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Öğe A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity(Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Duman, Hatice; Akdasci, Emir; Bolat, Ecem; Saritas, Suemeyye; Karav, Sercan; Witkowska, Anna MariaNanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.Öğe Antimicrobial Properties of Colostrum and Milk(Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Akdasci, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Canbolat, Ahmet Alperen; Kalkan, Arda Erkan; Karav, SercanThe growing number of antibiotic resistance genes is putting a strain on the ecosystem and harming human health. In addition, consumers have developed a cautious attitude towards chemical preservatives. Colostrum and milk are excellent sources of antibacterial components that help to strengthen the immunity of the offspring and accelerate the maturation of the immune system. It is possible to study these important defenses of milk and colostrum, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, oligosaccharides, etc., as biotherapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of numerous infections caused by microbes. Each of these components has different mechanisms and interactions in various places. The compound's mechanisms of action determine where the antibacterial activity appears. The activation of the antibacterial activity of milk and colostrum compounds can start in the infant's mouth during lactation and continue in the gastrointestinal regions. These antibacterial properties possess potential for therapeutic uses. In order to discover new perspectives and methods for the treatment of bacterial infections, additional investigations of the mechanisms of action and potential complexes are required.Öğe Benefits of A2 Milk for Sports Nutrition, Health and Performance(Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Kaplan, Merve; Baydemir, Baris; Gunar, Bilgetekin Burak; Arslan, Aysenur; Duman, Hatice; Karav, SercanBovine milk is one of the best pre-and pro-workout sources for athletes owing to its rich nutritional content. Even though bovine milk consumption significantly benefits athletes' health and performance, many athletes cannot consume bovine milk since they struggle with gastrointestinal problems caused after milk consumption. Especially, the consumption of regular milk, which contains A1 beta -casein, is associated with a variety of diseases ranging from gastrointestinal discomfort to ischemic heart diseases. The main reason behind this is related to beta -casomorphine 7 (BCM-7), which is derived from A1 beta -casein during the digestion of A1 milk. A1 beta -casein is formed as a result of a point mutation in the position of 67(th) in the amino acid sequence A2 beta -casein by changing proline to histidine. Therefore, this mutated form of beta -casein in regular milk cannot easily be digested by the human-associated digestion enzymes. A2 milk, which includes A2 beta -casein instead of A1 beta -casein, is the best substitute for regular milk with the same nutritional content. This natural form of milk positively affects the athlete's health as well as performance without causing any gastrointestinal discomfort or more serious problems which are seen in the consumption of regular milk. In this review, A2 milk and its potential health effects in comparison to diseases related to A1 milk consumption are discussed.Öğe Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Duman, Hatice; Karav, SercanBovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.Öğe Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021) Arslan, Ayşenur; Kaplan, Merve; Duman, Hatice; Bayraktar, Ayşe; Karav, Sercan; Ertürk, Melih; Henrick, Bethany M.; Frese, Steven A.Colostrum is the first milk produced post-partum by mammals and is compositionally distinct from mature milk. Bovine colostrum has a long history of consumption by humans, and there have been a number of studies investigating its potential for applications in human nutrition and health. Extensive characterization of the constituent fractions has identified a wealth of potentially bioactive molecules, their potential for shaping neonatal development, and the potential for their application beyond the neonatal period. Proteins, fats, glycans, minerals, and vitamins are abundant in colostrum, and advances in dairy processing technologies have enabled the advancement of bovine colostrum from relative limitations of a fresh and unprocessed food to a variety of potential applications. In these forms, clinical studies have examined bovine colostrum as having the substantial potential to improve human health. This review discusses the macro-and micronutrient composition of colostrum as well as describing well-characterized bioactives found in bovine colostrum and their potential for human health. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified and future directions are considered in order to elevate the potential for bovine colostrum as a component of a healthy diet for a variety of relevant human populations.