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    Immunosuppressive influence of parasitoid wasp Pimpla turionellae calyx fluid on host Galleria mellonella cell-mediated immune response and hemocyte viability
    (Cambridge University Press, 2022) Kaya, Serhat; Uçkan, Fevzi; Er, Aylin
    Endoparasitoid species devoid of symbiotic viruses inject secretions derived from their reproductive glands into their hosts during parasitism in order to avoid various immune responses of their hosts. Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an endoparasitoid that lacks polydnaviruses, and its venom has previously been shown to paralyze the host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and suppress its immune reactions to ensure the egg survival. The present study demonstrates that another female-injected factor calyx fluid extracted from the P. turionellae ovary is also responsible for the suppression of G. mellonella immunity. The total hemocyte counts of G. mellonella decrease after treatment with calyx fluid in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reductions in cell viability are also observed at all calyx fluid doses both in vivo and in vitro. The analyses of the beads injected into the insects as encapsulation targets revealed that the number of encapsulated beads reduced significantly compared to controls post-calyx fluid injection. The injection of the highest calyx fluid dose (1 female equivalent calyx) is sufficient to completely inhibit the strong encapsulation and melanization reactions of the last instar larvae 24 h post-injection. These results demonstrate that P. turionellae calyx fluid is required to regulate host immunity for successful parasitization.
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    Influence of Indole-3-Acetic Acid on Cellular Immune Responses of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in a host-parasitoid system
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kaya, Serhat; Uçkan, Fevzi; Er, Aylin
    The dietary effects of the well-known auxin member plant growth regulator, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), on hemocyte counts and behavior of the model insect Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were examined. In vivo and in vitro experiments involved five treatments applied to larvae with doses of 50, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm IAA and the controls. Total hemocyte counts increased at all applied IAA doses in G. mellonella whereas no effect was observed in P. turionellae. According to acridine orange-ethidium bromide double staining, none of the IAA doses affected the ratio of apoptotic and mitotic cells in vivo however a decrease in the number of late apoptotic cells at 1000 and 5000 ppm was observed at in vitro experiments in G. mellonella. An increase in the percentage of early apoptotic hemocytes at 1000 ppm and late apoptotic hemocytes at 500 ppm were determined in P. turionellae larvae. IAA also increased the ratio of mitotic hemocytes in the circulation of P. turionellae larvae at 50, 1000, and 10000 ppm. Changes in the encapsulation rate of Sephadex A-25 beads were not significant however the increase at 5000 ppm at 4th hour in non-melanized hemocytes was recorded as compared to the control. A strong decrease in melanization at 50 ppm and an increase at 50 and 1000 ppm in non-melanized bead count at 24 h were also observed. It can be concluded that IAA is inappropriate to use in combination with microbial control agents in IPM programs due to elevated hemocyte counts of the pest.