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Öğe Effect of synchronized fixed-time AI and non-pregnant heifer delayed feedlot entry on reproductive performance and system economics(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2024) Landblom, Douglas G.; Hanna, Lauren L.; Parman, Byron; Perry, George A.; Paisley, Steve; Şentürklü, SongülHeifer reproduction management research is being conducted at the NDSU–Dickinson Research Extension Center. Using crossbred heifers, the objective was to evaluate reproductive performance and economic efficiencies comparing a drylot synchronized fixed-time AI protocol with clean-up bulls to two grazing systems using a fixed-time AI protocol without clean-up bulls. Synchronization protocol:14-d CIDR-PG-GnRH (TAI 66 h ± 2 h). Fixed-time AI treatments: 1) Drylot Control (DLOT) with clean-up bulls, 2) Integrated diverse crop-heifer annual forage grazing (IAF, no clean-up bulls), and 3) Native range grazing (NR, no clean-up bulls). Following pregnancy ultrasound on d 85, non-pregnant heifers continued to bale-graze until late November, when they were transferred to the University of Wyoming SAREC feedlot, finished, harvested at Cargill Meat Solutions packing plant, Ft. Morgan, CO, and grid marketed. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Year 1 and 2 grazing days were 121, and 149, respectively. Synchronized TAI pregnancy rates yr 1 and 2 for DLOT, IAF, and NR were 59.4, 43.8, and 62.5%; 68.8, 46.9, and 34.4%, respectively. Total DLOT control pregnancy rates yr 1 and 2 were 90.6 and 100%. Grazing heifer feedlot performance Yr 1 did not differ for starting body weight (BW; 452 vs 436 kg, P = 0.29), ending BW (610 vs 600 kg, P = 0.74), gain (157 vs 164 kg, P = 0.69), average daily gain (ADG; 1.42 vs 1.48 kg, P = 0.70), dry matter (DM) feed intake (15.0 vs 14.7 kg, P = 0.73), F:G (4.81 vs 4.56 kg, P = 0.42), daily feed cost ($7.45 vs $9.47, P = 0.73), feed cost/kg BW gain ($3.11 vs $2.95, P = 0.51), and feed and yardage cost ($3.41 vs $3.24, P = 0.55). Year 2 grazing heifer feedlot performance for the IAF and NR were starting BW (501 vs 456 kg, P = 0.007), ending BW (670 vs 604 kg, P = 0.004), feedlot finishing gain (143 vs 123 kg, P = 0.05), ADG (1.08 vs 0.93 kg/day, P = 0.06), daily DM feed intake (20.1 vs 20.1 kg/d, P = 0.98), feed to gain ratio (7.13 vs 8.22 kg/d, P = 0.11), daily feed cost ($9.61 vs $9.54/d, P = 0.94), feed cost/kg BW gain ($4.05 vs $4.67/kg, P = 0.11), and feed and yardage cost/kg gain ($4.45 vs $5.13/kg, P = 0.092). IAF and NR Yr 1 HCW (P = 0.83), dressing % (P = 0.69), marbling score (P = 0.78) did not differ. Year 2, except for hot carcass weight (HCW; 379 vs 341 kg, P = 0.004), dressing pct (P = 0.99), fat depth (P = 0.29), marbling score (P = 0.94) did not differ. Systems 2-yr mean net return for DLOT, IAF, and NR were $592, $296, $379, respectively. Systems net return profitability was very good for all management comparisons, but reduced for IAF and NR due to IAF farming, finishing, and transportation costs, and NR finishing and transportation costs.Öğe Frame Score, Grazing and Delayed Feedlot Entry Effect on Performance and Economics of Beef Steers from Small- and Large-Framed Cows in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System(MDPI, 2021) Şentürklü, Songül; Landblom, Douglas; Paisley, Steven; Wachenheim, Cheryl; Maddock, RobertWhen selling small-framed steers at weaning, profitability is diminished. The hypothesis is that by using a vertically integrated business model that includes retained ownership, extended grazing, abbreviated feedlot finishing, and selling at slaughter, profitability would increase. Crossbred yearling steers (n = 288) from small size Aberdeen Angus (Lowline) × Red Angus × Angus × Angus cows and moderate to large size Red Angus × Angus × Simmental × Gelbvieh cows calved May−June were randomly assigned (complete randomized design), in a 3 y study, to feedlot control (FLT) and extended grazing (GRZ) frame score treatment groups. Mean frame score for FLT were small frame (SF) 3.82 and large frame (LF) 5.63, and for GRZ, SF: 3.77 and LF: 5.53. Least-square means were utilized to identify levels of effects and to control family-wise error adjusted with Tukey test. The FLT control steers were housed in the feedlot and fed growing diets and subsequently high energy corn-based diets for 218 days. The GRZ steers grazed a sequence of forages (native range, field pea-barley mix, and unharvested corn) for 212 days and then were transferred to the feedlot and fed high energy corn-based finishing diets for 82 days. The SF GRZ steers grew more slowly grazing native range and annual forages compared to GRZ LF steers, but SF steer grazing cost per kg of gain was reduced 7.80%. Grazing steers did not grow to their full genetic potential. Slower growth during grazing allowed