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Öğe A Comparative Study on Changes and Relationships of Kernel Biochemical Components in Different Types of Maize(Wiley, 2015) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Omer; Egesel, BasakA great deal of genetic variability and breeding efforts have yielded a number of specialty maize types. Little is known about how the off-target traits in specialty maize kernel have changed and how they compare to those of standard maize genotypes. In this study, we compared the normal (NORMAL), high-oil (HOM) and high-protein maize (HPM) genotypes in terms of oil, protein, fatty acids and some mineral components. We also investigated the relationships among the evaluated traits in different kernel types. We detected a significant variation among the maize types for all of the investigated traits. Specialty maize genotypes had a superior performance for the traits they were specifically bred for, as well as kernel mineral content over the normal genotypes. HOM and HPM had similar values in terms of their fatty acid composition. However, they were different from the standard genotypes, with higher oleic and lower linolenic acid levels, which indicates that the specialty maize genotypes possess a better oil quality. Correlation analysis revealed that only three pairs of correlations out of 46 values had the same sign and a similar level of significance in different types. Such similarities or differences in correlation values for different types should be taken into account in the efforts for developing high quality maize genotypes.Öğe Analysis of Fatty Acids in Kernel, Flour, and Oil Samples of Maize by NIR Spectroscopy Using Conventional Regression Methods(Wiley, 2016) Egesel, Cem Omer; Kahrıman, Fatih; Ekinci, Neslihan; Kavdir, Ismail; Buyukcan, M. BurakHigh cost and painstaking procedures associated with fatty acid analyses of maize kernel necessitate the use of alternative methods. NIR spectroscopy offers advantages in this respect for a variety of areas such as plant breeding, food and feed industries, and biofuel production, in which different forms of maize kernel (e.g., intact kernel, flour, or oil) are used as material. We investigated the possibility of estimating maize oil quality traits by using different samples (intact kernel, flour, and oil) and conventional regression methods (multiple linear regression [MLR] and partial least squares regression [PLSR]) applied to their NIR spectra. MLR and PLSR calibration models were developed for oleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic/linoleic acid ratios, total monounsaturated fatty acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and total saturated fatty acid by analyzing 120 maize samples. Robustness in terms of prediction accuracy of the models developed here was tested with a reserved set of samples (n = 30). The results suggested that fatty acids could be possibly estimated by calibrations developed from flour and oil samples with a high degree of accuracy, whereas intact samples did not offer satisfactory results. PLSR and MLR methods gave better results in flour and oil samples, respectively. PUFA was the trait that was most successfully estimated from both flour (for the PLSR model, standard error of the estimate [SEP] of 1.78%, relative performance to deviation [RPD] of 3.09, R-2 = 0.93) and oil (for the MLR model, SEP of 0.85%, RPD of 6.52, R-2 = 0.98) samples. We concluded that sample type and chemometric method should be handled as important factors in calibration development, and the effects of these factors may vary depending on the trait being analyzed.Öğe Analysis of secondary biochemical components in maize flour samples by NIR (near infrared reflectance) spectroscopy(Springer, 2020) Kahrıman, Fatih; Onac, Iskender; Oner, Fatih; Mert, Figen; Egesel, Cem OmerThis study was carried out to determine whether it is possible to detect secondary biochemical components in maize flour samples by near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy. Two hundred fifty maize samples were used as the material. Calibration models were developed for six different secondary biochemical components, namely amylose, amylopectin, lysine, tryptophan, zein, and phytic acid. The robustness of the calibration models (n = 200) was tested by external validation (n = 50). Results showed that NIR spectroscopy could be used to detect secondary quality components in maize. The most successful prediction model was for amylose content (SEP: 1.784%, RPD: 3.09, r = 0.963). Models for the other traits (amylopectin, zein, lysine, tryptophan, phytic acid) gave acceptable results (RPD > 2) for material screening purposes. Target traits subjected to calibration studies were found to be related to the different overtone regions of C-H, N-H and S-H bond vibrations in scanning the spectral region. It seems that it is necessary to improve the prediction performance of the models using different approaches, such as broadening the spectral area and/or using chemometric technique combinations.