Öğe Determining Total Protein and Bioactive Protein Concentrations in Bovine Colostrum(Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2021) Arslan, Ayşenur; Duman, Hatice; Kaplan, Merve; Uzkuç, Hasan; Bayraktar, Ayşe; Erturk, Melih; Alkan, Merve; Karav, SercanColostrum is a complex biological fluid produced by mammals immediately after parturition. It meets all the nutritional requirements for neonates as a good source of macro-and micronutrients, bioactive peptides, and growth factors. Bovine colostrum is also a potential source of nutrition and bioactive because of its rich protein content that includes immunoglobulin G (IgG) and lactoferrin. However, the level of lactoferrin and IgG in bovine colostrum changes markedly during the lactation period. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of IgG and lactoferrin for the use of bovine colostrum as a protein source is an important question to study. Methods in this article describe how to determine protein content, as well as specific concentrations of lactoferrin and IgG. These methods include the following steps: Isolation of bovine colostrum proteins, Determination of protein concentration via Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA), Visualization of proteins via SDS-PAGE, Determination of lactoferrin, and IgG concentration using an ELISA Assay.Öğe Distinguishing Turkish pine honey from multi-floral honey through MALDI-MS-based N-glycomics and machine learning(Springer, 2024) Masri, Saad; Aksoy, Sena; Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan; Kayili, Haci Mehmet; Salih, BekirHoney, a multifaceted blend of sugars, amino acids, vitamins, proteins, and minerals, exhibits compositional variability dependent upon the floral source. While previous studies have attempted to categorize honey, the use of glycomic profiles for honey classification remains an unexplored avenue. This investigation seeks to establish a methodology for distinguishing honey types, specifically multi-floral and pine honey, employing mass spectrometry-based glycomic analysis in tandem with machine learning. In this search, seven samples of pine honey and eight samples of multi-floral honey were obtained from diverse regions of Turkey. Subsequently, the proteins within these honey samples were extracted, and glycans were enzymatically released. The released glycans were labeled with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA) and subjected to analysis via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The glycan profiles of pine and multi-floral honey were determined through these analytical procedures, revealing a total of 76 distinct N-glycan structures. Among these, 13 N-glycan profiles consistently established at high levels across experimental replicates and were incorporated in subsequent analyses. Following the quantification of individual glycan abundances, statistically significant differences in glycan profiles were determined. Notably, N-glycans Hex5HexNAc2, Hex4HexNAc3, and Hex5HexNAc3 displayed considerable differences. Using the 13 N-glycan profiles, an accuracy rate of 93.5% was obtained from machine learning analysis, which increased to 100% when incorporating the identified significantly changed glycans. The most productive models were identified as subspace and fine k-nearest neighbors (KNN). The findings underscore the potential of mass spectrometry-based glycomics in conjunction with machine learning as a robust tool for precise honey type classification and its prospective utility in quality control and honey product authentication.Öğe Distinguishing Turkish pine honey from multi-foral honey through MALDI-MS-based N-glycomics and machine learning (vol 18, pg 5673, 2024)(Springer, 2024) Masri, Saad; Aksoy, Sena; Duman, Hatice; Karav, Sercan; Kayili, Haci Mehmet; Salih, Bekir[Anstract Not Available]Öğe Exploring the impact of colostrum supplementation on athletes: a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials and diverse properties(Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Yalcintas, Yalcin Mert; Baydemir, Baris; Duman, Hatice; Eker, Furkan; Bayraktar Bicen, Ayse; Erturk, Melih; Karav, SercanColostrum, an invaluable food produced by mammals during the postnatal period, contains important bioactive components. It is a valuable therapeutic substance that can be used to treat a variety of disorders, in addition to its primary function of providing passive immunity to newborns. Undoubtedly, a strong dedication to intense effort and demanding training schedules is necessary to succeed in today's sports environment. Peak physical fitness, strategic skill development, and mental toughness are highly valued in the environments in which athletes compete. However, the inherent difficulties brought about by athletes' intense schedules are matched with the demanding character of modern sports. The intensity of athletic activity frequently provides little time for sufficient relaxation, nutritional preparation, and overall recovery, which can contribute to mental and physical tiredness. Athletes need to develop all-encompassing strategies to overcome these obstacles. These strategies should prioritize self-care and recovery in addition to maximizing training efficiency. The bioactive components of colostrum bring forth various therapeutic effects against the challenges experienced by athletes; including diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle injuries, intestinal disorders, etc. This review examined the different therapeutic effects of the bioactive components of colostrum on athletes, the effect of the use of colostrum as a whole on the performance of athletes, and the clinical research conducted in this field. While the majority of studies report positive effects of colostrum, further research is needed.