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    A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity
    (Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Duman, Hatice; Akdaşcı, Emir; Bolat, Ecem; Sarıtaş, Sümeyye; Karav, Sercan; Witkowska, Anna Maria
    Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.
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    A toolbox of machine learning software to support microbiome analysis
    (Frontiers Media, 2023) Marcos-Zambrano, Laura Judith; Lopez-Molina, Victor Manuel; Bakır-Güngör, Burcu; Frohme, Marcus; Karaduzovic-Hadziabdic, Kanita; Klammsteiner, Thomas; Ibrahimi, Eliana; Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan
    The human microbiome has become an area of intense research due to its potential impact on human health. However, the analysis and interpretation of this data have proven to be challenging due to its complexity and high dimensionality. Machine learning (ML) algorithms can process vast amounts of data to uncover informative patterns and relationships within the data, even with limited prior knowledge. Therefore, there has been a rapid growth in the development of software specifically designed for the analysis and interpretation of microbiome data using ML techniques. These software incorporate a wide range of ML algorithms for clustering, classification, regression, or feature selection, to identify microbial patterns and relationships within the data and generate predictive models. This rapid development with a constant need for new developments and integration of new features require efforts into compile, catalog and classify these tools to create infrastructures and services with easy, transparent, and trustable standards. Here we review the state-of-the-art for ML tools applied in human microbiome studies, performed as part of the COST Action ML4Microbiome activities. This scoping review focuses on ML based software and framework resources currently available for the analysis of microbiome data in humans. The aim is to support microbiologists and biomedical scientists to go deeper into specialized resources that integrate ML techniques and facilitate future benchmarking to create standards for the analysis of microbiome data. The software resources are organized based on the type of analysis they were developed for and the ML techniques they implement. A description of each software with examples of usage is provided including comments about pitfalls and lacks in the usage of software based on ML methods in relation to microbiome data that need to be considered by developers and users. This review represents an extensive compilation to date, offering valuable insights and guidance for researchers interested in leveraging ML approaches for microbiome analysis.
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    Antimicrobial Properties of Colostrum and Milk
    (Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Akdaşcı, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Yalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Karav, Sercan
    The growing number of antibiotic resistance genes is putting a strain on the ecosystem and harming human health. In addition, consumers have developed a cautious attitude towards chemical preservatives. Colostrum and milk are excellent sources of antibacterial components that help to strengthen the immunity of the offspring and accelerate the maturation of the immune system. It is possible to study these important defenses of milk and colostrum, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, etc., as biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of numerous infections caused by microbes. Each of these components has different mechanisms and interactions in various places. The compound's mechanisms of action determine where the antibacterial activity appears. The activation of the antibacterial activity of milk and colostrum compounds can start in the infant's mouth during lactation and continue in the gastrointestinal regions. These antibacterial properties possess potential for therapeutic uses. In order to discover new perspectives and methods for the treatment of bacterial infections, additional investigations of the mechanisms of action and potential complexes are required.
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    Benefits of A2 Milk for Sports Nutrition, Health and Performance
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Kaplan, Merve; Baydemir, Baris; Gunar, Bilgetekin Burak; Arslan, Aysenur; Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan
    Bovine milk is one of the best pre-and pro-workout sources for athletes owing to its rich nutritional content. Even though bovine milk consumption significantly benefits athletes' health and performance, many athletes cannot consume bovine milk since they struggle with gastrointestinal problems caused after milk consumption. Especially, the consumption of regular milk, which contains A1 beta -casein, is associated with a variety of diseases ranging from gastrointestinal discomfort to ischemic heart diseases. The main reason behind this is related to beta -casomorphine 7 (BCM-7), which is derived from A1 beta -casein during the digestion of A1 milk. A1 beta -casein is formed as a result of a point mutation in the position of 67(th) in the amino acid sequence A2 beta -casein by changing proline to histidine. Therefore, this mutated form of beta -casein in regular milk cannot easily be digested by the human-associated digestion enzymes. A2 milk, which includes A2 beta -casein instead of A1 beta -casein, is the best substitute for regular milk with the same nutritional content. This natural form of milk positively affects the athlete's health as well as performance without causing any gastrointestinal discomfort or more serious problems which are seen in the consumption of regular milk. In this review, A2 milk and its potential health effects in comparison to diseases related to A1 milk consumption are discussed.
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    Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan
    Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.
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    Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Arslan, Ayşenur; Kaplan, Merve; Duman, Hatice; Bayraktar, Ayşe; Karav, Sercan; Ertürk, Melih; Henrick, Bethany M.; Frese, Steven A.