Öğe Callus induction of mature wheat embryos treated with sodium hypochloride(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Turkmen, Onur Sinan; Egesel, Cem Omer; Hocaoglu, Onur; Fedakar, Serpil Orhan[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Changes in yield and seed quality traits in rapeseed genotypes by sulphur fertilization (vol 229, pg 505, 2009)(Springer, 2009) Egesel, Cem Omer; Gul, M. Kemal; Kahrıman, Fatih[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Comparison of biomass production, growth and solar energy utilization in specialty vs normal maize genotypes at different developmental stages(Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2016) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem OmerA great deal of research has been carried out to evaluate dry matter accumulation and solar radiation utilization in normal maize genotypes whereas limited information is available on special genotypes such as high oil and high protein maize. In this paper, we made a comparative analysis on biomass production, solar radiation utilization and growth at five different stages before and after flowering in normal (B73 and Mo17) and specialty maize (IHO and IHP) lines. Specialty maize genotypes were from 70th cycle of Illinois Long Term Selection. We used 12 directly-measured traits, 10 energy calculations and 6 time interval computations obtained from measurements in five developmental stages. A nested design was used to compare temporal changes in the observed traits. We found significant differences between specialty and normal maize genotypes for most variables throughout the developmental stages. Normal genotypes had higher plant height than special ones. IHP strain had higher expanded leaf area than others, especially around the flowering. IHO produced higher dry matter per leaf area faster in the early stages and stayed green for longer, resulting in high values for total dry matter production and calculated energy equivalent. Radiation use efficiency (RUE) was higher in specialty maize compared to normal maize genotypes. The highest RUE was observed in IHP (1.36 g Mj plant(-1)) around flowering stage. Overall, specialty and normal genotypes showed significant differences for some agromorphological and physiological traits as well as energy utilization and conversion into dry biomass.Öğe Comparison of colorimetric methods for determination of phytic acid content in raw and oil extracted flour samples of maize(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2020) Kahrıman, Fatih; Songur, Umut; Serment, Mehmet; Akbulut, Sule; Egesel, Cem OmerThere are different colorimetric methods, with various analysis principles and phases, for the estimation of phytic acid content in agricultural products. Maize genotypes may possess a wide range of oil content, which is considered as a factor affecting the results of phytic acid analyses. Elaborative studies are needed to examine these methods to clarify the effect of oil content on the results, especially in the sample sets with varying oil concentrations. We utilized 4 different colorimetric methods; namely, AOAC, Wade, Chen and Haug-Lantzsch (H-L), to estimate phytic acid content in 19 maize genotypes, classified as having high ( > 7 %, n = 7) normal (3-5 %, n = 6) and low ( < 3 %, n = 6) oil content. Phytic acid determination was carried out on 2 groups of flour samples (raw: El, and oil extracted: E2) using 3 replications. The results indicated that analysis methods yielded rather different phytic acid values. They also differed significantly in time and cost, with the Chen method being the cheapest and Haug-Lantzsch (H-L) the quickest. Oil extraction had significant effects on phytic acid results, and these effects varied across the analysis methods and the oil content of the genotypes. Our data suggest that either novel or improved colorimetric methods are necessary when analyzing phytic acid in special maize genotypes, considering the dissimilarity of the results from the current methods.Öğe Comparison of graphical analyses for maize genetic experiments: Application of biplots and polar plot to line x tester design(Inst Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 2016) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Omer; Orhun, Gul Ebru; Alaca, Baris; Avci, FatmaGraphical techniques have become important tools to show results of maize (Zea mays L.) breeding experiments in current literature. The present study compared different graphical techniques to determine the best parental lines and cross combinations for yield and kernel quality traits in maize breeding experiments. We measured single plant yield, protein content, oil content, carotenoid content, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in a 5 x 2 line x tester design. Genotype + genotype x environment (GE) biplot, principal component analysis (PCA) biplot, and polar plot were used to analyze data and compare them with conventional line x tester analysis. In the conventional