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    A STUDY ON MICROFLORA IN ORAL AND CLOACAL OF FRESHWATER TURTLES (Emys orbicularis Linnaeus, 1758 and Mauremys rivulata Valenciennes, 1833) FROM KAVAK DELTA (CANAKKALE)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2012) Hacioglu, Nurcihan; Dulger, Basaran; Caprazli, Tugce; Tosunoğlu, Murat
    Deltas are reservoirs for important plant and animal species and have a vital role in maintaining sustainability of ecological balance. In addition, because of anthropogenic pressure they are recognized as natural habitat of pathogenic microorganisms and infectious diseases caused by these bacteria are dangerous to aquatic animal's health and could potentially affect several species as well those are endangered. This study aims to determine the micro-flora of freshwater turtles (Emys orbicularis Linnaeus, 1758 and Mauremys rivulata Valenciennes, 1833) and sensibilities of these turtles against isolated pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore the investigation was conducted to characterize diseases causative agents. Their risks to animal and human health are difficult to carry out, especially for some turtle species. The results showed that the isolates were identified as Vibrio spp. and Proteus spp. So, these bacteria are the main pathogens isolated from E. orbicularis and M. rivulata. These data appoint the importance of epidemiological surveillance and microbiological monitoring and reinforce the need to implement environment protection programs especially for the threatened turtle species (E. orbicularis).
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    Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of Verbascum thapsus L. against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    (Duzce Univ, 2017) Dulger, Gorkem; Tutenocakli, Tulay; Dulger, Basaran
    Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the anti-Staphylococcal activity of ethanol extract obtained from leaves of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) plant. Methods: The anti-Staphylococcal activity of the extract of ethanol extracted from the leaves of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) was investigated against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria by Agarwell diffusion method and microdilution method. Results: The ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains (MIC < 1024 mu g/mL). When compared with Methicillin and Gentamicin, the extract was more effective against MRSA strains. Conclusion: The use of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) as an anti-Staphylococcal agent has been found to be appropriate in vitro and should be performed in vivo.
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    Antibacterial Activity of Ballota acetabulosa Against Methicillin-Resistant Stapylococcus aureus
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2011) Dulger, Basaran; Kilcik, Mehmet Ali
    Aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from Ballota acetabulosa (L.) Benth. (Lamiaceae) used as traditional medicine in Turkey have been investigated for their ability to inhibit 35 hospital isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts were shown antimicrobial activity against MRSA isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of I. the ethanolic extract with the greatest antibacterial effect were those of the plant MIC 0.4-1.6 mu g/mL and MBC 3.2-12.5 mu g/mL, respectively.
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    Antibacterial activity of endemic Lamium tenuiflorum
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2008) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan
    The organic solvents and aqueous extracts obtained from the leaves, rootstock and the combined formulation of endemic Lamium tenuiflorum Fisch. & Mey. (Lamiaceae) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169 by the well-in-agar method. All the organic solvent extracts exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against the bacterial cultures except for the aqueous extracts, which had no effect.
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    Antibacterial Activity of the Seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Henbane)
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2010) Dulger, Basaran; Goncu, Beyza S.; Gucin, Fahrettin
    The methanolic extract obtained from the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) was investigated for its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC 10538, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6899, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 by disc diffusion and microdilution method. The extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones of 25.0 mm and with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 16 (32) mu g/mL, respectively. Also, the extracts exhibited moderate activity the other test bacteria. The results demonstrate that the methanolic extract of the seeds of H. niger has significant activity and suggest that it may be useful in the treatment of infections.
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    Antibacterial activity of three endemic Micromeria species
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2008) Dulger, Basaran
    The antibacterial activity of Micromeria cilicica Hausskn. ex P.H.Davis, Micromeria dolichodontha P.H. Davis and Micromeria crenmophila subsp. amana (Rech. fil.) P.H. Davis was studied using the disk diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against Staylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Streptococcus sanguis PTCC 1449, Escherichia coli ATCC 1 1230, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583 and Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57. The methanol and chloroform extracts of the aerial parts of M. cilicica. M. dolichodontha and M. cremnophila subsp. amana exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria.
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    Antibacterial Activity of Two Endemic Hypericum (H. kazdaghensis and H. havvae) Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2010) Dulger, Gorkem; Dulger, Basaran; Akı, Cüneyt
    Aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from endemic Hypericum kazdaghensis Gemici et Leblebici and H. havvae A. Guner have been investigated for its ability to inhibit 35 hospital isolated of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant were effective on MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the ethanolic extract with the greatest antibacterial activity were those of H. kazdagensis MIC 0.2-0.4 mg/mL and MBC 0.4-1.6 mg/mL, respectively.