Öğe Fiber and the gut microbiome and its impact on inflammation(Elsevier, 2024) Duman, Hatice; Karav, SercanIn recent years, there has been significant research interest focused on the gut microbiota. Given the significance of the gut microbiome, for human health, a deeper comprehension of the variables affecting the composition and functionality of this microbial community is imperative. Over 100 trillion different types of microbes reside in the human gut, contributing to metabolic processes, immunological response, physiology, and nutrition absorption. The composition and function of the microbiota have been found to be influenced by diet. Dietary fibers are a diverse group of nutrients present in the diet, offering numerous health benefits such as reduced risk of diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, hypertension, and other health advantages. Also, they can act as powerful prebiotics by altering the makeup of the gut microbiota and encouraging the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the colon, which may help decrease the occurrence inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and other chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The chapter explores the impact of dietary fiber intake on gut microbiota, focusing on physicochemical attributes. It highlights how changes in microbial composition affect host well-being, especially in relation to inflammation, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of this relationship. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.Öğe Functional chocolate: exploring advances in production and health benefits(Wiley, 2024) Saritas, Suemeyye; Duman, Hatice; Pekdemir, Burcu; Rocha, Joao Miguel; Oz, Fatih; Karav, SercanChocolate has been a part of human consumption for millennia, serving as a confection, medicine and aphrodisiac. Chocolate consumption is increasing worldwide, and independent of the age or social background. The substantial content of chocolate may provide consumers with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiallergenic, and anticarcinogenic benefits. Beyond such properties, diverse bioactive ingredients are utilised in the creation of functional chocolate products aiming at promoting health and meeting the modern consumers' demands and market orientations. These products are primarily focused on enhancing nutraceutical effects, such as antioxidant activity, protein content and prebiotic effects. Additionally, the use of A2 milk powder in chocolate production holds promising expectations towards enhancing the digestibility of the products. Due to the superior affinity of proteolytic enzymes, A2 milk can be digested more easily than A1 milk. In this way, with the addition of A2 milk to chocolate, it may become more easily digestible. The objectives of this review are a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of chocolate consumption, its health benefits, and the contemporary innovations in chocolate production. Additionally, the potential for developing easily digestible, functional chocolates made from A2 milk, which could rejuvenate functional chocolate production, is discussed in this article. The bioactive components contained in various types of chocolate have been shown in the graphical abstract. The bioactive components and amounts contained vary according to the type of chocolate. imageÖğe Gold Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Unique Properties and Therapeutic Potential(Mdpi, 2024) Eker, Furkan; Akdasci, Emir; Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanGold nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significance in several important fields, including drug delivery and anticancer research, due to their unique properties. Gold NPs possess significant optical characteristics that enhance their application in biosensor development for diagnosis, in photothermal and photodynamic therapies for anticancer treatment, and in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. The broad surface modification possibilities of gold NPs have been utilized in the delivery of various molecules, including nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins. Moreover, gold NPs possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, facilitating their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for precise and efficient biomolecule detection. These optical properties are extensively utilized in anticancer research. Both photothermal and photodynamic therapies show significant results in anticancer treatments using gold NPs. Additionally, the properties of gold NPs demonstrate potential in other biological areas, particularly in antimicrobial activity. In addition to delivering antigens, peptides, and antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity, gold NPs can penetrate cell membranes and induce apoptosis through various intracellular mechanisms. Among other types of metal NPs, gold NPs show more tolerable toxicity capacity, supporting their application in wide-ranging areas. Gold NPs hold a special position in nanomaterial research, offering limited toxicity and unique properties. This review aims to address recently highlighted applications and the current status of gold NP research and to discuss their future in nanomedicine.