analysis, parents with high means and positive general combining ability (GCA) values were A680 and HYA for single plant yield, IHP for protein content, IHO and HYA for oil content, A680 and Q2 for carotenoid content, IHP for oleic acid content, and A680 for linoleic acid content. The B73 tester exhibited positive GCA values for most investigated traits. The HYA x B73 combination was the best cross in terms of single plant yield, protein, and oil contents. Results showed that biplot methods had both advantages and disadvantages. The PCA biplots can be used alone while the GGE biplot and polar plots are both useful for combining ability, heterosis, and gene action analysis in a line x tester design. Overall, graphical analysis results were very similar to conventional analysis. Consequently, it was assumed that the graphical methods used could be useful to analyze/present data from maize breeding experiments carried out with a line x tester design.Öğe Comparison of Spectral and Molecular Analyses for Classification of Long Term Stored Wheat Samples(Office Spectroscopy & Spectral Analysis, 2016) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem OmerThis study aimed to determine whether NIR spectroscopy and protein band analysis can differentiate the grain samples of 15 wheat genotypes stored for different periods: Group I (91 weeks), Group II (143 weeks), Group III (194 weeks), and Group IV (246 weeks). Samples were harvested from previously-conducted field trials, and stored at +4 degrees C. A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE methods were utilized to separate gliadin and glutenin fractions, respectively. A qualitative calibration model based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method was generated and validated using NIR spectra taken from samples. Results indicated storage length did not have an effect on molecular band fractions. Use of this method would not be considered an effective tool for discrimination of samples stored for different lengths of time. Spectral techniques may have potential in sorting samples based on their storage time. The SVM calibration model generated here had an acceptable true classification rate (over 80%) for separating all groups, while only Groups II and IV were precisely separated (100% true classification rate) in the validation step.Öğe Determination of carotenoid and tocopherol content in maize flour and oil samples using near-infrared spectroscopy(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Kahrıman, Fatih; Onac, Iskender; Turk, Figen Mert; Oner, Fatih; Egesel, Cem OmerSecondary metabolites are important components in terms of nutrition and health. Carotenoids and tocopherols, two groups of the fat-soluble components, are also included in this category. There is an increasing interest in the detection of secondary metabolites with near-infrared spectroscopy. However, the number of scientific studies for the detection of these components, especially for tocopherols in corn flour or oil samples by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy is rather limited. This study was carried out to determine the amount of carotenoids and tocopherols in flour and oil samples of 250 different maize genotypes by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy using the partial least squares regression modeling method. Liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry was used as a reference method in order to determine the contents of five carotenoids and four tocopherol subcomponents. The estimation models were created by using the spectral data collected from ground samples, and oil samples extracted from the same flour; along with the results of the reference analysis. The reliability of these models was tested by external validation (n?=?50). The prediction models generated by the spectra taken from corn flour yielded more successful results than the models created with the spectra taken from the oil samples. Among the models compared, the one developed with the spectra taken from flour samples for lutein was the most successful. It is seen that the estimation models generated from flour samples can be used for screening purposes, though different approaches are needed to increase the success of models.Öğe Determination of Quality Parameters in Maize Grain by NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2012) Egesel, Cem Omer; Kahrıman, FatihThe objective of this study is to compare different calibration models that could be used in the analysis of protein, oil, carbohydrate and ash contents in maize flour by NIRS. A total of 138 samples were used from 115 hybrids and 23 inbreds in the study as material. Based on reference analysis results, different estimation models were developed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) methods. Validation procedure of these models (n=110) were accomplished using samples from different genotypes (n=28). In both of the developed models, the highest accuracy was attained for protein content (r=0.990 for MLR and r=0.987 for