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    Antifungal Activity of Ballota acetabulosa Against Yeast Candida and Cryptococcus Species
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2011) Dulger, Basaran; Kilcik, Mehmet Ali
    The ethanol extracts prepared from the leaves, rootstock and the combined formulation of Ballota acetabulosa (L.) Benth. have been investigated for their antifungal activities against medical yeast Candida species (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. tropicalis,ATCC 13803 and C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260) and Cryptococcus species (C. neoforinans ATCC 90112 and C. laurentii ATCC 34142) by the visual broth macrodilution method. All extracts exhibited a strong antifungal effect against the yeast cultures. The MIC values ranged from 3.12 to 25 mg/mL. Besides, extracts exhibited greater antifungal effect against Candida species than Cryptococcus species. It is therefore suggested that extracts could be used traditionally in the treatment of fungal infections especially against candidiasis.
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    Antifungal activity of endemic Satureja icarica
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2008) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan
    The methanol extract obtained from Satureja icarica P. H. Davis (Lamiaceae) have been investigated for their antifungal activity. Antifungal activity was determined with Candia albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus laurentii, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger Alternaria alternate, Geotrichum candidum, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium frequentans, Penicillium canescens and Botrytis cineriae by the well-in-agar method and the visual broth macrodilution method. The diameter of inhibition zones varied from 11.6 to 18.8 mm. The MIC values ranged from 6.25 to 25 mu g/mL. The extracts exhibited a strong antifungal effect against the tested fungi. Candida albicans is more susceptible to the extract. The present findings provide a support to the use of this plant in traditional medicine for fungal infections especially against candidiasis.
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    Antifungal activity of Lamium tenuiflorum against some medical yeast Candida and Cryptococcus species
    (Informa Healthcare, 2009) Dulger, Basaran
    The ethanol extracts obtained from the leaves, rootstock, and the combined formulation of endemic Lamium tenuiflorum Fisch.& Mey (Lamiaceae) have been investigated for their antifungal activities against medical yeast Candida and Cryptococcus species by the visual broth macrodilution method. The MIC values ranged from 3.12 to 25 mg/mL. All the extracts exhibited a strong antifungal effect against the yeast cultures. The extracts exhibited greater antifungal effect against Candida species than Cryptococcus species. Our findings support the use of this plant in traditional medicine for fungal infections especially against candidiasis.
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    Antifungal Activity of Seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Henbane) Against Some Clinically Relevant Fungal Pathogens
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2010) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan; Goncu, Beyza S.; Gucin, Fahrettin
    The methanolic extracts obtained from the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) used as traditional medicine in Turkey were investigated for their ability to inhibit clinically relevant fungal pathogens as six Candida species (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC 13808, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. krusei ATCC 20298, C. glabrata ATCC 2001 neoformans ATCC 90112 and C. laurentii ATCC 34142) by microbroth dilution method. The plant displayed activity against all fungal cultures tested. The extracts possessed a strong antifungal potency Greater activity was observed against both Cryptococcus species, with MIC values of 15 mu g/mL.
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    Antifungal activity of seeds of hyoseyamus niger L. (Henbane) against some clinically relevant fungal pathogens
    (Chemical Publishing Co., 2010) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan; Goncu, Beyza S.; Gucin, Fahrettin
    The methanolic extracts obtained from the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) used as traditional medicine in Turkey were investigated for their ability to inhibit clinically relevant fungal pathogens as six Candida species (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC 13808, C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260, C. krusei ATCC 20298, C. glabrata ATCC 2001 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019) and two Cryptococcus species (C. neoformans ATCC 90112 and C. laurentii ATCC 34142) by microbroth dilution method. The plant displayed activity against all fungal cultures tested. The extracts possessed a strong antifungal potency. Greater activity was observed against both Cryptococcus species, with MIC values of 15 ?g/mL.
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Bacopa caroliniana
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan
    Ethanolic extract obtained from Bacopa caroliniana (Walt.) B.L.Robins (Scrophulariaceae) was investigated for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC H 230, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 1023 1, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238 and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii DSM 3432 by disc-diffusion method. The extract has strong antimicrobial effects against the tested microorganisms especially the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast culture Candida albicans. The findings support the use of this plant in traditional medicine.