Öğe Gold Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Properties, Synthesis, and Future Prospects(Mdpi, 2024) Duman, Hatice; Akdasci, Emir; Eker, Furkan; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanGold nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most commonly employed metal NPs in biological applications, with distinctive physicochemical features. Their extraordinary optical properties, stemming from strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), contribute to the development of novel approaches in the areas of bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer research, especially for photothermal and photodynamic therapy. The ease of functionalization with various ligands provides a novel approach to the precise delivery of these molecules to targeted areas. Gold NPs' ability to transfer heat and electricity positions them as valuable materials for advancing thermal management and electronic systems. Moreover, their inherent characteristics, such as inertness, give rise to the synthesis of novel antibacterial and antioxidant agents as they provide a biocompatible and low-toxicity approach. Chemical and physical synthesis methods are utilized to produce gold NPs. The pursuit of more ecologically sustainable and economically viable large-scale technologies, such as environmentally benign biological processes referred to as green/biological synthesis, has garnered increasing interest among global researchers. Green synthesis methods are more favorable than other synthesis techniques as they minimize the necessity for hazardous chemicals in the reduction process due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and biocompatibility. This article discusses the importance of gold NPs, their optical, conductivity, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, synthesis methods, contemporary uses, and biosafety, emphasizing the need to understand toxicology principles and green commercialization strategies.Öğe Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Decoding Their Structural Variability, Health Benefits, and the Evolution of Infant Nutrition(Mdpi, 2025) Duman, Hatice; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third most abundant solid component in human milk, vary significantly among women due to factors such as secretor status, race, geography, season, maternal nutrition and weight, gestational age, and delivery method. In recent studies, HMOs have been shown to have a variety of functional roles in the development of infants. Because HMOs are not digested by infants, they act as metabolic substrates for certain bacteria, helping to establish the infant's gut microbiota. By encouraging the growth of advantageous intestinal bacteria, these sugars function as prebiotics and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are essential for gut health. HMOs can also specifically reduce harmful microbes and viruses binding to the gut epithelium, preventing illness. HMO addition to infant formula is safe and promotes healthy development, infection prevention, and microbiota. Current infant formulas frequently contain oligosaccharides (OSs) that differ structurally from those found in human milk, making it unlikely that they would reproduce the unique effects of HMOs. However, there is a growing trend in producing OSs resembling HMOs, but limited data make it unclear whether HMOs offer additional therapeutic benefits compared to non-human OSs. Better knowledge of how the human mammary gland synthesizes HMOs could direct the development of technologies that yield a broad variety of complex HMOs with OS compositions that closely mimic human milk. This review explores HMOs' complex nature and vital role in infant health, examining maternal variation in HMO composition and its contributing factors. It highlights recent technological advances enabling large-scale studies on HMO composition and its effects on infant health. Furthermore, HMOs' multifunctional roles in biological processes such as infection prevention, brain development, and gut microbiota and immune response regulation are investigated. The structural distinctions between HMOs and other mammalian OSs in infant formulas are discussed, with a focus on the trend toward producing more precise replicas of HMOs found in human milk.