PLSR). For the other traits analyzed, although MLR model yielded better results based on mathematical evaluations (r(MLR)=0.801, r(PLSR)=0.755 for carbohydrate, r(MLR)=0.823, r(PLSR)=0.723 for oil, r(MLR)=0.926 and r(PLSR)=0.810 for ash), external validation suggested PLSR model provide a lower error rate than MLR. Results suggested that protein content could be successfully estimated, whereas, for some other traits, such as carbohydrate and oil ratios, it seems that there is still need for more studies before getting accurate measurements using NIR methods. Profile analysis regarding the wavelengths potent in the models showed that the estimation power declined when the regression coefficients of the wavelengths included in the model were low. Among the analyzed traits, ash and oil contents seemed to be related with more spectral regions within the scanned spectra than protein and carbohydrate.Öğe Discrimination of maize inbreds for kernel quality traits and fatty acid composition by a multivariate technique(Univ Estadual Maringa, Pro-Reitoria Pesquisa Pos-Graduacao, 2011) Egesel, Cem Omer; Kahrıman, Fatih; Gul, Muhammet KemalQuality is considered to be mainly related to protein and oil concentration in maize kernel. Great effort has been made through the elevation of oil and protein concentrations; however, studies to enhance the composition quality of oil have been limited. Maize genotypes with special fatty acid composition may confer different end uses and added value. We investigated eight maize inbreds for kernel quality and fatty acid composition. Kernel samples from a two-year experiment were analyzed for oil, protein, moisture and ash, as well as several fatty acids, including oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Results indicated differences among the genotypes for all traits, except for behenic acid. A680 appeared to be a promising parent to elevate oleic acid, while N194 and RSSSC were the genotypes with the highest oil and protein levels, respectively. A new statistical approach, Canonical Discriminant Analysis with Hypothesis-Error plot technique was utilized to evaluate the data. It showed a good level of agreement with linear tests, and show similar results with those of multi comparison test. With the easily understandable graphical outputs that can interpret the interaction of variables and cases, it offers a good alternative way in analyzing data.Öğe Effect of sowing time on grain yield, oil content, and fatty acids in rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp oleifera)(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2011) Turhan, Hakan; Gul, Muhammet Kemal; Egesel, Cem Omer; Kahrıman, FatihSowing time is an important factor affecting crop yield and quality, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of sowing time on the growth, yield, and quality of rapeseed genotypes and to determine genotype x sowing time interactions for grain yield and its related traits. The study was carried out using 8 winter rapeseed genotypes (H604049, H604038, H604041, Viking, Elan, Titan, Lorenz, and Trabant) and 4 sowing times (10 October, 20 October, 30 October and 10 November) during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons. An NIRS system was used to determine oil, protein, glucosinolate and sinapic acid esters. Fatty acid analyses were done by the capillary gas chromatography method. Significant differences were found between sowing times for most of the traits measured. The lowest average seed yield (1027.40 kg ha(-1)) was obtained from the latest sowing time, whereas the highest average seed yield (2437.50 kg ha(-1)) was obtained from the earliest sowing time. The genotype H604038 produced the highest seed yield (1988.4 kg ha(-1)), and it was followed by Trabant (1980.8 kg ha(-1)) and Titan (1963.8 kg ha(-1)). The highest oil content, at 42.0%, was obtained from genotype Lorenz at the first sowing time and from genotype Trabant at the second sowing time. No interaction was found between genotype and sowing time for oil content, but significant interactions were found for seed yield and glucosinolates. Seed yield significantly decreased as sowing time was delayed. The effects of sowing time on fatty acid composition were also significant. As a result, it was found that sowing time is an important factor for seed yield and quality in rapeseed.