LF and SF steers to grow structurally before feedlot entry creating a compensatory feedlot finishing growth response. Overall, grazing steer performance exceeded steer performance of the FLT control treatment and LF grazing steers had the highest rate of gain, and lowest feed cost per kg of gain. The GRZ steer feedlot days on feed were reduced 136 days and total feed intake was reduced resulting in LF and SF grazing steer feed cost reductions of 175.9 and 165.3%, respectively. Extended grazing also resulted in LF and SF grazing steer hot carcass weights to be greater than control LF and SF steers and SF grazing steers had greater dressing percent, and marbling score. Carcass quality grade, meat tenderness, and cooking losses were similar. System net returns were highest for LF (USD 911.58), and SF (USD 866.61) grazing steers. Managerial modification combining retained ownership, extended grazing, and delayed feedlot entry increased profitability and eliminated market bias.Öğe Soil quality indicators as influenced by 5-year diversified and monoculture cropping systems(Cambridge Univ Press, 2020) Feng, H.; Abagandura, G. O.; Şentürklü, Songül; Landblom, D. G.; Lai, L.; Ringwall, K.; Kumar, S.Increasing crop diversity has been highly recommended because of its environmental and economic benefits. However, the impacts of crop diversity on soil properties are not well documented. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the impacts of crop diversity on selected soil quality indicators. The cropping systems investigated here included wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown continuously for 5 years as mono-cropping (MC), and a 5-year cropping sequence [(wheat-cover crop (CC)-corn (Zea mays L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)]. Each crop was present every year. This study was conducted in the northern Great Plains of North America, and soil quality data were collected for 2016 and 2017. Selected soil quality indicators that include: soil pH, organic carbon (SOC), cold water-extractable C (CWC) and N (CWN), hot water-extractable C (HWC) and N (HWN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), bulk density (BD), water retention (SWR), wet soil aggregate stability (WAS), and urease and beta-glucoside enzyme activity were measured after the completion of 5-year rotation cycle and the following year. Crop diversity did not affect soil pH, CWC, CWN, HWC, HWN and SWR. Cropping systems that contained CC increased SOC at shallow depths compared to the systems that did not have CC. Crop diversity increased WAS, MBC, and urease and beta-glucoside enzyme activity compared with the MC. Comparison of electrical conductivity (EC) measured in this study to the baseline values at the research site prior to the establishment of treatments revealed that crop rotation decreased EC over time. Results indicate that crop diversity can improve soil quality, thus promoting sustainable agriculture.Öğe The Effect of post-weaning steer diets supplemented with field pea, flaxseed and a field pea-flaxseed combination on feedlot finishing performance, carcass quality and immune response(2014) Şentürklü, Songül; Landblom, DouglasBu çalışmanın amacı, 50 gün boyunca sütten kesim sonrası periyot (PWP)ta rasyona ilave edilen keten tohumu, yemlik bezelye ve keten tohumu- yemlik bezelye kombinasyonun danaların besi performansı ve bağışklık sistemi üzerine etkisini karşılaştırmaktır. Bunu takiben, besi sonu performansıkarkas kalitesi ve bağışılık sistemi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Üç yıl tekrarlanan bu çalışmada melez Angus x Hereford x Gelbvieh danalarkısırlaştırılmış erkek dana, yaş=7.4 ay, n=173) kullanılmıştır. 50 günlük PWP rasyonları (PWD); 1) Kontrol (C), 2) %12.5 Keten tohumu (FLX), 3) %20.0 yemlik bezelye (P) ve 4) %20 yemlik bezelye + %12.5 keten tohumu (PFLX) olarak dört grupta peletlenmiştir. PWPda FLX ve PFLX gruplarında günlük canlı ağırlık artışı (ADG) daha yüksek (P<0.05) ve birim ağırlık artışı için yem maliyeti daha düşüktür (P<0.05). C ve P gruplarında ADG (P=0.004) daha düşüktür. Besi döneminde; başlangıç ağırlığı, kesim ağırlığı, besi süresi, canlı ağırlık artışı, ADG, ortalama günlük yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranında farklılık görülmemiştir (P>0.10). Karkas ölçümlerinde, PWDleri sıcak karkas ağırlığını, kas içi yağ dağılımını, ve USA Tarim Bakanlığı kalite derece yüzdesini etkilememiştir (P>0.05); bununla birlikte, P grubunda sırt kası alanı (REA) artarken, FLX grubunda REA azalmıştır (P<0.05). FLXPFLX gruplarında serum nötralizasyon titre seviyesi artmamış ve morbidite oranı (P=0.96) ve tedavi maliyetleri (P>0.10) önemli ölçüde düşmemiştirGenel olarak, keten tohumu 50-d PWP performansını artırmıştır, ancak PWDnin daha sonraki besi bitirme peryodunda net kâr üzerine herhangietkisi olmamıştır.