Öğe Identification and comparison of N-glycome profiles from common dietary protein sources(Elsevier, 2025) Bolino, Matthew; Avci, Izzet; Kayili, Haci Mehmet; Duman, Hatice; Salih, Bekir; Karav, Sercan; Frese, Steven A.The N-glycomes of bovine whey, egg white, pea, and soy protein isolates are described here. N-glycans from four protein isolates were analyzed by HILIC high performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-FLD-QTOF-MS/MS). In total, 33 N-glycans from bovine whey and egg white and 10 N-glycans from soy and pea glycoproteins were identified. The type of N-glycans per glycoprotein source were attributable to differences in biosynthetic glycosylation pathways. Animal glycoprotein sources favored a combination of complex and hybrid glycan configurations, while the plant proteins were dominated by oligomannosidic N-glycans. Bovine whey glycoprotein isolate contained the most diverse N-glycans by monosaccharide composition as well as structure, while plant sources such as pea and soy glycoprotein isolates contained an overlap of oligomannosidic N-glycans. The results suggest N-glycan structure and composition is dependent on the host organism which are driven by the differences in N-glycan biosynthetic pathways.Öğe Immobilization of a Bifidobacterial Endo-ss-N-Acetylglucosaminidase to Generate Bioactive Compounds for Food Industry(Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Pekdemir, Burcu; Duman, Hatice; Arslan, Aysenur; Kaplan, Merve; Karyelioglu, Melda; ozer, Tolgahan; Kayili, Haci MehmetConjugated N-glycans are considered next-generation bioactive prebiotic compounds due to their selective stimulation of beneficial microbes. These compounds are glycosidically attached to proteins through N-acetylglucosamines via specific asparagine residue (AsN-X-Ser/Thr). Certain bacteria such as Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) have been shown to be capable of utilizing conjugated N-glycans, owing to their specialized genomic abilities. B. infantis possess a unique enzyme, Endo-ss-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EndoBI-1), which cleaves all types of conjugated N-glycans from glycoproteins. In this study, recombinantly cloned EndoBI-1 enzyme activity was investigated using various immobilization methods: 1) adsorption, 2) entrapment-based alginate immobilization, 3) SulfoLink-, and 4) AminoLink-based covalent bonding immobilization techniques were compared to develop the optimum application of EndoBI-1 to food processes. The yield of enzyme immobilization and the activity of each immobilized enzyme by different approaches were investigated. The N-glycans released from lactoperoxidase (LPO) using different immobilized enzyme forms were characterized using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). As expected, regardless of the techniques, the enzyme activity decreased after the immobilization methods. The enzyme activity of adsorption and entrapment-based alginate immobilization was found to be 71.55% +/- 0.6 and 20.32% +/- 3.18, respectively, whereas the activity of AminoLink- and SulfoLink-based covalent bonding immobilization was found to be 58.05 +/- 1.98 and 47.49% +/- 0.30 compared to the free form of the enzyme, respectively. However, extended incubation time recovery achieved activity similar to that of the free form. More importantly, each immobilization method resulted in the same glycan profile containing 11 different N-glycan structures from a model glycoprotein LPO based on MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The glycan data analysis suggests that immobilization of EndoBI-1 is not affecting the enzyme specificity, which enables full glycan release without a limitation. Hence, different immobilization methods investigated in this study can be chosen for effective enzyme immobilization to obtain bioactive glycans. These findings highlight that further optimization of these methods can be a promising approach for future processing scale-up and commercialization of EndoBI-1 and similar enzymes.Öğe Lactoferrin as a Versatile Agent in Nanoparticle Applications: From Therapeutics to Agriculture(Mdpi, 2024) Akdasci, Emir; Eker, Furkan; Duman, Hatice; Singh, Priyanka; Bechelany, Mikhael; Karav, SercanNanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a potent choice for various applications, from drug delivery to agricultural studies, serving as an alternative and promising methodology for future advancements. They have been widely explored in delivery systems, demonstrating immense promise and high efficiency for the delivery of numerous biomolecules such as proteins and anticancer agents, either solely or modified with other compounds to enhance their capabilities. In addition, the utilization of NPs extends to antimicrobial studies, where they are used to develop novel antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral formulations with advanced characteristics. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein recognized for its significant multifunctional properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. Its activity has a broad distribution in the human body, with Lf receptors present in multiple regions. Current research shows that Lf is utilized in NP technology as a surface material, encapsulated biomolecule, and even as an NP itself. Due to the abundance of Lf receptors in various regions, Lf can be employed as a surface material in NPs for targeted delivery strategies, particularly in crossing the BBB and targeting specific cancers. Furthermore, Lf can be synthesized in an NP structure, positioning it as a strong candidate in future NP-related applications. In this article, we explore the highlighted and underexplored areas of Lf applications in NPs research.