    Colostrum is the first milk produced post-partum by mammals and is compositionally distinct from mature milk. Bovine colostrum has a long history of consumption by humans, and there have been a number of studies investigating its potential for applications in human nutrition and health. Extensive characterization of the constituent fractions has identified a wealth of potentially bioactive molecules, their potential for shaping neonatal development, and the potential for their application beyond the neonatal period. Proteins, fats, glycans, minerals, and vitamins are abundant in colostrum, and advances in dairy processing technologies have enabled the advancement of bovine colostrum from relative limitations of a fresh and unprocessed food to a variety of potential applications. In these forms, clinical studies have examined bovine colostrum as having the substantial potential to improve human health. This review discusses the macro-and micronutrient composition of colostrum as well as describing well-characterized bioactives found in bovine colostrum and their potential for human health. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified and future directions are considered in order to elevate the potential for bovine colostrum as a component of a healthy diet for a variety of relevant human populations.
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    Chitosan and Its Nanoparticles: A Multifaceted Approach to Antibacterial Applications
    (MDPI, 2025) Akdasçı, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Eker, Furkan; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Chitosan, a multifaceted amino polysaccharide biopolymer derived from chitin, has extensive antibacterial efficacy against diverse pathogenic microorganisms, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, in addition to fungi. Over the course of the last several decades, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs), which are polymeric and bio-based, have garnered a great deal of interest as efficient antibacterial agents. This is mostly due to the fact that they are used in a wide variety of applications, including medical treatments, food, chemicals, and agricultural products. Within the context of the antibacterial mechanism of chitosan and chitosan NPs, we present a review that provides an overview of the synthesis methods, including novel procedures, and compiles the applications that have been developed in the field of biomedicine. These applications include wound healing, drug delivery, dental treatment, water purification, agriculture, and food preservation. In addition to this, we focus on the mechanisms of action and the factors that determine the antibacterial activity of chitosan and its derivatives. In conjunction with this line of inquiry, researchers are strongly urged to concentrate their efforts on developing novel and ground-breaking applications of chitosan NPs.
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    Correction: Distinguishing Turkish pine honey from multi-foral honey through MALDI-MS-based N-glycomics and machine learning
    (Springer, 2024) Masri, Saad; Aksoy, Sena; Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan; Kayılı, Hacı Mehmet; Salih, Bekir
    [Anstract Not Available]
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    Determining Total Protein and Bioactive Protein Concentrations in Bovine Colostrum
    (Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2021) Arslan, Ayşenur; Duman, Hatice; Kaplan, Merve; Uzkuç, Hasan; Bayraktar, Ayşe; Erturk, Melih; Alkan, Merve; Karav, Sercan
    Colostrum is a complex biological fluid produced by mammals immediately after parturition. It meets all the nutritional requirements for neonates as a good source of macro-and micronutrients, bioactive peptides, and growth factors. Bovine colostrum is also a potential source of nutrition and bioactive because of its rich protein content that includes immunoglobulin G (IgG) and lactoferrin. However, the level of lactoferrin and IgG in bovine colostrum changes markedly during the lactation period. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of IgG and lactoferrin for the use of bovine colostrum as a protein source is an important question to study. Methods in this article describe how to determine protein content, as well as specific concentrations of lactoferrin and IgG. These methods include the following steps: Isolation of bovine colostrum proteins, Determination of protein concentration via Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA), Visualization of proteins via SDS-PAGE, Determination of lactoferrin, and IgG concentration using an ELISA Assay.
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    Distinguishing Turkish pine honey from multi-floral honey through MALDI-MS-based N-glycomics and machine learning
    (Springer, 2024) Masri, Saad; Aksoy, Sena; Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan; Kayılı, Hacı Mehmet; Salih, Bekir
    Honey, a multifaceted blend of sugars, amino acids, vitamins, proteins, and minerals, exhibits compositional variability dependent upon the floral source. While previous studies have attempted to categorize honey, the use of glycomic profiles for honey classification remains an unexplored avenue. This investigation seeks to establish a methodology for distinguishing honey types, specifically multi-floral and pine honey, employing mass spectrometry-based glycomic analysis in tandem with machine learning. In this search, seven samples of pine honey and eight samples of multi-floral honey were obtained from diverse regions of Turkey. Subsequently, the proteins within these honey samples were extracted, and glycans were enzymatically released. The released glycans were labeled with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA) and subjected to analysis via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The glycan profiles of pine and multi-floral honey were determined through these analytical procedures, revealing a total of 76 distinct N-glycan structures. Among these, 13 N-glycan profiles consistently established at high levels across experimental replicates and were incorporated in subsequent analyses. Following the quantification of individual glycan abundances, statistically significant differences in glycan profiles were determined. Notably, N-glycans Hex5HexNAc2, Hex4HexNAc3, and Hex5HexNAc3 displayed considerable differences. Using the 13 N-glycan profiles, an accuracy rate of 93.5% was obtained from machine learning analysis, which increased to 100% when incorporating the identified significantly changed glycans. The most productive models were identified as subspace and fine k-nearest neighbors (KNN). The findings underscore the potential of mass spectrometry-based glycomics in conjunction with machine learning as a robust tool for precise honey type classification and its prospective utility in quality control and honey product authentication.
