 1758) Parasitized by Ceratothoa oestroides (Isopoda:Cymothoidae)(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2016) Ozdemir, Gulbahar; Celik, Ekrem Sanver; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gurkan, Mert; Kaya, HasanBogue fish (B. boops, Linnaeus 1758) were captured using a seine net in the Lagoon of Lapseki, located in the Dardanelles, Turkey. We examined a total of 200 fish and assessed the hematological, biochemical, immunological parameters and histopathology of the buccal cavity of them (40 of them not parasitized, 40 of them parasitized). No significant difference was found between parasitized and not parasitized fish groups in terms of the average biometric indices, body weight and length values. Blood leucocytes counts, haemoglobin and hematocrit values, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, glucose, triglyceride, total protein, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, NBT and lysozyme activity significantly reduced and bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and myeloperoxidase activity significantly increased in C. oestroides parasitized fish compared to not parasitized ones. Infestation by this parasite resulted in histopathological manifestations such as hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, deformation in striated muscle cells, hypertrophy in chondrocytes and epithelial cells, mononuclear cell infiltration. According to the results obtained in the present study, it can be suggested that blood and histopathological variations influenced by parasites in the bogue fish can cause the fish to be more susceptible to pollutants, predators and diseases.Öğe Influence of three spice powders on the survival and histopathology of Oreochromis mossambicus before and after Streptococcus iniae infection(Adem Yavuz SÖNMEZ, 2015) Gurkan, Mert; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Kaya, Hasan; Ergun, Sebahattin; Alkan, SametThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of thyme, rosemary and fenugreek powders on disease resistance and histopathological changes in intestine and liver tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus before and after exposure to Streptococcus iniae. Four isonitrogenic (37% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) diets were formulated containing 0% (control) or 1.0% thyme (Thymus vulgaris), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), or fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Fish were stocked at 20 fish (0.51±0.01 g), each, in twelve 21-L plastic tanks, fed for 60 days, and then infected with S. iniae. At the end of the challenge experiment the survival rates in the thyme, rosemary and fenugreek supplemented diets and unsupplemented control diet were 83.3%, 81.7%, 81.7% and 48.3%, respectively. The present study suggested the protective potential of thyme, rosemary and fenugreek in alleviating the intestinal and hepatic damage that can occur after infection with S. iniae. It was concluded that 1.0% thyme, rosemary or fenugreek can enhance disease resistance of O. mossambicus, suggesting that thyme, rosemary or fenugreek may be an alternative to antibiotics in controlling streptococcal disease in tilapia culture.Öğe Larval Development of The Freshwater Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Teleostei: Cichlidae)(Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2014) Celik, Ihsan; Celik, Pinar; Gurkan, Mert; Sahin, TolgaIn this study, the larval development of freshwater angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, was described under controlled aquarium conditions. Major histomorphological changes and the allometric growth patterns during the larval development have been described. The larvae were obtained from three pairs of freshwater angelfish, which were maintained in glass tanks. The larvae were sampled for measurement and photography. They were observed under a stereomicroscope, photographed using a photomicrographic system. The larval development of angelfish were described from 1 days after hatching (DAH) to 24 DAH. Embryonic developmental stage was completed at day 3 after spawning at 24 +/- 1 degrees C. The newly hatched larvae had 4.24 +/- 0.28 mm total length (TL). The mouth opened at 3 DAH. The larvae started to swim actively within the next 3-4 days. Notochord flexion began at 3-4 DAH. The yolk sac has been totally absorbed at 6 DAH. The metamorphosis was completed and the larvae transformed into juveniles at 23-24 DAH.Öğe Mass mortality in endangered fan mussels Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) caused by co-infection of Haplosporidium pinnae and multiple Vibrio infection in canakkale Strait, Turkey(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Erturk Gurkan, Selin; Aksu, Ata; Turgay, Emre; Cakir, Fikret; Gurkan, Mert; Altinagac, UgurPurpose: Pinna nobilis (fan mussel) is one of the most important endemic bivalve molluscs in the Mediterranean and mass mortality events were observed in these mussels in recent years. In this study, we report mass mortalities caused by Haplosporidium pinnae, which has been spreading in the Mediterranean for 3 years, and reached the C¸anakkale Strait, which is the entrance of the Marmara and the Black Sea. Material and methods: Field observations during sampling and subsequent histopathological, biochemical, genetic, and microbiological analyses were carried out. Results: These analyses showed that H. pinnae infection spread among the natural beds of P. nobilis, causing severe tissue damage and oxidative stress. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that the parasite spread through the Mediterranean much faster than thought. The results showed that vibriosis originating from Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio tubiashii, Vibrio mediterranei, and Vibrio hispanicus, acted together with H. pinnae in infected individuals and caused death. Conclusion: It is highly probable that the spread of H. pinnae to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea may occur earlier than expected, and it was concluded that mass deaths were caused by co-infection with H. pinnae and a geographically specific marine pathogen that can infect P. nobilis populations.Öğe Morphological and histological effects of copper sulfate on the larval development of green toad, Bufo viridis(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2012) Gurkan, Mert; Hayretdag, SibelDeclines in populations of amphibians have been occurring more dramatically over the past 25 years. The declines have various causes. One of the possible causes of amphibian declines is pesticides. Copper sulfate is commonly used as a fungicide in vineyards and gardens in Turkey. In this study, our purpose was to explain the morphologically and histologically acute toxic effects of copper sulfate on Bufo viridis tadpoles. B. viridis tadpoles at Gosner stage 21 were exposed to different concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/L) of copper sulfate for 120 h. The LC50 value of copper sulfate was calculated as 0.058 mg/L. Morphological measurements indicated that copper sulfate concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L caused poor larval development and growth. Edema was observed in the histological sections, especially on the cross-sections passing from the head (>= 0.01 mg/L CuSO4). Furthermore, hepatocellular degeneration in the liver, deformation of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, and deformation and anomalies in somite formations were all observed (>= 0.01 mg/L CuSO4). Reduced reaction to stimuli, loss of equilibrium, and shortening of swimming distance were observed in the tadpoles of the 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L CuSO4 treatment groups.Öğe The effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature levels on tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): Respiratory enzymes, blood pH and hematological parameters(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Kaya, Hasan; Hisar, Olcay; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gurkan, Mert; Hisar, Sukriye ArasOreochromis mossambicus were exposed to two different temperature and carbon dioxide partial pressure levels for about two weeks, as the ambient (Control; 25 degrees C, 3.3 mg/L CO2), high CO2 (25 degrees C, 14 mg/L CO2), high temperature (30 degrees C, 3 mg/L CO2) and combined (30 degrees C, 14.1 mg/L CO2) groups. No mortality was observed during the experiments. As a result of the study, elevated CO2 concentrations cause negative effects on the hematological parameters. At the end of the study, while the blood Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) activity, in the high CO2 group (25 degrees C, 14 mg/L CO2), statistically increased at the 7th day compared to the control group, it decreased at the 14th day (p<0.05). In addition, the blood CA activity, in the combined (30 degrees C, 14.1 mg/L CO2) group, showed a decrease at the 14th day compared to the control group (p<0.05). At the end of study, unlike the blood CA activity, gill, liver and kidney CA activity showed an increase in the tissues compared to the control groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, the Na+, K+-ATPase activities were stimulated significantly in the gills in both high CO2 and temperature groups at day 7, but it showed a significant amount of inhibition at the 14th day compared to the control groups. Overall, increasing carbon dioxide concentration in different temperatures has negative effects on the hematological parameters and respiratory enzyme of the tilapia fish. In addition, it is observed that the fish survive at negative conditions with adaptation mechanisms. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Toxicity of gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis): histopathological alterations and antioxidant responses in the gill and digestive gland(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Erturk Gurkan, Selin; Gurkan, MertPurpose: Accumulation of Gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles c-Al2O3 NPs significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicity of c-Al2O3 NPs in aquatic organisms has been limited investigated. This study investigated histopathological changes and antioxidant responses induced by different concentrations of c-Al2O3 NPs in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Material and methods: In this study, mussels were exposed to different concentrations of 5 nm c-Al2O3 NPs (0, 5, 20 and 40 mg/L) for 96 h under controlled laboratory conditions. Gill and digestive gland from mussels were assessed to histopathological (light microscopy, histopathological condition indices, digestive gland tubule types), SOD, CAT, GPx activities. Results: Histopathological indices calculated higher, and significantly different in all exposure groups compared to the control group in gill and digestive gland (p < 0.05). Atrophic phase tubules proportion very high in 20 and 40 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposure groups. No significant changes in CAT activities in the gill and digestive gland (p > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities significantly different (p 0.05) in the digestive gland from 20 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposures, and GPx activities significantly different (p < 0.05) in gill from 40 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposures. Conclusion: These results indicate that contamination of c-Al2O3 NPs negatively affects the aquatic organism.