Öğe Lactoferrin for COVID-19 prevention, treatment, and recovery(Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Bolat, Ecem; Eker, Furkan; Kaplan, Merve; Duman, Hatice; Arslan, Aysenur; Saritas, Suemeyye; Sahutoglu, Arif SercanSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a unique beta-coronavirus, has caused the most serious outbreak of the last century at the global level. SARS-CoV-2 infections were firstly reported in the city of Wuhan in China in 2019 and this new disease was named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO). As this novel disease can easily be transmitted from one individual to another via respiratory droplets, many nations around the world have taken several precautions regarding the reduction in social activities and quarantine for the limitation of the COVID-19 transmission. SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause complications that may include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, septic shock, and death. To prevent and treat COVID-19, some significant studies have been conducted since the outbreak. One of the most noticeable therapeutic approaches is related to a multifunctional protein, lactoferrin. Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80 kDa cationic glycoprotein that has a great range of benefits from improving the immunity to antiviral effects due to its unique characteristics such as the iron-binding ability. This review summarizes the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential applications of Lf for the prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19.Öğe Lactoferrin: neuroprotection against Parkinson's disease and secondary molecule for potential treatment(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Eker, Furkan; Bolat, Ecem; Pekdemir, Burcu; Duman, Hatice; Karav, SercanParkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease and is largely caused by the death of dopaminergic (DA) cells. Dopamine loss occurs in the substantia nigra pars compacta and leads to dysfunctions in motor functions. Death of DA cells can occur with oxidative stress and dysfunction of glial cells caused by Parkinson-related gene mutations. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is usually known for its presence in milk, but recent research shows that Lf is also found in the brain regions. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a known mitochondrial toxin that disturbs the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) system and increases the rate of reactive oxygen species. Lf's high affinity for metals decreases the required iron for the Fenton reaction, reduces the oxidative damage to DA cells caused by MPTP, and increases their surveillance rate. Several studies also investigated Lf's effect on neurons that are treated with MPTP. The results pointed out that Lf's protective effect can also be observed without the presence of oxidative stress; thus, several potential mechanisms are currently being researched, starting with a potential HSPG-Lf interaction in the cellular membrane of DA cells. The presence of Lf activity in the brain region also showed that lactoferrin initiates receptor-mediated transcytosis in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with the existence of lactoferrin receptors in the endothelial cells. The existence of Lf receptors both in endothelial cells and DA cells created the idea of using Lf as a secondary molecule in the transport of therapeutic agents across the BBB, especially in nanoparticle development.Öğe Nutritional and functional aspects of fermented algae(Wiley, 2024) Saritas, Sumeyye; Duman, Hatice; Karav, SercanIn recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on natural and healthy nutrition, leading to increased interest in fermented foods and their associated health benefits. In line with this trend, fermentation is employed to enhance the exceptional properties of algae, including their nutritional value and digestibility, rendering them suitable for consumption as food. Fermentation of algae involves the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids by microorganisms, including bacteria or yeast. First of all, the fermentation process results in enhanced antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effects, anti-inflammatory properties, immunomodulatory effects, anti-glycation activity, antihypertensive effects and neuroprotective activity by increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds in algae. In addition, this method encourages the incorporation of algae into food products. In this process, both the flavour and texture are enhanced, while simultaneously preserving and enriching the beneficial nutrients and compounds present in algae. Despite the availability of various fermented algae products in the market, their widespread adoption has yet to be realised. The incorporation of fermented algae into food products not only enhances their nutritional content but also fosters the emergence of a new segment within the fermented food market. Herein, the concept of fermented algae, the fermentation process, its nutritional value and its health benefits are explored. Fermentation improves the properties of algae, allowing it to be used in functional food production. This process increases the nutritional value of algae and allows it to be added to various food products. image