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    Exploring the Activity of a Novel N-Glycosidase (EndoBI-2): Recombinant Production to Release Bioactive Glycans
    (Mdpi, 2025) Duman, Hatice; Avci, Izzet; Salih, Bekir; Kayili, Haci Mehmet; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    The gut microbiome evolves in response to host development, health state, lifestyle, nutrition, and microbial interactions. The survival of gut microbiota depends on its ability to utilize its host-indigestible complex oligosaccharides. Certain gut microbes produce glycosidases that cleave N-glycoproteins to release N-glycans that are then used as a carbon source. However, commercial glycosidases are inefficient and, thus, require improved deglycosylation strategies to study their functions and scale up their production. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to recombinantly produce and characterize the novel endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 (EndoBI-2) from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) and to evaluate its enzymatic performance for controlled N-glycan release. Furthermore, the optimum reaction conditions for EndoBI-2 were investigated on model glycoprotein RNAse B using model glycoprotein. The released N-glycans were profiled by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-FLD-QTOF-MS/MS). We demonstrated that EndoBI-2 possesses a strong temperature tolerance and efficiently cleaves N-glycans under mild reaction conditions, exhibiting high activity at pH 5. These findings highlight EndoBI-2 as a robust and efficient biocatalyst for the production of bioactive N-glycans from diverse N-glycoproteins, with potential applications in glycobiotechnology.
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    Exploring the impact of colostrum supplementation on athletes: a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials and diverse properties
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Yalçıntaş, Yalçın Mert; Baydemir, Barış; Duman, Hatice; Eker, Furkan; Bayraktar Biçen, Ayşe; Ertürk, Melih; Karav, Sercan
    Colostrum, an invaluable food produced by mammals during the postnatal period, contains important bioactive components. It is a valuable therapeutic substance that can be used to treat a variety of disorders, in addition to its primary function of providing passive immunity to newborns. Undoubtedly, a strong dedication to intense effort and demanding training schedules is necessary to succeed in today's sports environment. Peak physical fitness, strategic skill development, and mental toughness are highly valued in the environments in which athletes compete. However, the inherent difficulties brought about by athletes' intense schedules are matched with the demanding character of modern sports. The intensity of athletic activity frequently provides little time for sufficient relaxation, nutritional preparation, and overall recovery, which can contribute to mental and physical tiredness. Athletes need to develop all-encompassing strategies to overcome these obstacles. These strategies should prioritize self-care and recovery in addition to maximizing training efficiency. The bioactive components of colostrum bring forth various therapeutic effects against the challenges experienced by athletes; including diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle injuries, intestinal disorders, etc. This review examined the different therapeutic effects of the bioactive components of colostrum on athletes, the effect of the use of colostrum as a whole on the performance of athletes, and the clinical research conducted in this field. While the majority of studies report positive effects of colostrum, further research is needed.
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    Exploring the Potential of Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) as a Health-Enhancing Agent: A Comprehensive Overview
    (Wiley, 2025) Duman, Hatice; Uner, Buket; Saritas, Sumeyye; Bolat, Ecem; Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Eker, Furkan
    Black chokeberry, scientifically known as Aronia melanocarpa, is native to the eastern part of North America and belongs to the Rosaceae family, specifically falling within the Maloideae subfamily. A sour taste makes fresh chokeberries difficult to eat raw, but they are widely used in the food sector to make wines, fruit teas, juices, jams, jellies, and dietary supplements. Black chokeberries are a rich source of several bioactive compounds. It has been discovered that the fruits of A. melanocarpa exhibit a variety of bioactivities that may be advantageous to human health, such as antioxidant, antiobesity, anti-infective, antidiabetic, and liver- and heart-protective properties. However, to determine the therapeutic capacity, safety, and underlying mechanisms of action of black chokeberries, a comprehensive examination similar to other natural plants and medical items is required. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Aronia plants, covering aspects such as botany, cultivation, bioactive chemical composition, and therapeutic activities to explore their potential health benefits. The findings are expected to significantly influence future research, particularly in the development of functional food products centered around chokeberries.