Öğe Effects of open- and self-pollination treatments on genetic estimations in maize diallel experiment(Spanish Natl Inst Agricultural & Food Research & Technolo, 2015) Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Omer; Zorlu, ErenThis study investigated the effects of open- and self-pollination treatments on genetic estimations and kernel biochemical content in a maize diallel experiment. A 7x7 complete reciprocal diallel set (7 parents and 42 hybrids) was used as plant material. Measured traits were: kernel weight per plant, protein content, oil content and carbohydrate content. General combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), maternal effects (MAT), non-maternal effects (NMAT) and heterosis values were compared in open- and self-pollination treatments for measured traits. Results showed that the pollination treatments had a significant effect on all investigated traits. Parental lines and hybrid combinations gave different responses. Parents had relatively higher protein and oil content in self-pollination but hybrids had lower values in self-pollination compared with open-pollination. A considerable number of genotypes showed significant differences for genetic estimations (GCA, SCA, MAT, NMAT) and heterosis between open- and self-pollination treatments. Overall, findings suggest that evaluation of kernel quality traits should be made on selfed ear samples; however, evaluation for yield should be carried out on open-pollinated samples.Öğe Screening of genetic variability in Turkish maize landraces for protein and starch related traits(Maydica-Ist Sper Cerealicoltur, 2020) Kahrıman, Fatih; Akbulut, Sule; Duz, Gamze; Songur, Umut; Egesel, Cem OmerLocal populations of maize are valuable resources to maintain the genetic variability within the species. Breeding programs in many different countries try to characterize and exploit such germplasm. The objective of this study was to evaluate 192 Turkish maize landraces for their variation in terms of protein ratio, the amino acids that affect the protein quality, starch ratio as well as its fractions. Field experiment was carried out at the Crop Research and Application Unit of CanakkaleOnsekiz Mart University Agricultural Faculty Farm, and used and augmented design with 6 blocks. Each block contained 32 landraces and 7 standard hybrids. Data were collected on protein, lysine, tryptophan, starch, amylose, and amylopectin content. Analysis of variance was run, and genetic calculations were utilized to determine the heritability values. The results suggested that Turkish maize landraces possess a considerable variation for protein and starch traits. The ranges determined for protein, starch, amylose, amylopectin, lysine, and tryptophan were 6.56-16.50%, 56.38-79.63%, 2.09-35.25%, 64.75-97.91%, 0.12-0.93%, and 0.03-0.09%, respectively. The broad sense heritability values for the investigated traits were between 16-53%. Several landraces were detected to be superior to the standard varieties for some traits and considered to be valuable genetic material for the breeding studies to come.Öğe Screening Turkish maize landraces for kernel oil content and oil quality traits(Cambridge Univ Press, 2020) Kahrıman, Fatih; Aktas, Fatma; Songur, Umut; Serment, Mehmet; Egesel, Cem OmerIn this study, maize landraces, previously collected from different regions of Turkey through a national maize breeding project, were screened for kernel oil content and oil quality. After a seed reproduction in 2017, the screening trial was conducted in 2018, using an Augmented Experimental Design with 192 local maize populations along with seven check hybrids. Data were collected on oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid, monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, total carotenoid and total tocopherol contents. The results showed that there was a considerable amount of genetic variation among the Turkish maize landraces for almost all the traits investigated in this study. Some of the evaluated landraces are available that could be considered as high oil variety or special genotypes in terms of certain oil quality traits. Landraces had significantly higher values than checks for oil content, oleic acid, MUFA and tocopherol contents. Genetic analyses suggest that the kernel quality traits could be successfully manipulated using the investigated plant material. Heritability values were found high for all the traits of interest, except for saturated fatty acid and total carotenoid content. The promising landraces detected in this study could be exploited in future breeding programmes upon further evaluations at the population level.Öğe The effect of nitrogen fertilization on tocopherols in rapeseed genotypes(Springer, 2008) Egesel, Cem Omer; Gul, M. Kemal; Kahrıman, Fatih; Ozer, Irfan; Turk, FigenTocopherols (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol) are naturally occuring antioxidants in vegetable oils. In rapeseed oil, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols are the predominant isomers, while delta-tocopherol contributes much lower amounts to the total tocopherol content. Enhanced tocopherol content in seeds appears favourable, and breeding for tocopherol content has become an increasingly important objective in winter oilseed rape. The main objectives of this research were to quantify the amount of tocopherols in a number of rapeseed varieties and to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on tocopherol concentration in the seed. The field trials were carried out in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at Dardanos, Canakkale on the Turkish West Coast (10 km south of the city centre) with 13 varieties, three replications and three nitrogen levels (N-0: 0 kg/ha, N-1: 130 kg/ha and N-2: 260 kg/ha). The trial used a randomized complete block design with 6 m(2) plots. Tocopherol analysis was done using an HPLC system. Significant differences were found among the varieties and between the nitrogen levels. The average total tocopherol concentration was 118.7 mg kg(-1) for N-1, 134.1 mg kg(-1) for N-2 and 133.6 mg kg(-1) for N-3 fertilization level. MDS analysis indicated a rough grouping of line versus hybrid varieties and suggested that hybrids require more breeding effort to reach the level of tocopherols existed in line varieties.