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    Mass mortality in endangered fan mussels Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) caused by co-infection of Haplosporidium pinnae and multiple Vibrio infection in canakkale Strait, Turkey
    (Taylor and Francis, 2021) Kunili, Ibrahim Ender; Erturk Gurkan, Selin; Aksu, Ata; Turgay, Emre; Cakir, Fikret; Gurkan, Mert; Altinagac, Ugur
    Purpose: Pinna nobilis (fan mussel) is one of the most important endemic bivalve molluscs in the Mediterranean and mass mortality events were observed in these mussels in recent years. In this study, we report mass mortalities caused by Haplosporidium pinnae, which has been spreading in the Mediterranean for 3 years, and reached the C¸anakkale Strait, which is the entrance of the Marmara and the Black Sea. Material and methods: Field observations during sampling and subsequent histopathological, biochemical, genetic, and microbiological analyses were carried out. Results: These analyses showed that H. pinnae infection spread among the natural beds of P. nobilis, causing severe tissue damage and oxidative stress. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that the parasite spread through the Mediterranean much faster than thought. The results showed that vibriosis originating from Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio tubiashii, Vibrio mediterranei, and Vibrio hispanicus, acted together with H. pinnae in infected individuals and caused death. Conclusion: It is highly probable that the spread of H. pinnae to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea may occur earlier than expected, and it was concluded that mass deaths were caused by co-infection with H. pinnae and a geographically specific marine pathogen that can infect P. nobilis populations.
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    Toxicity of gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis): histopathological alterations and antioxidant responses in the gill and digestive gland
    (Taylor and Francis, 2021) Erturk Gurkan, Selin; Gurkan, Mert
    Purpose: Accumulation of Gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles c-Al2O3 NPs significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicity of c-Al2O3 NPs in aquatic organisms has been limited investigated. This study investigated histopathological changes and antioxidant responses induced by different concentrations of c-Al2O3 NPs in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Material and methods: In this study, mussels were exposed to different concentrations of 5 nm c-Al2O3 NPs (0, 5, 20 and 40 mg/L) for 96 h under controlled laboratory conditions. Gill and digestive gland from mussels were assessed to histopathological (light microscopy, histopathological condition indices, digestive gland tubule types), SOD, CAT, GPx activities. Results: Histopathological indices calculated higher, and significantly different in all exposure groups compared to the control group in gill and digestive gland (p < 0.05). Atrophic phase tubules proportion very high in 20 and 40 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposure groups. No significant changes in CAT activities in the gill and digestive gland (p > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities significantly different (p 0.05) in the digestive gland from 20 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposures, and GPx activities significantly different (p < 0.05) in gill from 40 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposures. Conclusion: These results indicate that contamination of c-Al2O3 NPs negatively affects the aquatic organism.