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    Fiber and the gut microbiome and its impact on inflammation
    (Elsevier, 2024) Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan
    In recent years, there has been significant research interest focused on the gut microbiota. Given the significance of the gut microbiome, for human health, a deeper comprehension of the variables affecting the composition and functionality of this microbial community is imperative. Over 100 trillion different types of microbes reside in the human gut, contributing to metabolic processes, immunological response, physiology, and nutrition absorption. The composition and function of the microbiota have been found to be influenced by diet. Dietary fibers are a diverse group of nutrients present in the diet, offering numerous health benefits such as reduced risk of diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, hypertension, and other health advantages. Also, they can act as powerful prebiotics by altering the makeup of the gut microbiota and encouraging the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the colon, which may help decrease the occurrence inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and other chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The chapter explores the impact of dietary fiber intake on gut microbiota, focusing on physicochemical attributes. It highlights how changes in microbial composition affect host well-being, especially in relation to inflammation, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of this relationship.
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    Functional chocolate: exploring advances in production and health benefits
    (Wiley, 2024) Sarıtaş, Sümeyye; Duman, Hatice; Pekdemir, Burcu; Rocha, Joao Miguel; Öz, Fatih; Karav, Sercan
    Chocolate has been a part of human consumption for millennia, serving as a confection, medicine and aphrodisiac. Chocolate consumption is increasing worldwide, and independent of the age or social background. The substantial content of chocolate may provide consumers with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiallergenic, and anticarcinogenic benefits. Beyond such properties, diverse bioactive ingredients are utilised in the creation of functional chocolate products aiming at promoting health and meeting the modern consumers' demands and market orientations. These products are primarily focused on enhancing nutraceutical effects, such as antioxidant activity, protein content and prebiotic effects. Additionally, the use of A2 milk powder in chocolate production holds promising expectations towards enhancing the digestibility of the products. Due to the superior affinity of proteolytic enzymes, A2 milk can be digested more easily than A1 milk. In this way, with the addition of A2 milk to chocolate, it may become more easily digestible. The objectives of this review are a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of chocolate consumption, its health benefits, and the contemporary innovations in chocolate production. Additionally, the potential for developing easily digestible, functional chocolates made from A2 milk, which could rejuvenate functional chocolate production, is discussed in this article. The bioactive components contained in various types of chocolate have been shown in the graphical abstract. The bioactive components and amounts contained vary according to the type of chocolate. image
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    Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Unique Properties and Therapeutic Potential
    (Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Akdaşcı, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significance in several important fields, including drug delivery and anticancer research, due to their unique properties. Gold NPs possess significant optical characteristics that enhance their application in biosensor development for diagnosis, in photothermal and photodynamic therapies for anticancer treatment, and in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. The broad surface modification possibilities of gold NPs have been utilized in the delivery of various molecules, including nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins. Moreover, gold NPs possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, facilitating their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for precise and efficient biomolecule detection. These optical properties are extensively utilized in anticancer research. Both photothermal and photodynamic therapies show significant results in anticancer treatments using gold NPs. Additionally, the properties of gold NPs demonstrate potential in other biological areas, particularly in antimicrobial activity. In addition to delivering antigens, peptides, and antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity, gold NPs can penetrate cell membranes and induce apoptosis through various intracellular mechanisms. Among other types of metal NPs, gold NPs show more tolerable toxicity capacity, supporting their application in wide-ranging areas. Gold NPs hold a special position in nanomaterial research, offering limited toxicity and unique properties. This review aims to address recently highlighted applications and the current status of gold NP research and to discuss their future in nanomedicine.
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    Gold Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Properties, Synthesis, and Future Prospects
    (Mdpi, 2024) Duman, Hatice; Akdaşcı, Emir; Eker, Furkan; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Gold nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most commonly employed metal NPs in biological applications, with distinctive physicochemical features. Their extraordinary optical properties, stemming from strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), contribute to the development of novel approaches in the areas of bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer research, especially for photothermal and photodynamic therapy. The ease of functionalization with various ligands provides a novel approach to the precise delivery of these molecules to targeted areas. Gold NPs' ability to transfer heat and electricity positions them as valuable materials for advancing thermal management and electronic systems. Moreover, their inherent characteristics, such as inertness, give rise to the synthesis of novel antibacterial and antioxidant agents as they provide a biocompatible and low-toxicity approach. Chemical and physical synthesis methods are utilized to produce gold NPs. The pursuit of more ecologically sustainable and economically viable large-scale technologies, such as environmentally benign biological processes referred to as green/biological synthesis, has garnered increasing interest among global researchers. Green synthesis methods are more favorable than other synthesis techniques as they minimize the necessity for hazardous chemicals in the reduction process due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and biocompatibility. This article discusses the importance of gold NPs, their optical, conductivity, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, synthesis methods, contemporary uses, and biosafety, emphasizing the need to understand toxicology principles and green commercialization strategies.