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Cotinus coggyria from Turkey
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan; Bilen, S.
    Ethanolic extract obtained from Cotinus coggyria Scop. was investigated for its antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeuginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida utilis and Candida albicans by disc diffusion method. The extracts had strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria, but weak activity was observed against the yeast cultures used in this study.
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Endemic Ballota nigra subsp anatolica in Turkey
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2010) Dulger, Gorkem; Akı, Cüneyt; Dulger, Basaran
    The ethanol extracts obtained from Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica P.H. Davis (Lamiaceae) were investigated for their antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC 10538, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6899, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 10239, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 and Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403 by disk diffusion method and microdilution method. Some antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics were used as a positive reference standard to determine the sensitivity of the strains. The extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 13.0 mm and with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC's) of 250 (500) mu g/mL, respectively. The extracts also exhibited moderate activity against the other test microorganisms. The results demonstrate that the ethanol extract of B. nigra subsp. anatolica has significant activity and suggest that it may be useful in the treatment of infections.
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    Antimicrobial activity of endemic Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica in Turkey
    (Chemical Publishing Co., 2010) Dulger, Gorkem; Akı, Cüneyt; Dulger, Basaran
    The ethanol extracts obtained from Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica P.H. Davis (Lamiaceae) were investigated for their antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC 10538, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6899, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 10239, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 and Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403 by disk diffusion method and microdilution method. some antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics were used as a positive reference standard to determine the sensitivity of the strains. The extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 13.0 mm and with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC's) of 250 (500) ?g/mL, respectively. The extracts also exhibited moderate activity against the other test microorganisms. The results demonstrate that the ethanol extract of B. nigra subsp. anatolica has significant activity and suggest that it may be useful in the treatment of infections.
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    Antimicrobial activity of endemic Hypericum havvae from Turkey
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2008) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan; Dulger, Gorkem
    n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Hypericum havvae A.Guner (Hyperiaceae) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Alcaligenes faecalis CCM 3763, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090, Staphylococcus aureus 6538P, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Micrococcus flavus ATCC 14452, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403 and Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608. While extracts of the plant have shown strong antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, they have weak activity against the tested yeast cultures.
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    Antimicrobial Activity of Some Brown Algae from Turkey
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan; Erdugan, Huseyin; Aysel, Veysel
    In vitro antimicrobial screening of methanolic extracts obtained from 6 brown algae (Calpomenia peregrine (Sauvageau) Hamel, Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau, Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy, Cystoseria compressa (Esper) Gerloff et. Nizamuddin, Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C.Agardh and Scytosiphon simplicissimus (Clemente) Cremades) (Heterokontophyta) collected from coast of Canakkale, Turkey, against Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Microccoccus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 1023 1, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 was conducted in this study by disc diffusion method. Cystoseria compressa was the most active exhibiting a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against each of the microorganims tested. Contrary to this, the lowest effect was observed for Calpomenia peregrine. The other algae species have moderate effects. The extracts showing good antimicrobial activity are undergoing further analysis to identify the active constituents.
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    Antimicrobial activity of some endemic scrophulariaceae from Turkey
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2006) Dulger, Basaran
    Methanol extracts obtained from endemic Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum chianophyllum Hub.-Mor., V. cilicium Boiss., V. trapifolium (Stapf) Hub.-Mor., V. meinckeanum Murb., V. lyratifolium Kochel, Scrophularia trichopoda Boiss. & Bal., S. candelabrum Heywood, and Pedicularis cadmea Boiss., have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Staphylococcus aureus 6538-P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, and Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 by the disk diffusion method. The extracts of all plant species had strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts, but no activity was seen against the Gram-negative bacteria used in this study.
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    Antimicrobial activity of some endemic Verbascum and Scrophularia species from Turkey
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2008) Dulger, Basaran; Hacioglu, Nurcihan
    The methanol extracts obtained from three endemic Verbascum L. species (V. cariense Hub.-Mor., V. adenophorum Boiss. and V. inulifolium Hub.-Mor.) and two endemic Scrophularia L. species (S. depauperata Boiss. and S. mersinensis Lall) have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was determined with Escherichia coli ATCC 11230, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Klebsiella pneumoniae UC57, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27583, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Micrococcus luteus CCM 169, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403, Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238 and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii DSM 3432 by the disk diffusion method. The extracts of all plant species had strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts, but no activity was observed against the Gram-negative bacteria used in this study.