Öğe The effects of different growing media on flowering and corm formation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)(Academic Journals, 2007) Turhan, Hakan; Kahrıman, Fatih; Egesel, Cem Omer; Gul, Muhammet KemalThe objective of this research was to determine the effects of different growing media on saffron growth and corm formation in greenhouse conditions. In the experiment four different treatments were used. These were (1) soil+sand (control), (2) soil+sand+manure, (3) soil+sand+manure applied as a double layer above and bottom of corm bed, and (4) soil+sand+manure+ nitfojips-K. The results revealed that effects of the growing media on most of the characters were significant. Cow manure mixtures especially with double layers had a positive effect on the flower and stigma weight. Average flower weight per plant change between 0.157 - 0.240 g. The corm size did not change significantly in treatments 1, 2 and 3. However, in treatment 4, both corm weight and corm size were significantly lower than they were in the other treatments. The results suggested that the growing medium was one of the important factors for saffron flower and corm formation.Öğe The effects of planting time on fatty acids and tocopherols in chickpea(Springer, 2008) Gul, Muhammet Kemal; Egesel, Cem Omer; Turhan, HakanIn Turkey, as an important producer, chickpea is generally planted in March and April during spring. However, spring plantings have the disadvantage of unstable yield and quality from year to year due to irregularity in spring precipitation. In this research, fatty acids and tocopherol contents in different chickpea genotypes were investigated for consecutive 2 years with both autumn and spring plantings. Tocopherol analyses were carried out by using a high performance liquid chromatography. Gamma tocopherol was the major component of total tocopherol content and it ranged between 15.34 and 42.09 mg kg(-1). Alpha tocopherol content ranged between 4.55 and 10.69 mg kg(-1). Depending on planting time, the values of tocopherol components changed significantly. The mean values for alpha tocopherol were 6.77 mg kg(-1) for autumn and 7.55 mg kg(-1) for spring plantings; while the mean values for gamma tocopherol were 33.32 mg kg(-1) for autumn and 22.50 mg kg(-1) for spring plantings, respectively. Fatty acids, quantified using a gas chromatography, indicated that differences among the genotypes were significant. The values for autumn planting were generally higher than those of spring planting. The values of major fatty acids changed between 18.57 and 35.23% for oleic acid and 47.15 and 63.44% for linoleic acid. According to planting time the mean values for oleic acid changed between 21.23 and 30.52% and for linoleic acid between 51.77 and 60.79%.Öğe YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME FOREIGN BREAD WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) CULTIVARS IN TURKEY(Natl Agricultural Research & Development Inst, 2012) Egesel, Cem Omer; Kahrıman, Fatih; Tumer, Ali Ihsan; Colak, CaglaWhen considering introducing new genotypes to a region, determination of their performance and of certain characteristics in the target region is of great value. In this study, we aimed to investigate the grain yield and flour quality characteristics of nine bread wheat cultivars, originated from foreign countries, in the environmental conditions of Canakkale. Field trials were arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replicates in 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons. Data were collected on grain yield and flour quality traits. Based on the results of the two years of study, genotype x year interaction effect was found to be significant, while there was no significant difference between the grain yields of the tested cultivars. The mean grain yield values varied between 3620 and 4324 kg ha(-1). There was a significant variation among cultivars with regard to most flour quality traits evaluated. Ranges for the investigated traits were as follows: protein concentration 10.5-12.9%, gluten content 30.9-42.2%, sedimentation value 29.0-38.5 mL, modified sedimentation value 19.0-36.3 mL, ash ratio 0.41-0.68%. The cultivar ZA-75 had an advantage over the other cultivars in sedimentation, gluten and protein concentration. Results showed that the environmental impacts had a significant effect on grain yield, as well as on quality traits.