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    Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: A Comprehensive Review of Physicochemical Properties and Multifunctional Applications
    (Mdpi, 2025) Eker, Furkan; Akdasci, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. This review provides a comprehensive overview of plant-mediated synthesis routes, emphasizing the influence of phytochemicals on nanoparticle formation, morphology, and stability. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs, such as size, shape, and surface characteristics, are critically examined in relation to synthesis parameters, summarizing the plant species employed and associated reaction conditions. The wide-ranging applications of plant-based AgNPs are explored, including antimicrobial, agricultural, environmental, industrial, and biomedical uses, such as drug delivery and wound healing. The section is supported with recent application-specific studies to their corresponding nanoparticle properties, highlighting the relationship between structure and function. Finally, this review discusses current challenges, particularly potential toxicity considerations, and outlines future perspectives for standardization, mechanistic understanding, and translational potential in wide-ranging applications.
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    Gut Microbiota-Modulating Functions of Bovine Colostrum and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2025) Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Binmowyna, Mona N.; Raposo, Antonio; Ahmad, Md Faruque; Al Khairat, Muzaynah
    The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem composed of trillions of microorganisms that play vital roles in digestion, immune regulation, and overall health. Disruptions in this microbial balance are linked to various metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. Among dietary components that influence the gut microbiome, oligosaccharides derived from bovine colostrum and milk have gained increasing attention due to their bioactive properties. Bovine colostrum, the nutrient-rich fluid produced in the first days after parturition, contains a high concentration of structurally diverse oligosaccharides and glycoproteins that may selectively promote beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium species. These compounds are considered crucial to early-life microbial development and may exert prebiotic effects that support intestinal health. While human milk contains a broader variety of oligosaccharides, bovine colostrum and milk share several structurally similar compounds with relevant functions. Oligosaccharides from mature bovine milk have been more extensively studied regarding microbial interactions, enzymatic degradation, and metabolic fate. These findings provide valuable comparative insights into the functional roles of colostrum-derived oligosaccharides. This review highlights the modulatory effects of bovine colostrum and milk oligosaccharides on the gut microbiome, with particular emphasis on the unique contributions of colostrum.
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    Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Decoding Their Structural Variability, Health Benefits, and the Evolution of Infant Nutrition
    (Mdpi, 2025) Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, Sercan
    Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third most abundant solid component in human milk, vary significantly among women due to factors such as secretor status, race, geography, season, maternal nutrition and weight, gestational age, and delivery method. In recent studies, HMOs have been shown to have a variety of functional roles in the development of infants. Because HMOs are not digested by infants, they act as metabolic substrates for certain bacteria, helping to establish the infant's gut microbiota. By encouraging the growth of advantageous intestinal bacteria, these sugars function as prebiotics and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are essential for gut health. HMOs can also specifically reduce harmful microbes and viruses binding to the gut epithelium, preventing illness. HMO addition to infant formula is safe and promotes healthy development, infection prevention, and microbiota. Current infant formulas frequently contain oligosaccharides (OSs) that differ structurally from those found in human milk, making it unlikely that they would reproduce the unique effects of HMOs. However, there is a growing trend in producing OSs resembling HMOs, but limited data make it unclear whether HMOs offer additional therapeutic benefits compared to non-human OSs. Better knowledge of how the human mammary gland synthesizes HMOs could direct the development of technologies that yield a broad variety of complex HMOs with OS compositions that closely mimic human milk. This review explores HMOs' complex nature and vital role in infant health, examining maternal variation in HMO composition and its contributing factors. It highlights recent technological advances enabling large-scale studies on HMO composition and its effects on infant health. Furthermore, HMOs' multifunctional roles in biological processes such as infection prevention, brain development, and gut microbiota and immune response regulation are investigated. The structural distinctions between HMOs and other mammalian OSs in infant formulas are discussed, with a focus on the trend toward producing more precise replicas of HMOs found in human milk.